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Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    40-52
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    453
  • Downloads: 

    70
Abstract: 

Il est de l’avis general que François-Rene de Chateaubriand l’auteur et Rene ont beaucoup de points communs. Pour elucider le comportement de Rene vis-a-vis de la religion, il serait judicieux de recourir a celui de son createur. En ce qui concerne les idees religieuses de Chateaubriand qui se manifeste a travers Rene et le Genie du christianisme, l’opinion generale paraît-il diverse car la sincerite de sa conversion a provoque bien des polemiques. Mais il nous faut a present tourner notre attention vers le contenu et les motivations sociopolitiques de la religion dans le Genie du christianisme et de Rene. Chateaubriand cree Rene avec une originalite poetique et un mythe personnel tragique face a la modernite. Il essaie de regresser vers l’etat sauvage et de s’eloigner de l’etat civil europeen. Il fait l’eloge du christianisme tandis que la situation politique de la France est aussi intervenante. Donc dans cet article, nous envisageons d’etudier l’ambigüite de la croyance religieuse et l’influence des faits historico-politiques sur la creation du Genie du christianisme et de Rene. Le recours a la religion est-il lie a la croyance sincere de Chateaubriand ou aux circonstances de l’epoque? De quelle maniere Chateaubriand en tant qu’apologiste de la religion, aborde la question? Son eloge de la religion est issu de sa sincerite ou de son hypocrisie? Nous allons proceder par un mis en parallele de ces deux oeuvres avec le contexte historico-politique et les facteurs sociaux. English: Chateaubriand: Sincerity or Hypocrisy in Faith?It is believed that the similitude between François-Rene de Chateaubriand and Rene is immense. To identify Rene’s position towards religion which is obvious in Rene and Christian Genius, it is better to return to his creator. There is disagreement about his sincerity and this object has aroused polemics. However, attention to the content as well as socio-politic motivations is considered necessary. Chateaubriand creates Rene in an original way and as his own tragic image in conflict with modernity. In this writing, he tries to return to the savage state and far away from civilized Europe. He appraises Christianity but this is also due to the political situation of France at that period. In this article, the ambiguity of religious thoughts and the influence of historical and political events in Christian Genius are studied. Chateaubriand’s interest to Christianity is because of his true faith or it is effectually the influence of the events. How does he develop the question of religion as an apologist? His appreciation is sincere or hypocrite? These two writings are studied according to historic and political situations.Keywords: Christian Genius, Rene, religion, historical and political events, sincerity, hypocrisy

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Author(s): 

AYATI AKRAM

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    1-15
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1909
  • Downloads: 

    522
Abstract: 

Comment commencer? La question touche autant l’auteur que le lecteur. L’incipit fait deja l’objet de nombreuses recherches qui ont interroge les divers aspects de sa pratique. Au seuil du recit, l’attente a laquelle l’incipit se doit de repondre est polyvalente. L’incipit doit endosser, dans tout texte romanesque, les enjeux particuliers pour lesquels, il revendique les strategies expressives particulieres. En evoquant les fonctions que l’incipit remplit dans une oeuvre et les etudiant particulierement dans deux contes fantastiques de Theophile Gautier, La Cafetiere et Le Chevalier double, nous avons l’objectif de repondre, dans cet article, aux questions concernant le role de l’incipit par rapport a la structure du conte et cela a travers l’etude de la relation entre le texte et le paratexte. L'etude de la modalite de la representation du contrat de lecture dans les incipit nous mene en plus a examiner comment l’ecrivain fait de ce lieu strategique du texte non seulement une occasion d’ancrer son univers fantastique, mais aussi un emplacement d’exhiber son art d’ecriture, propre a lui.English: Incipit in Theophile Gautier's Fantastic Tales: A Selective Study of Cafee Pot and Double KnightHow to begin? The question arises for the author as much as for the reader. The incipit is already the object of numerous studies which have examined various aspects of his practice. At the beginning of the narrative, the expectation in which the incipit owes answer is general-purpose. The incipit has to assume, in any romantic text, the particular stakes for which, he claims the particular expressive strategies. By evoking the functions which the incipit performs in a work and studying them particularly in two Theophile Gautier's fantastic tales, we aim to answer, in this article, the questions concerning the role of the incipit with regard to the structure of the tale and through it, the study of the relation between the text and the paratexte. The study of the modality of the representation of the contract of reading in incipit shows how the writer makes of this strategic place of the text not only an opportunity to anchor his fantastic universe, but also a place to show his art of writing, appropriate for him.Keywords: incipit, narration, history, fantastic tales, Theophile Gautier

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    17-27
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1200
  • Downloads: 

