ARABIC LITERATURE (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES)
Year:2012 | Volume:4 | Issue:3|Papers Count:12

Using words in their real or Figurative meaningsis one of features that every speaker takes into substantial consideration while lecturing. Accordingly,meanings emerged after the word is spoken would never represent speaker's intention and its audience can't even infer its substances from word’s new meaning and attribute it to the speaker, rather mind should be prevented from meanings emerging after the word is spoke. Speaker's intention should be concluded according to meanings of words at the time it’s expressed. This fact has the most importance when perceiving and understanding Holy Quran’s vocabulary because Holy Quran speaks with language of the time it was descended and has used its words according to their prevailing meanings at that time. Thus, this study explores meaning evolution of the word “kofr” in Sematic languages including the Arabic based on its application in Quran and then examines its origin and etymology. In addition, interpretive and narrative perspectives are addressed in the course of research and finally a more acute meaning for this word and its derivatives is presented regarding “kofr” entries in some of the most prominent Persian translations.

The Calling of the ancient characters in modern Arabic poem that inspires the poets needs some more researches to clear the content of the odes. This paper attempts to study the influence of the ancient characters in the poem of the famous contemporary Egyptian poet, Amal Donqol (1941- 1983).The poet tries to Taking advantage from three techniques: name, role and speech. in his poem and change their characterizes personality. The Manner of this change defines our study in This paper.The main goal that causes the poet uses these characters, is that he wants to analyze the socio-political problems and praise the steady identity of them.

The present article , by an extensive exploration in valid Syntactical and Commentator books and referring to Quran verses and fabric Characteristics of Words, Sheds doubts on the existence of “vav-e-sarnania” in Arabic Literature. Note that some syntax scholars, followed by some commentators on Quran Know the letter “vav”in the words of Almighty God (Touba:114) and the holy verse (Tahrim:5) as “vav-e-sarnania”, Since in their belief, number 7 is an exact number and after 7, the letter “vav” comes for information about it. They have also inferred it from Almighty God's Words in Kahf Sura (kahf:32). More Surprisingly, they belive that the letter “vav” in (Zomar:73) is “vav-e-sarnania”, since the heaven has eight doors While here the letter "vav" is "situational". To prove the letter “vav-e-sarnania” being baseless, the valid Syntactic books and commentaries on Quran are among the resources being considered in this Article, While no “vav” with this content Was found in Jaheli Literature prose and verse.

The present article is intended to recognize the insight value of (Hadaegh Al-sehr fi Daghaegh Al-sher) written by Allama Rashid-edin Vatvatt, in addition to acknowledging his inovative methods and imitative techniques as far as explanation an interpretation of rhetoric arrays are concernd.This valuable piece of work proceeds the book entitled ”Tarjomman Al.Balaghat” by Radowani,as the second rhetoric book had beenpublished in Persian language. Since Vatvatt belives that his work is superior and more perfect that Radowani that there is no difficulty and inaccuracy in his effect. therefore, the author review and work comments on his work and check the odds and its tie and also discussed about affected of Vatwatt and especially discussed about influence of Radowani in descendants of his predecessors.

Comparative Literature is one of the most important topics that has, nowadays, attracted the attention of researchers with the objectives and scope of its activities. The study of chronological and cross-cultural similarities and differences is one study area in such comparative studies. Mahmoud Darwish and Ali Mousavi Garmaroudi were two well-known poets who revitalized resistance literature, the former in Palestine and the latter in Iran. They spoke of people for people and backed people for the cause of freedom. Invitation to struggle, perseverance, sacrifice, hope, and action against tyranny formed the basis of some of their best works. This paper comparatively studies the theme of resistance in the works of these poets to unveil their thoughts and ideas in relation to the concept of resistence.

This study examined historical and religious characters and events emanating myth of phoenix manifesting renewal and resurrection after death and destruction in Adonis's poetries. These concepts is symbols of realities in Arabic societies. Adonis described the society in vortex of leeway, inaction and absolute death. Considering phoenix as a symbol of revolutionary human, Adonis tried to back to glorious period (civilization of Fynyqy) and revolted against current Arabic civilization.Two usages of phoenix were considered in Adonis’s poetries; first, summoning (the role of a human or as poet himself) and second, eminent noun (clearly expressing the word of phoenix).

