MAJLIS & RAHBORD
Year:2017 | Volume:24 | Issue:90 |Papers Count:12

With End of the Medieval Age as well as the emergence of such ideas as rationalism and humanism, not least Industrial Revolution, national self-determination and popular sovereignty led to an unique model for democracy. Urbanization and population growth problematized how to exercise popular sovereignty. In the meanwile, parliament has been the most important institution based on popular votes, having notable functions, including legislation and oversight. However, it is difficult to govern political institutions based on majority rule, to consider minority rights, and to proceed imperatives as effectiveness, legitimacy, and political stability. Thus, political and legal scholars have focused on legislative structure and its members, as well as its formation. It is necessary that parliament is established according to democratic principles and in terms of good governance, and effectiveness, legitimacy, and political stability is gauranted. Uni-chamberal and multi-chamberal legislative system, way of membership in them, and way of dividing functions and powers are among measures covering above-mentioned considerations. A research on this issue can lead us to structure an appropriate constitutional law, an efficient legislative and a effective governance.

This study aims to provide a mechanism on long-term relationships between key economic variables, drawing on a vector error correction model with exogenous variables (SVECM). In doing so, quarterly data for the period 1374-1392 has been used to survey the long-run relationship between GDP, real liquidity, exchange rate, price index, a weighted average of foreign countries' production, oil export earnings and government deficit. The results show a positive impact in real liquidity's increase on output. The long-term effect of oil export earnings-due to its role in formation of capital-on production was positive, meaning that these earnings play an important role, even in long-term, in economic growth. Results confirmed the existence of fiscal dominance in monetary policy formulation, since 1% increase in non-oil government budget deficit could lead to an 0. 46% increase in real liquidity. The results show that an increase in real output and real liquidity, respectively, could decease and increase the real exchange rate. In long run, oil revenues has positive effect on real exchange rate, due to an increase in government controls on nominal exchange rate, that in turn can e caused by government budget's dependency on oil revenues, or cheap imports because of low exchange rate price.

Owning more than 10 percent of hospital beds in Iran, Social Security Organization has faced a %52/2 increase in health care costs in 2014. health centers, as the largest consumer of resources within the health system, are not same in performance and efficiency. It is critical to distinguish inefficient health centers and to identify weaknesses in the performance process in order to use resources effectively and improve services. In doing so, This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of SSO’ s health centers in the provincial scale. This paper is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study covering years 2012-2014. In order to assess the efficiency, data envelopment analysisas well as MaxDEA software have been used. The average technical efficiency of SSO-related health centers during years 2012-2014 was 0. 944, 0. 945 and 0. 92 respectively and the possibility of decrease in the primary sources without any change in the obtained outputs level were 5. 6, 5. 5 and 8 percent. Despite the health centers’ high efficiency scores, there were unfavorable slacks, not least in human resources, indicating that there is an inefficient allocation, that in turn increases the staff and medical costs. The SSO should employ human resources such as nurses and physicians to bed in terms of accepted standards. . Inefficient use of beds in health centers may lead to an increase in costs and a decrease in earnings.

This study examines the effects of “ unemployment, income inequality, inflation, urbanization, annual growth rate of divorce, and annual growth rate of budget allocated for judicial system” on crime in Iran, based on a non-linear Markov-Switching model used for annual time series data during 1984 to 2013. The results show that there is a non-linear relationship between growth rate of crimes and the mentioned explanatory variables. In the other hand, results based on a regression estimation show that the rate of unemployment, income inequality, inflation, the extent of urbanization, and the growth rate of divorce, in both zero phase (low crime rate) and one phase (high growth rate of crime), have significant positive effects on growth rate of crimes. The results show that the urbanization, unemployment and inflation at zero phase (low crime rate periods) have the highest impact on growth rates of crime, as every one percent increase in the urbanization, unemployment and inflation lead to 1. 46, 0. 99 and 0. 97 percent increase in growth rate of crime in Iran, respectively. In the phase one (low crime rate periods), inflation, urbanization and the growth rate of divorce have highest impact on crime in Iran, as every one percent increase in the three variables leads to 2. 54, 2. 30 and 2. 15 percent increase in growth rate of crime in Iran. According to the results of an estimation in terms of Markov-Switching Model, probability of the zero phase is equal to 50%, and probability of transition from zero phase to one phase is equal to 48 percent. According to goodness of fit tests, Markov-Switching model is suitable for modeling the mentioned relationships.

All facilities need to be used for creating a comprehensive and sustainable development and replacing oil resources with new revenue ones. In this context, environment is considered an important economic and cultural element in our country, so that it has been emphasized as a basic requirement on the part of the Supreme Leader’ proclamation regarding the outlook horizon of Islamic Republic of Iran in 1404. According to the research literature, the present study seeks to identify and prioritize the factors influencing policy and environmental policy by using ANP. The findings suggest that “ environment as a priority for representative specially Parliament Environment Faction and Agriculture Committee” , “ decision-and policy-makers’ support from the natural resources and environment” and “ environmental diplomacy development” respectively are three sub-criteria with the greatest impact on environmental policy. The results obtained in this study are a useful tool for other researchers and managers in the field.