    177
Abstract: 

Lalla, jeune fille marocaine, est la figure dominante du second recit de Desert, roman celebre de Le Clezio. Ce personnage comme la plupart des personnages lecleziens, vit au sein de la nature ou il n’existe aucune trace de civilisation. Elle prefere vivre en marge de la societe et en dehors de tout ordre social et elle finit par fuir tout ce qui menace sa liberte et recherche un monde ou elle ne subirait aucune contrainte. Pourquoi ce refus de la modernite et cette sympathie avec la nature chez Le Clezio? L'objectif de cet article est en effet de montrer au lecteur la purete et l'innocence de l'univers du personnage central en contraste avec l'inquietude d'un etre agresse par la violence du monde moderne. Et par la montrer donc les elements qui sont a l’origine de la peinture leclezienne preferant le bonheur du desert a la modernite des grandes villes. English: Denying Modernism and Returning to Le Clezio's DesertLalla, the young Morrac girl, is the main character of second story of Desert which is the famous novel of Le Clezio. Like most of Le Clezio's heroes, this character lives in the heart of nature where there is no sign of civilization. Lalla always prefers to live in the margin of society and out of the social rules and finally she escapes from anything which threats her freedom. Why does Le Clezio reject the modernity and he is in favour of nature? The aim of the present paper is to instill the innocence and purity of the novel's main character which is in contrast with the concern resulting from violence of the modern world of the present human. The author finds real bliss with the primitive and uncivilized man rather than the civilized one. In this paper, we make an attempt to show why Le Clezio prefers living in the desert to living at big modern cities.Keywords: Desert, Le Clezio, nature, liberty, escape

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Author(s): 

CLAIRE KAPPLER

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    29-38
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1669
  • Downloads: 

    154
Abstract: 

La notion d’etranger est sans doute universelle. Bien repandue aussi est celle d’un etat inne : l’homme se sent “etranger”, separe de son origine qui lui donna l’avant gout de la felicite, de l’union (perçue aussidurant la vie foetale?), un ressenti d’amour absolu. Cette nostalgie de l’Amour original-veritable patrie de l’ame-, impregne toute la litterature persane classique, surtout celle dite “mystique” que nous aborderons ici avec Mowlavi (Divan-e Shams) et Hafez (Divan), sans oublier ‘Attar (Le livre de l’epreuve) qui est une reference incontournable pour tous les auteurs venus apres lui. La recherche du Bien-Aime, de la Bien-Aimee, qui anime cette litterature est le symbole de cette nostalgie de l’ame persane dont l’Orient est la Source divine, toute amour, pur amour. La souffrance fondamentale de l’etre humain est de se sentir “etranger” en ce monde, exile, seul: sa quete desesperee d’amour ne peut etre guerie que par le renoncement a toute possession de l’etre aime. C’est seulement dans ce renoncement total qu’est possible, enfin, l’Union. Ce renoncement n’est toutefois pas le fruit d’un dualisme comme dans le gnosticisme. L’originalite de la mystique persane est d’unir deux realites qui semblent “etrangeres” l’une a l’autre mais sont intimement liees du fait qu’elles sont toutes deux totalement issues de l’Unique source de tout, Dieu. La patrie de l’ame est le monde de lumiere et d’amour qu’est la Source divine, origine de tout etre. Par la puissance purificatrice de la “separation” qu’impose notre condition humaine, il est possible de bruler l’obstacle principal qu’est notre “moi”, ce khod avide qui nous separe de la Source originelle. Ce monde-ci est precieux en tant que source d’epreuve. La plus puissante energie qui nous conduit a chercher cette epreuve, puis a la subir, a la traverser, pour pouvoir enfin parvenir “au-dela”, c’est l’Amour. Car de l’Amour nous sommes nes, vers l’Amour nous retournons. English: The Pain of Being a Foreigner in this World: Essence of Love in Persian MysticismThe concept of alien is probably universal. Although widespread as is that of a natural state: the man feels 'foreign', separated from his home which gave him the taste of bliss, union (perceived aussidurant fetal life?), an experienced of absolute love. This nostalgia for the original Love-true home of the soul-permeates classical Persian literature, especially the so-called "mystical". The search for the Beloved of the Beloved, that drives this literature is the symbol of this longing of the soul which Persian Oriental Source is the divine, all love, pure love. The suffering of the basic human being is to feel "foreign" in this world, exiled, alone: his desperate search for love cannot be cured by giving up all possession of the beloved. Only in this total renunciation that is possible, finally, the European Union. This renunciation is not the result of a dualism as in Gnosticism. The originality of the Persian mystic is to unite two realities that seem "foreign" to each other but are closely linked because they are both completely from the One Source of all, God. The homeland of the soul is the world of light and love which is the divine Source, origin of all being. By the power of purifying the "separation" imposed by our human condition, it is possible to burn the main obstacle is our "self", the greedy Khod that separates us from the original source. This world is valuable as a source test. The most powerful energy that leads us to seek the test, then to endure the cross, to finally reach "beyond" is love. Because of love we are born, we return to Love.Keywords: Stranger, Familiar, Homeland (of the Spirit), Separation, Nostalgia (Homesickness), Proximity, Union

