Applied Agricultural Research
Year:2016 | Volume:- | Issue:109|Papers Count:18

Rice (Oryza sativa), a salt-sensitive species, has considerable genetic variation for salt tolerance within the cultivated gene pool. To evaluate salinity effects on osmoprotectants accumulation two rice genotypes (IR29 and IR651, sensitive and tolerant respectively) accompany with two semi-tolerant Iranian rice cultivars, an experiment were carried out on the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran in the growing season of 2006-2007 in a green house. The experiment were grown in normal condition till 6th leaf was fully expanded. Seedlings were exposed to salinity, EC 12 dS m-1 and normal conditions (EC=1.65 dS m-1, Ushida solution base EC) for one week. Samples were taken 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after starting the treatments. The amount of soluble organics were measured with spectrophotometer after extraction. The concentration of soluble carbohydrates in tolerant cultivars (IR651) increased significantly compared to other cultivars under saline condition. The variation of soluble proteins were not significant in all cultivars in stress treatment, but at the end of experiment protein concentration accumulated in tolerant cultivar whereas decreased in others. So the decrease of osmotic potential till to -1.43 MPa in tolerant cultivar was related to the high ability of this cultivar to synthesis of organic matter like soluble carbohydrates to prevent of dehydration.

The vast area of rainfed crops, compare to irrigated ones, depend mainly on climatic parameters such as rain and temperature.Wheat is the most important crop and the rainfed wheat area with 62.1 percent shares most of wheat cultivated area in Iran. Therefore, determination of paper planting date is very important. In this study, 40 years-daily rainfall and temperature data from 10 weather stations (which cover the whole studied area) were used to determine the proper planting date according to Eshtern definitions for effective rainfall and considered proper temperature of wheat germination, using kriging, cokriging and WMA (weighted moving average) methods. The prepared methods were evaluated at two probability levels (50 and 75 %) based on statistical criteria of MAE (Mean Absolute Error) and MBE (Mean Bias Error). The results of this study showed that there is not significant difference between the kriging and cokriging methods and they showed better results than the Inverse Distance Weighted. There, it is suggested that the ordinary-kriging and the first definition of Eshtern with 50% probability is used to determine the proper planting date of wheat

This study was conducted to determine the effects of sub soiling and irrigation regimes on maize yield. Three sub soiling depth include S0 (without sub soiling), S1 (sub soiling at 40 cm depth) and S2 (sub soiling at 60 cm depth) and three irrigation regimes include I1 (Irrigation of after 80 mm evaporation from A class pan), I2 (100 mm evaporation from A class pan), I3 (120 mm evaporation from A class pan) were compared based on split block design with four replication. The results showed that there was significant difference among irrigation regimes and subsoling levels at 1% probability level from point of yield, while irrigation x subsoling nitration effect wasn’t significant. The highest and lowest grain yield was obtained from subsoling (at 40 and 60 cm depth with 12.3 and 12.5 t ha-1, respectively) and non-subsoling (with 11.15 t ha-1) treatments, respectively. The mean comparison of the grain yield regimes showed that I2 irrigation with 12.68 t ha-1 had highest grain yield while I3 regime with 10.78 t ha-1 had lowest grain yield. The grain yield increasing in subsoling at 40 and 60 cm depth than non subsoling treatment was 3.05 and 8.40 percent, respectively. Subsoling efficiency was different in different irrigation regimes. The water use efficiency increased with subsoiling.

The treated seeds (control, KNO3 and hydropriming) of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivar Koseh were evaluated at germination for tolerance to salinity (NaCl) and drought induced by PEG-6000 at the different water potentials of 0, -0.3 and -0.6 MPa. Electerical conductivity (EC) value of the NaCl solutions were 0, 6.5 and 12.7 ds.m-1. Germination index, shoot/root ratio, germination uniformity, days to 50% germination (D50) and abnormal seedlings percentage were measured. Hydropriming treatment showed an increase in germination index, shoot/root ratio and germination uniformity, while decrease days to 50% germination.Hydropriming increased germination percentage and shoot/root ratio under salinity and water stress. Treatment with KNO3 reduced abnormal seedlings percentage under salinity stress. KNO3 improved germination uniformity and germination index the low water potentials. As salinity increased, germination index and shoot/root ration were decreased, while germination uniformity, days to 50% germination and abnormal seedlings percentage were increased. As drought levels increased, shoot/root ration was decreased, while germination uniformity, days to 50% germination and abnormal seedlings percentage was increased. The results showed that hydropriming increased germination percentage. This treatment enhanced germination ratio under both stresses (salinity and drought) and non-stress conditions. While, hydropriming is simple, cheap and does not need expensive chemicals and sophisticated equipments. Therefore, could be used to improved seed performance of safflower under saline and drought stress.