“Death”as one of the basic subject and a fact is considered by all contemporary and previous poets and scholars. Ghaddeh-Samman, an Arab poet and writer, was influenced by the defeat of Arabs from Israel in one hand, and because of his presence in Lebanon Since the civil war in the country was influenced by bad effects of the war in the other hand. Thats why the word “death” overruled its image on the mind and language and it was glittered in his worksfrequently. so that it can be said that most of characters in Ghaddeh- Samman’s story were somehow related to the death. some of them were dead as a result of awful events and some committed suicide and even others suffered from the spiritual death and the nightmare of death was always dealt with them.Death in Ghaddeh-Samman viewpoint is “spiritual death” of people lived in turbulent flames of fire, but their soul had been died for a long time. The “daily death” is depicted in the poets’ works who were dealt with the problems of life and were far from the politeness and knowledge. In his viewpoint the death resulted from saving others is not death but is the death of death itself. “Martyrdom” is living itself, not only the martyr doesn’t die but also, he becomes perpetual. Those who in the struggling between death and life act in favor of death are appreciated by Ghaddeh-Samman. He tries to overcome the death by love, will and perseverance which he cherished it in his character champions, and till the last moment- however it is symbolically- he fights with the death.

It will be going the path of respect to uphold the Prophet’s words over other Arab words in prose and poetry in syntactic quotations. After the eloquent language of Qur’an, no other Arab word found itself more saying in eloquence than that of the Prophet’s, nor had it the depth of effect and balance of meaning of His. But this had not been welcomed by antecedent grammarians to the extent that it was worthy of such welcome and gone ignored and seen itself on desuetude other than few hadith quoted. The present paper is a modest attempt to show grammarians’ manners in quoting hadiths, and to critique the rationales presented behind their reluctance to quote hadiths, and provide explanations more palatable from historical facts perspective.

The concept of authority, since occurs in a religious context, Muslim scholars have long raised concerns in the literature and methodological books that have paid. However, apparently, trope disagreement among Islamic scholars on what the concept is, but, precisely in literature and  theology, we found principles of differences in its “concept” and “types”.Therefore, in view of the occurrence of trope in religious texts and the differences arising from it, it is necessary to expurgate what is the explanation of the concept of trope and its kinds.Among scholars of literature and methodology, there are three approaches in this area; First, the long perspective of literary scholars and methodology are known and approved by the populace. The second view is that the vote of Sakaky, which by general admission of the first view, States metaphor, as a mental concept not a lexical one. The third opinion that stated from a group of late Shiite clerics, including Ayat-Allah Esfahani and Imam Khomeini (RA), Reviews the two previous approaches, and then allows only rational concept of trope and divided it into singular form, complex form, ironic form, and attributive forms. Since this approach relies on the “rationalism” and “spiritual”, and fixes the bugs and inconsistencies between this firstview, is known as the “selective vision” in this paper.

Debel khozaei is one of the Comitted poets who lived at 3th century of hejra at “Abbasid” time. he has same odes at eulogy of “ahle bayt” but his estimate is due to his taeea ode that is famous to “Madares Ayat.” His ode is about eulogy of imams cry to imam hossein and onset to his enemies and defense if his rights toward abbasid and omavid. Also talae Ebne- Rozzik is one of the poets who lived at 6th century of hejra in Fatemian period. He has maney odes in eulogy of ahle beyt telling about their excellency. Talae has told an ode in objection with “Madares Ayat.” in the same measure. these two odes have some similarity and differences this study wants to show these similarity and differences in structure and container and positive points and negative points and methods of drawing and choosing the words and the degree of impressible of Talae from debel.

Mourning is a phenomenon which has to be experienced by all human beings more or less as social creatures. Dying is rather a social, cultural and psychological matter which results in a deep lament for a person or members of a society than being a biological phenomenon favored by biologists and doctors.Meanwhile, poets were more successful than society members in the perception, reflection and expression of these emotions due to their artistic taste but the attempts done by other specialists in different sciences including psychologists in the manifestation of this phenomenon should not be ignored.The present study aims to indicate the stages which lamentatory women in Ignorance Era passed through in the sorrow of their children’s death.

Nima yoshij and Badr Shaker sayyab are two contemporary renowned poet in Iran and Iraq which using the concepts of the verious colors could show their own personal and social opinion at their poets.No doubt, personal experiences, litererary life and the political and social environment surrounding of each poet can affect the role of the colors in his poems. Similar pretty or horrible incident at the private living of this two poet caused a similar literary life for both of them. This similarity shows itself at the colore usage and the frequeny of using every color in their poems.This research has tried to investigate the frequency of using the various colors and to describe the role of the colors at the poetry imagination of them. Similar and different cases extraced and their similar thinking for using this pretty phenomena described.Based on this research, it is specified that the black color is the dominant color at the all poems of Nima and sayyab which can be a sign of the dominance of the darkness at their mind and soul. Similar instances from using this color is as a result of their similar thinking at their life. A comprehensive research from their poems confirms a significant similarity at their personal, social and political experiences. Moreover, the frequeny of using other colors like white, red and yellow is similar at their poems too.