SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Year:2022 | Volume:1 | Issue:4|Papers Count:9

In order to evaluate the efficiency of non-chemical and chemical methods and their simultaneous use to control of weeds (Echinochloa Crus-galli, Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis) in maize, a split plot experiment was conducted in the randomized complete block design in three replications and implemented at Varamin-Iran. The main factor (A) was non-chemical treatments consisted of three levels: AM: Irrigation before sowing (agronomic), AC: cultivator (mechanical) and A0 (without agronomic or mechanical operations). Sub-factor was (H) of chemical treatments include three levels of HFS (Foramsulfuron (at a rate of two liters per hectare, HNS (nicosulfuron at a rate of 1. 5 liters per hectare), HA + G (atrazine and Gazaprim) and H0 (manual weeding by hand), respectively. The number of Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds (compared to the control) decreased by about 90% with the irrigation before sowing (Am) or cultivator (AC), and the increase in yield (compared to the control) was about 55-60%. While the non-chemical treatments (agro-mechanical) had no effect on reducing the number of Echinochloa Crus-galli weed. Nicosulfuron herbicide, similar to hand weeding (H0), controlled more than 90% of the Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds, but only 70% of the Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds. There was no significant difference in terms of corn grain yield (8000-8500 kg / ha) between hand weeding (H0) and nicosulforn herbicide (HNS) in plots in with agro-mechanical operations. However, in plots where agro-mechanical operations (A0) were not performed, hand weeding (H0) had 12. 5% higher corn grain yield compared to Nicosoluren herbicide application (HNS). Therefore, for Echinochloa Crus-galli, a combination of Irrigation-nicosulfuron and cultivator-nicosulfuron treatments is proposed.

In order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Torbat-Heydarieh region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and the secondary factor was the size of corm (less than 4 g, 4 to 8 g, 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 g). The interaction effect of irrigation cycle and pistachio size on flower-related traits was insignificant and on female pistachio-related traits was significant. In mother corms less than 4 g and 4 to 8 g, irrigation cycle had no effect on the dry weight of daughter corms produced per square meter. Irrigation of mother corms 8 to 12 g and 12 to 18 g every two weeks, respectively, produced 3689 g and 4230 g of female corm per square meter, which increased by 7. 5 and 9, respectively, compared to the four-week irrigation cycle. 4% of this adjective. In mother corms less than 4 g, the two-week irrigation cycle increased the number of female corms per square by 7. 5% compared to the four-week irrigation period and decreased the diameter of female corms by 9. 5%, but in other sizes of mother corms There was no difference between irrigation cycles in terms of number of female corms per square meter and diameter of female corms. The research results suggest that by reducing the irrigation interval (irrigation period from four and three weeks to two weeks) and planting mother corms weighing more than 8 grams can lead to the production of better and larger daughter corms, which by increasing the yield of flowers and reducing the duration of exploitation of saffron fields, will improve the economic income of farmers.

Plant diseases and pest damages are one of the main factors that reduce both quality and quantity of final crops annually and restrict growers profit. Problems in photosynthesis and evapotranspiration may be taken place due to these pathogens. Efforts to apply chemicals or employing other methods for pest and disease control need precise field scouting and expert persons to identify the problem in a timely manner. Psylla pest is one of the most prevalent pests in pistachio orchards, which causes irreparable damage to orchards every year. In this study, the feasibility of employing machine vision system to discriminate and count pistachio psylla was evaluated. Field data were collected from Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman research orchards in three different time slots in summer based on pest infestation. The images were taken by various cellphone cameras with different resolutions in high and low controlled lighting conditions. The results of image-based count were compared with manual count by the expert technician in the laboratory. The effect of different light conditions and cameras with different resolutions on pest detection were evaluated by ANOVA test. There was no significant difference between manual count and digital count in high lighting conditions, but the differences in low lighting conditions were significant (p<0. 05). The incorrect classification percentage values for low lighting conditions were higher than the ones obtained for high lighting conditions. This could be due to the lower quality of the images, in higher ISO values in low lighting conditions. The results showed that images taken by low-cost cameras in proper light intensity can easily replace the time-consuming and labor-intensive method of manual count.