To study the effect of Fertilizer sulfur, Solution phosphor bacteria and Thiobacillus (sulfur-oxidizing bacteria) application on yield and yield components of linseed (Linum ustatissimum L), this experiment was conducted based on factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, Sulfur as the main variable in three levels (0, 1000, and 2000 Kg/ha), Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria as sub factor in three levels (0, 100, and 200 gr/ha) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus thiooxidans) as sub-sub factor in three levels (0, 2, and 4%) were selected. The results showed that Sulfur application has significant positive impact on grain yield and yield components, and usage of 1000 Kg/ha sulfur showed best yield. In addition, twofold and triplet interaction effects showed significantly on yield and all measured traits as, highest yield (2097 kg/ha) was achieved by usage of 1000 Kg/ha sulfur with 100 gr/ha phosphate solubilizing bacteria and 2% Thiobacillus, and lowest seed yield (928. kg.ha) was observed by application of 2000 Kg/ha sulfur with 100 gr.h (varietie: Olay-ozon).) a phosphate solubilizing bacteria and 2% Thiobacillus. Results showed positive effects sulfur and biofertilizers on yield and yield components linseed. However, application of sulfur showed more positive effect on yield linseed in comparison to Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and Thiobacillus.

Salt stress affects alfalfa growth especially at germination and seedling stages. Therefore, selection of salt tolerant cultivars and find possible mechanisms of salt tolerant are important at these stages. This experiment was conducted to evaluate nine alfalfa cultivars including Rehnani, Esfahani, Gharehyonje, Ranjer, Hamedani, Yazdi, Nikshahri, Pioneer and Bami for the salt tolerant and enzymes activities at germination and seedling stages in labratovar and field condition at four harvested time. Plants were subjected to four salt treatments including, 0, 60, 120 and 180 mM NaCl for 7 days In the Laboratoy, root and shoot lengths and weights and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POX: EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2), and the rate of lipid peroxidation level in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. In the field, high, Leaf area index (LAI), nodul number, yield forage and protein percentage were measured. Root and shoot length and weights decreased under salt treatments. However, there were differences between the cultivars and Rehnani, Esfahani were the most tolerant and Pioneer and Bami were the least tolerant cultivars. The activities of SOD, GR, POX and APX were higher in salt tolerant and lower in salt sensitive cultivars. The MDA content was lower in salt tolerance cultivars as compared to sensitive cultivars. These results showed that the SOD, GR, POX, APOX activities and MDA content may be used to select salt tolerance cultivars at the germination and seedling stages. The dry forage was higher in Rehnani cultivar in third harves whereas Bami cultivar was the lowest dry weight. Comparison between lab and field results showed that the good relation was among the activity antioxidant enzymes in seedling stage and salt tolerant in field stage. The results also suggest that SOD, GR, POX and APX may play an important role in salt tolerant mechanisms in alfalfa.

In order to identify the most important effective agronomic traits on yield and for evaluation of their variability and heritability in nine bean cultivars, two separate experiments were conducted based on RCBD with three replications under normal and moisture stress conditions. Analysis of variance results showed that the cultivars differences were significant for the majority of traits in both conditions, so that there were different genetic potentials for the cultivars. Mean compression results showed that the highest and lowest economic yield belonged to Daneshkade and Goli cultivars respectively, in both normal and moisture stress conditions. The traits of days from planting to 50% pod formation, days from planting to physiological maturity and period of pod filling reduced the yield of Goli cultivar in both conditions, especially in severe moisture stress condition. Correlation results showed that the economic yield was significantly correlated to pod weight, harvest index, biomass and number of pods per plant.Stepwise regression indicated that the traits of pod weight, harvest index and biomass were the most important effective traits on economic yield in both conditions. In addition, the maximum and minimum genetic diversity under stress condition belonged to days from planting to 50% pod formation and number of pod per plant respectively. Meanwhile, the highest and lowest heritability in moisture stress condition related to days from planting to 50% pod formation and seed number.