Security dilemma has been the most important and the first priority of Iranian states during the last five centuries. Whenever the central government weakened, the foreign enemies violated territory of Iranian states. Although Iranian governments announced, it would not interfere in world wars I&II and remain neutralism, but its territory has been occupied by great powers during the world wars I&II. Iran's security has also been impressed in the cold war because of the rival between east and the west. The strategy of Iranian states before Islamic revolution was offering commercial advantage to great power in order to receive security gain and balance making trend by great powers. Considering history confirms that in the most of the times, this strategy was failed. They offered commercial advantage but could not balance their rivals and foreign enemies by great powers. Iranian foreign policy has been changed after Islamic revolution. Islamic republic constituted nonalignment Strategy. Iran in the shadow of this strategy and self-help in security seeking, converts to one of the great security power in the Middle East. After Arab spring the security dilemma has been complicated in Middle East where even Obama dreads to interfere in the Syria. On the other hand terrorism threats U. E so they necessitous need to confront against terrorism in the region. As U. E could not confront terrorism without U. S it really need Iran to use its leverage and conflict with terrorism and stabilize Middle East. U. E is ready to offer commercial and political advantages in order to receive security from Iran. This is the radical break in the Iran foreign relations with great power.

Various studies show that political events affect stock exchanges in different ways. One of the most important political events for I. R. Iran was nuclear talks with G5+1, running to solve limitations and sanctions imposed on Iran. Given the effects of sanctions on Iranian macro-economics, especially exchange rate and trade balance, Nuclear Talks affected on Tehran stock exchange. Drawing “ daily return” approach, this study aims to capture the reaction of invertors working in stock market and to examine changes in stock price and indices as sign of their attitude toward nuclear talks. In doing so, having employed a panel data of 28 cross-section during 1422 days, abnormal return of industries is used for clustering them through a cluster analysis. Findings show that, given abnormal return of each industry, we shall have three groups including high positive reaction, low positive reaction, and negative reaction. These groups consist of 2, 22 and 4 members, respectively. In this context, discriminant analysis is used to evaluate the distinction level and creditability of clustering.

Sanction is most important element of a legal rule. Violation of legal rules-whether legal or contractual-will have to follow sanctions. About contract, need for enforcements has increased, since contract is the most important tool for the transfer of wealth, and development of economic, social, political, cultural relations. In the meanwile, designing a methodology on appropriate “ contract sanction” is essential in two ways. First, facing with human as a multifaceted social being, contract law is a qualitative area with vague boundaries and no exact map. Secondly, due to an appropriate methodology on contract sanction, existing sanctions have some great weaknesses and are basically ineffective. Contract sanction should give any individual or society the most effective legal, economic, cultural, social, political efficiency. Thus, we need a correct way to achieve this important issue. in this context, an appropriate sanction should be based on an Islamic-Iranian model and take into account the Supreme Leader's remarks.

In carrying out their daily activities business owners, developers, investors and economic activists face many risks, requiring proper management of risks related to their financial activities. In order to ensure their financial activities and investments, they can resort to "banks", "insurance companies" and "investment guarantee funds" and choose their prefered tools and products. In this context, this paper aims to prioritize types of LC and guarantees, insurance policy, and guarantees credit, and to explain and rank the factors influencing their choices, from the perspective of economic activists and the institutions themselves This Ranking is carried out by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP), using library resources and Delphi interviews with university professors and experts in banking and insurance sectors. the sample in this paper is the Cooperative Development Bank, Cooperative Insurance, and Cooperation Investment Guarantee Fund. In this study, criteria for choosing the best tools and the guaranteed investments under such headings as fees (or premium), simplicity and ease of issuance, collaterals and guarantees, franchise, business type (small, medium, large), support rules & regulations and the number of branches and offices (access) are identified and then ranked in order of importance, and in the meanwile, the criteria for collaterals received the highest priority. The study also shows that tools and services issued by the insurance company have the highest priority among the options.

Tourism is seen as the biggest service sector in the world interm of income in such a way that its development has inspired significant social and economic changes. The development of the tourism industry is of great importance for developing countries that are faced with challenges such as low income per capita, inappropriate distribution of income, significant misery index (combination of unemployment and inflation indexes), limited currencies, and single-product economy. This paper aims to investigate the impacts of tourism on the distribution of income. For this purpose, the panel data for the set of countries called D-8 (including Iran) during 2000-2013 have been used. Findings of the study, based on an estimation of panel data model, indicate that tourism and trade openness have a positive impact on the distribution of income in D-8 countries. According to these findings, economy openness, particularly in tourism that has significant impacts on income within tourism destinations, and could help the improvement of income distribution in the countries. On the other hand, based on other findings in this study, the misery index and global economic crisis increase income inequalities. Overall, although development of tourism and trade openness could improve the distribution of income, enhancing the economic resistance against domestic and international economic crises is essential.

Regional integration is a process that gradually takes shape and shows how and why states hands off full sovereignty and at the same time achieve new ways to resolve disputes among themselves. In this Framework, since ECO has not been able to gain a notable success, the paper seeks to explain this situation. It can be claimed that Absence of geographical and spatial functions shaping integration is the most important factor in the lack of regional integration in ECO. Using the descriptive-analytical method and functionalist theory this study is going to examine the challenges and opportunities of integration among ECO members. The results indicate the negative impact of the geographical challenges and their adverse role in political, economic and cultural processes shaping cooperation and integration in Member States and disregard for the geographical opportunities in the integration process.