To study the effect of culture medium, organic matter, and salinity on active compounds of lemon balm, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with 3 replications. First factor (culture medium at three levels; compost+arable soil, vermicompost+arable soil, and compost+vermicompost+arable soil), second factor (organic matter; humic acid (HA) and effective microorganisms (EM) both 5 per 1000); and third factor (salinity; tap water, 40 and 80mM). Examination of essential oils by the GC method revealed the presence of 34 compounds. These compounds were affected by substrate and salinity. The major constituents of essential oils including Trans-carveol, Carvacrol acetate, Isoborneol, Isopulegol and γ-3-Carene were observed in the combined substrate of arable soil+compost+vermicompost, and the highest levels of 1, 3, 8-P-menthatriene, Citronellol, and γ-Terpinene were observed in the combined substrate of arable soil+compost. With increasing salinity, amount of Trans-carveol, Carvacrol acetate, γ-Terpinene, Isoborneol, Citronellol increased, and γ-3-Carene, Isopulegol and 1, 3, 8-P-menthatriene decreased significantly. The highest percentages of Trans-carveol (21. 85), Isoborneol (12. 90), Carvacrol acetate (11. 78) were observed in the salinity of 80mM in combined substrate of arable soil+compost+ vermicompost. The highest percentage of Citronellol (11. 12) and γ-Terpinene (9. 87) were recorded under compost substrate. In the control and with a combined substrate of arable soil+compost, the highest percentage of compounds, including 1, 3, 8, P-menthatriene (9. 93) was observed. Finally, the combined substrate of arable soil+compost+vermicompost caused the highest percentages of Isopulegol (8. 98) and γ-3-Carene (8. 47). Application of HA could increase the main constituents, in lemon balm.

For the purpose of study on the different levels effects of nitrogen fertilizers and zinc sulfate on seed yield and yield components of barley (figure 13 sarasari barley), the experiment was conducted to factorial based on statistical plan format of block randomized design in karun area of Khuzestan province with four replications. In this research nitrogen fertilizer in 3 levels (0, 30, 60 kg ha-1), and zinc sulfate fertilizer in four levels (0, 10, 20, 30 kg ha-1) that were supply with strip application which available to crop at seeding times. The results showed that different levels of zinc sulfate and nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on yield and yield components at one percent level. So that by using maximum nitrogen fertilizer seed produce increase to maximum (3. 28 tons per hectare) and biological yield harvest index (9. 34 tons in hectare), obtained by consumption of 60 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. So grain performance and biological function affected by zinc sulfate as a result maximum of product of grain. (3 tons per hectare). Biological (9. 19 tons per hectare) caused by usage of 30 kg zinc sulfate per hectare. Between fertilizer levels, zinc sulfate fertilizer treatment of 30 kg per hectare in terms of production numbers of seeds per yield and harvest index. The most suitable treatment known is nitrogen fertilizer also relative to non-consumption conditions caused increasing of spike per levels, seeds amount per spike and harvest index and the weight of 1000 seeds of barley.

In order to evaluate different tillage systems and fertilizer types on grain yield and yield components on rapeseed, an experiment was done on the farm of Moghan Agro-industry Company in 1399-1400. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized with three replications. Tillage as the main factor in three levels (conventional, low tillage and no tillage), type of fertilizer as a secondary factor in two levels (animal manure 5t/ha and ammonium phosphate fertilizer 500 kg/ha and the cultivar tested to title of sub-factor was considered at two levels (Neptune and Barley). Main, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and grain yield at 1% probability level and grain yield in fertilizer type were 5%. The highest average grain yield was 5 tons / ha and the lowest It was obtained without tillage and ammonium phosphate fertilizer (500 kg / ha). 1 and 5%), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and grain yield were significant at 1% probability level, with the highest mean for low tillage treatment (5 tons of animal manure). R hectares in Neptune cultivar) and animal manure 5 tons per hectare in Neptune cultivar and the lowest average was obtained without tillage (500 g ammonium phosphate fertilizer per hectare in Neptune cultivar) and animal manure 5t/ha in Neptune cultivar. The results of comparing the mean of the three interactions of tillage systems in fertilizer type and cultivar type on yield components showed that the highest mean of low tillage treatment in animal manure of 5t/ha and Neptune cultivar and the lowest average of no tillage treatment in ammonium phosphate fertilizer 500 kg per hectare and Barley cultivar.

The dust has become one of the most dominant environmental crises in some parts of the world especially in Sistan and Nimrooz in recent decades due to the increase in severity, duration and frequency of its occurrence. This study aims to evaluate the economic damage of the dust on the agricultural sector in Nimrooz city through the assessing of its impact on the agricultural sector. To collect required data, a questionnaires were developed in which not only some questions of people's willingness to pay for their support and protection to deal with dust were included but also a number of questions about their demographic characteristics were added. After data gathering step, we use Logistic regression model and perform the model by the maximum likelihood approach. The results showed that 82% of the surveyed people have shown some willing to pay to deal with dust damage. The average willingness to pay is 377060 Rial per month. The results also showed that the dust is the most important problem for the residents of Nimrooz city and most people in the region. They also want to actively participate in controlling dust besides their willingness to pay. In this regard, it is suggested that due to the importance and participation of people in dust control, policy makers use the results of this study for better planning to control dust pollution.