To compare the effect of liquid and solid forms of P-fertilizers on plant available P, an experiment was conducted on two calcareous soils. A granule or the same amount of suspension was added to soil samples. Also in another treatment, H2SO4 was added to suspension to evaluate its effect on increasing soil available P. Soil available P was determined after 14, 36 and 165 days.After 14 days and in soil sample 1, acids suspension fertilizer caused about 30 percent more available P than granule treatment but the effectiveness of suspension was the same as granule. In soil sample 2 and after 14 days, there was no difference between fertilizers. After 36 days, granule fertilizer caused about 120 and 40% more available P in soil samples 1 and 2 respectively. After 165 days available P in soil samples 1 and 2 were about 450% and 130% higher compare to suspension. Also Results indicated the shape of the fertilizer had no effect on the soil available Fe and Zn. It is concluded that if plant could be able to absorb P from soil in a short period of time after fertilizer application, granule P fertilizer can replace by the same amount of suspension. If not, more suspension fertilizer is needed.

Delaying in planting and low precipitation are the major problem in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) farming in Iran. To evaluate the effects of inducing of drought tolerance under field conditions an experiment was done in 2009 at Agricultural research center in western Azerbaijan under well-water and drought stress. The experiment was Split-plot factorial in randomized complete blocks Design with three replications, in which two irrigation conditions includes well-water and drought stress as main plots and factorial of two cultivars (Zarrin, and Sardary) and Hardening includes osmotic solutions (10% polyethylene glycol (8000), 3% sodium chloride and 2.5% KCL) and plant growth regulator (10 ppm IAA) by control as subplots. Drought stress obtained by cut irrigation from rapid stem development stage. Result showed that besides traits RWC of flag leaf and fertile stems other traits such as grain yield, number of spike per square meter, number of seed per spike, number of spikelet per spike, total dry mater, 1000- number of seed weight, flag leaf area, Plant height and leaf chlorophyll content had significant different at 5% level. Seed priming can improve many traits such as yield that increase (35 percent) in priming with plant growth regulators (IAA) optimal growth condition. Besides the Hormonal priming, Hydropriming and Hardening results showed that close to the Hormonal priming because of the high cost of priming with growth regulators, Hydropriming recommended to use. Priming of seeds is accelerated plant growth stages and thereby reduced to a minimum level of farm irrigation. According to the country’s arid and semiarid climates seed treatment is essential.

One of the most important strategies for reducing herbicides use is the optimizing application of them. Herbicides tank-mix is one of the basic strategies in this context. In order to evaluate the effect of foramsulfuron and nicosulfuron combination without and with ammonium sulfate as an adjuvant on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv) control in maize, a study was conducted in three separate experiments, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2011-2012. The first experiment was conducted separately for each plant of barnyardgrass to determine optimum dose for foramsulfuron and nicosulfuron in greenhouse conditions, based on the dose-response experiments. The second experiment conducted to evaluate the effect of different mixture ratio of two herbicides (75% foramsulfuron+25% nicosulfuron, 50% foramsulfuron+50% nicosulfuron, 25% foramsulfuron+ 75% nicosulfuron) based on the results of the first experiment. The third experiment included the second experiment treatments plus ammonium sulfate as adjuvant. Results showed that both herbicides without ammonium sulfate and at high doses controlled barnyardgrass. Sulfonylurea herbicides mixture without ammonium sulfate by application of 75% foramsulfuron+25% nicosulfuron among others, had the most damage to the barnyardgrass and herbicides mixture effect was additive. Combination of sulfonylurea herbicides together by adding ammonium sulfate showed synergistic effects for controlling barnyardgrass, so that its dry matter reduced by application of lower doses of herbicides in comparison with herbicides applied alone. Also combination of these two herbicides alone and by addition of ammonium sulfate to them showed no undesirable effect on maize.