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    1389
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    39-52
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    642
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

اکثرا عقیده بر این است که بین فرانسوا- رنه شاتوبریان و رنه شباهت های زیادی وجود دارد. برای مشخص کردن موضع رنه در قبال مذهب، بهتر است به خالقش بپردازیم. در مورد عقاید مذهبی شاتوبریان که در رنه و نبوغ مسیحیت مطرح می شود اختلاف عقیده بسیار است و ایمان راستینش مشاجراتی بر انگیخته است. اما توجه به محتوا و انگیزه های سیاسی- اجتماعی این دو اثر نیز حائز اهمیت است. شاتوبریان رنه را به شیوه ای مبتکرانه و با استفاده از اسطوره تراژیک خویشتن در مقابل مدرنیته خلق می کند. او در این اثر در تلاش است تا دوباره به حالت وحشی باز گشته و از اروپای متمدن دور گردد. به ستایش مذهب مسیحیت روی می آورد، اما این رویکرد ناشی ازتاثیر اوضاع سیاسی فرانسه می باشد. در این مقاله به بررسی ابهام در اعتقادات دینی و تاثیر حوادث تاریخی- سیاسی در نبوغ مسیحیت می پردازیم. توسل شاتوبریان به مذهب از سر ایمان راستین است یا معلول حوادث آن برهه از زمان؟ به عنوان طرفدار مذهب مسیحیت، چگونه مساله دین را مطرح می کند؟ ستایش مذهب ناشی از ایمان راستین است یا ریاکاری؟ این دو اثر را با تکیه بر شرایط تارخی- سیاسی به صورت موازی بررسی خواهیم کرد.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    53-61
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1188
  • Downloads: 

    159
Abstract: 

Cet article a pour ambition d’examiner en premier lieu, a travers les deux oeuvres de Duras Un Barrages contre le Pacifique et Le Vice consul, les differents aspects de la violence liee au colonialisme. La structure de la ville coloniale et sa valeur problematique (cite- prison) et strategique permettra de constater l’importance d’un espace hegemonique et uniformise sans cesse mis en cause par la romanciere. Il s’agira ensuite de determiner dans quelle mesure, les colonisateurs souffrent autant que les colonises dans un systeme colonialiste : la vie des Blancs et celle des indigenes seront ainsi traitees dans notre corpus en vue de prouver cette hypothese. Nous adopterons une approche comparative pour demontrer qu'il existe un colonialisme a double aspect en ce qui concerne la structure de la ville, les personnages et les reactions face a la violence et qu'il se trouve neanmoins des similarites au niveau des reactions provoquees. Nous pouvons detecter les traces de cette violence dans le style de l'ecrivain. English: Duras: double aspect of exploitationIn this article, in a comparative study, the themes of exploitation and violence are dealt with in Margaret Duras' two works, Adam on the Pacific Ocean and the Consular. First, the status of the native inhabitants and that of the exploiters are presented and then the surface structure of the city is analyzed. We first harbor at the conclusion that the exploiter and the exploited equally suffer. Then, we will focus on the issue that the violence resulted from exploitation has so profoundly affected the author's mind that one can detect its effect on her style of writing.Keywords: Colonialism, Violence, Colonialist, Colonised

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Author(s): 

TORK LADANI SAFOURA

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    63-77
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    2152
  • Downloads: 