The aim of this research was investigation of non-chemical control of weeds and prevention of rice yield reduction with appropriate land preparation such as puddling. A filed experiment was conducted in 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in Tonekabon’s rice research station (Chaparsar) in Mazandaran province. The experiment layout was a factorial experiment based on randomize complete block design (RCBD) with three factors including type of equipment (rastcawel and rotivator), time of puddling (10 and 20 days before transplanting) and number of puddling (one and two times) with three replicates. Results of combined variance analysis showed that effect of year on tiller speed, time of puddling and grain yield were statistically significant. Tiller speed was affected by kind of tool and second pudlling time. Effect of pudlling frequency on number of filled seed was significant. Number of weeds at 2 M-2 and grain yield was not affected under applied three factors. The maximum of tiller headway speed (2.27 m.s-1) was obtained with one time of puddling by rotivator. minimum time of puddling treatment (4.47 min/plot) was achieved using two time of puddling at in 20 days before transplanting. Mean of rice grain yield was 3689.4 kg/ha.

To evaluate the effect of hunting after the release of seed in wheat field a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at Karaj during 2012-13. Factors were included plant species at two levels (wild mustard and wild barley), sampling dates at 14 levels (from December, 12 to June, 22 per two weeks) and sampling location at two levels (periphery and center of field). The seeds were transferred to petri and then placed in plots. At each sampling date, a control seed petri were placed at field and then the lost seeds have been measured. The results showed the highest seed hunting in center of field on 4 Khordad was pertained to wild barley and the lowest seed hunting in periphery on 24 Farvardin was belong to wild mustard.The highest number of predators on 18 Khordad was pertained to wild barley, whereas the lowest number of predators on 20 Day was obtained by both weeds and on 4 Bahman by wild mustard. The highest number of predator on 4 Khordad was in the center of field and the lowest number of predators on 20 Day and 4 Bahman was in the center of field and on 20 Day and 28 Bahman in the periphery of field. Ants (Formicidae) and crickets (Gryllidae) had the highest and lowest number of predators, respectively.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing date on some phenological and morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of five rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars in research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Tehran during 2008-2009. The experimental design consisted of four randomized complete blocks (CRDB) in a split-plot arrangement. Four sowing dates (11 September, 27 September, 12 October and 27 October) as main plots and five rapeseed cultivars (RGS003, Hayola401, Okapi, Sarigol and Zarfam) as sub-plots were evaluated. In this experiment, evaluated traits included germination period length, flowering period length, number of days to flowering and maturity, plant height, number of secondary stem, pod lengh per main and secondary stems, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod and grain yield. The sowing date had significant effect on all characteristics, except number of days to maturity and pod lengh per main stem. There were significant difference between rapeseed cultivars (P<0.05) for flowering period length, number of days to flowering, plant height, yield and yield components. Change in sowing dates exposed plant development stages to different environmental factors that these factors had an impact on crop production. Delay in sowing date caused to grain filling stage encounter with higher temperatures. These conditions result in a yield reduction, so 11 September sowing date with average yield of 3198 kg.ha-1 and 27 October sowing date with average yield of 2293 kg.ha-1 had the highest and lowest grain yield, respectively. Results showed that RGS003 had the maximum seed yield among rapeseed cultivars.

In order to investigate the effect of weed competition on morphophysiologic indices, yield and yield components of rapeseed, a research project was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Natural Resources and Agricultural Research Center of Tehran Province in Varamin, during 2008-2009 growing season. Treatments included periods of weed competition or noncompetition with rapeseed based on growth different stages of crop. Treatments were applied in two groups: I.Weed interference until 2, 4, 6, 8 leaf stages, emergence of flowering bud initiation and harvest stages and II. Weed free treatments until the above mentioned growth stages. The continuity of weed competition to the later stages of crop growth caused that the final height of rapeseed increased by plants which in turn increased the node intervals on the main stem. The results also showed that weed removal time had significant effects on number of secondary branches per plant, height of the lowest pod bearing branch, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yield, harvest index and oil yield, but there were no significant differences between treatments on pod length and percent of oil production. Overall, it is found weed control in this period can prevent yield reduction significantly.

Herbicides due to their expanded usage around the world have a high potential for contaminating of soil and water sources.The objective of this investigation was to study the influence of different organic fertilizers on metribuzin herbicide degradation in soil. Experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with 3 replications in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad-Iran.Experimental factors included 4 organic fertilizers (municipal waste compost (MC), poultry manure (PM), cow manure (CM) and sheep manure (SM)), in 2.5 percent rate (w/w)) with control treatment (non organic fertilizer application (NF)) and incubation periods (0, 5, 15, 30, 50, 90 and 120 days). Soil samples was mixed with metribuzin at a rate of 5 mg.kg-1 soil. Metribuzin residue was measured with HPLC. Data were fitted to the first order kinetic equation for analysis. Results showed that all organic fertilizers had a significant effect on metribuzin degradation and half life in soil. Metribizin degradation coefficients (K) in MC, PM, CM and SM treatments were 1.36, 1.29, 1.22 and 1.17 times NF treatment respectively. Metribuzin half life in mentioned treatments was 87, 92, 97 and 109 days respectively, that were significant lower than NF treatment (119 days). It seems that application of organic fertilizers have an important role on metribuzin bioremediation.

Rice is staple food in Iran. As regards to population increase it is necessary to increase rice yield. Exploration from heterosis is an option for yield enhancement in rice. Selection of suitable parents is the most important step in every breeding programs especially in hybrid rice production. This study was performed with the aim of identifying suitable parents for breeding programs and promising hybrids for experimental hybrid rice seed production at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University.For this propose 5 fertility restoring lines and 5 cytoplasmic male sterility testers were crossed with each other to produce 25 F1 hybrids in 2011 using line ´ tester method. In the next year, hybrids seeds along with their parents were planted in a randomized complete block design. Seven quantitative traits measured during the growing season and then analyzed. Results showed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits (P≤ 1%). Sum of squares of genotypes was fractioned to sum of squares of parents, parents vs. crosses and crosses. Results showed that tester T1 and lines L1, L2 and L3 were identified as the best parents according to the high mean performance and good GCA effects for yield improvement. In addition, among the F1s, hybrids L3´T1, L3´T2, L1´T2, L1´T5 and L5´T5 were the promising hybrids for yield according to the mean performance, SCA effects and heterosis values.

In order to evaluated the effect of crop residue and nitrogen fertilizer levels on soil biological, nitrogen indices and redistribution of dry matter in wheat, experimental design with 3 replicates was employed. Treatments were crop residue (CR1: 50% barley straw, CR2: 50% barley straw+vetch, CR3: vetch (green manure), CR4: 100% wheat straw, CR5: rape residue+mungbean (GM), CR6: Vigna radiate (GM), CR7: 25% wheat straw, CR8: No crop residue incorporation) as main plot, and nitrogen fertilizer levels (F1: 160, F2: 270, F3: 360 kg/ha) as subplot. The result of this research showed that the highest respiration microbial and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were obtained in CR2: barley straw+vetch (GM), and CR5: rape residue+mungbean (GM) incorporation. Interaction crop residue and nitrogen fertilizer on biological soil was significant and CR8F1 treatment decreased basal respiration microbial 16.2 percentage relative to CR8F3, and CR4F1 increased BRM 11.8 percentage compared to CR4F3.Nitrogen indices decreased with increasing N fertilizer from 160 to 360 kg/ha. Crop residue incorporation increased nitrogen indices compared to No crop residue application. Dry matter redistribution increased with nitrogen applied. No difference significant between 270 and 360 kg N ha-1 related to redistribution efficiency. In final CR2F2 and CR5F2 were the best treatments.

In order to evaluation of crop residue and nitrogen fertilizer levels on micronutrient and macronutrients content in grain wheat, and also carbohydrate and dry matter, this study was conducted during 2012 - 2014 crop years. Experimental design was split- plot within randomized complete block with three replication.the treatments included crop residue levels: (CR1: 50% barley straw, CR2: 50% barley straw+vetch (green manure), CR3: green manure (Viciaspp), CR4: 100% wheat straw, CR5: rape residue, CR6: No crop residue incorporation) as main plot and nitrogen fertilizer levels: (150, 270, 360 kg urea ha-1) as subplot. The result showed that crop residue incorporation significantly affected the nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, manganese, zinc, iron, copper and boron (p=0.01). So the maximum macro and micro nutrient contents and dry matter was related to T2: 50% barley straw+ vetch (green manure) incorporation. also increase nitrogen fertilizer levels, increased Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Manganese (Mn) contents in grain wheat, but Copper (Cu) concentration decreased. Interaction of crop residue and N levels significantly affected the total dry matter of wheat, and 270 kg urea ha-1 in T2 treatments compared to 360 kg urea ha -1 in T6 dry matter was obtained 11.8 % higher.then crop residue and nitrogen fertilizer management important for increase quality and quantity of wheat.