    367
Abstract: 

L'orientalisme en tant qu'une discipline scientifique a ete connu d'abord en Europe avec les efforts des savants du Moyen Age pour apprendre des langues orientales dans les bibliotheques, mais avec la multiplication des recits de voyage au debut du XVIIe siecle, ce courant prend un nouvel essor et procure aux esprits assoiffes de savoir une connaissance plus proche et plus precise de l’Orient et des Orientaux. Selon la critique post-coloniale presentee par Edward Saïd, dans son livre L'orientalisme, l'Orient cree par l'occident, ce courant prend une nouvelle forme de domination preparee par quelques ecrivains, poetes et romanciers sous pretexte de faire connaître l'Orient aux Occidentaux selon les stereotypes de l’Europeen moyen du XIXe siecle. C’est avec cette maniere de penser l'Autre que l’Orient se forme dans l’esprit occidental, et montre un autre Orient, non geographique, mais specifique dans l’esprit et on s’aperçoit que l’Orient n’existe qu’en tant que creation de l’Occident. On s’efforce dans cette etude de monter a travers quelques livres de ces ecrivains comment cette demarche aboutit enfin a la fin du XIXe et au debut du XXe siecle au colonialisme politique, economique et social de quelques pays africains et orientaux par des pays europeens. English: Orientalism, Post- Colonialism Theory on Eastern StudiesOrientalism was firstly established as a scientific course in the Medieval Europe through researchers’ attempts to learn eastern languages, but in the beginning of 17th century, due to travels to eastern lands, it developed resulting in a better understanding of the Orient and eastern people. Based on the Post Colonialism Theory represented by Edward Said in his book Orient Creature of west, this policy introduces a new type of dominance. The attempts of some writers and poets to introduce the Orient to West based on some stereotype s of the 19th century’s Europe need reflection. This view has changed the real nature of the Orient in the eyes of Western viewers. In this paper, attempts are made to show the effects of such policy on colonization of some African and Oriental countries by European governments.Keywords: Orient, Orientalism, imperialistic, Edward Said, dominance, post colonialism, other, stereotype

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    79-91
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    2241
  • Downloads: 

    395
Abstract: 

La premiere lecture des poemes verlainiens, surtout les deux recueils Romances sans paroles et Poemes saturniens, confirme la presence d’evidents effets visuels, l’equivalent verbal d’une peinture, une representation du reel qui evoque peut-etre les recherches impressionnistes. Dans cet article il sera question d’identifier l’ecriture poetique de Verlaine a l’art pictural des impressionnistes ainsi allons-nous comparer les deux poemes Chanson d'automne et Soleils couchants a deux tableaux de Monet, peintre impressionniste. Par un refus de l’exageration et de l’eloquence, Verlaine tend a dissimuler son besoin d’effusion et de tendresse inassouvie sous la description de paysages impressionnistes qui saisissent la fugacite de l’instant, la fluidite de l’atmosphere pour mieux souligner l’instabilite des sensations. Il a adopte une technique impressionniste, paysages aux contours flottants pour rendre compte avec discretion et simplicite de ses etats d’ame. L’impressionnisme est une alternative choisie par le poete pour realiser une transition entre subjectivite et objectivite. English: Verlaine and the impressionistic aspects of his poetry (By considering of the poetry collection of Romances sans paroles and comparing the two poems of Poemes saturniens with two drawings of Monet)As we go through Verlaine's poems the first time, we notice the presence of some certain visual effects in his own poems. His poems, which turn out to be vocally expressive of painting and representative of reality, are supposed to be reminder of impressionist's efforts in this sense. The present article aims at introducing Verlaine's poetry writing language by means of impressionistic style. The impressionistic painting seeks to discover the same feelings and excitements as Verlaine's poetry tries to do. In order to achieve this goal, he tries to adapt his manner of expression to the shapes used in expressing painting. Environmental effects, in particular, the feeling of light, atmosphere, and color are viewed as the essential and environmental effects of this painting. When some characteristics of this kind are expressed in Verlaine's poem, it is to talk of the painting styles in his poetry.Keywords: Verlaine, Poems, Impressionism, visual effects, instability

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2011
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    93-105
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    861
  • Downloads: 

    147
Abstract: 

Dans la typologie classique, la notion du personnage possede un nom, une activite sociale et une psychologie et en le situant dans l'espace, le temps et l'histoire, le roman tend en effet a faire de lui un etre vivant. Mais cette dimension psychologique est remise en cause dans la litterature moderne par certains romanciers contemporains. La nouvelle notion du personnage tend a recuser la psychologie mise d'une façon simple a la disposition du lecteur afin de donner la naissance a un lecteur actif voire createur. Dans cette perspective, le statut du personnage dans les oeuvres de Le Clezio met en jour le parcours vers l'anonymat. Dans l'approche traditionnelle faite du personnage, qu'il s'agisse du personnage romanesque ou theatrale, on le concevait en tant qu'un instrument de depistage de la nature humaine. Mais le personnage est considere dorenavant d'apres les sciences modernes comme le participant du recit. Le personnage s'est definit par sa participation a la sphere d'action. English: To the Anonymity of Personality in Le Clezio's WorksIn typology of classic novels, the character has a name, identity, social activity, and a psychological aspect and by placing it in a space, time and story, it becomes a living thing. But this psychological aspect of the story has been questioned by some modern authors in order to create an active reader. In this perspective, the status of Le Clezio stories also has been led to this way. In the classical approach, personality was considered as a tool for the conception and understanding of the human nature while now, it is viewed as a participant. Thus, the character of the story is defined by the type of participation in action space.Keywords: personality, anonymity, participant, signification of personality, significant of personality, action space

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