MAJLIS & RAHBORD
Year:2019 | Volume:26 | Issue:97 |Papers Count:14

Today, considering the characteristics of urbanization and the necessity of sustainable development, the analysis of the sustainability of cities in the country to achieve sustainable development is key. In this regard, due to the lack of proper study of the sustainability of small towns in the northern part of the country, This research is based on the idea that the socio-economic sustainability of small towns in the northern region is formed. Sustainability barometric model and stability radar model were used to assess the stability. In this regard, 38 variables in the form of social and economic indicators were selected and selected through a survey of scientific experts. The statistical population of this research includes small towns of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces with a population of between ten and fifty thousand people. Selection of urban households was done by systematic random sampling and selection of sample cities by random cluster sampling, which has been selected in 12 cities. The results show that the average score of socio-economic sustainability components of small cities in northern Iran is in poor condition. The most instability related to the components of economic stability and quality of life was worth 0. 383 and 0. 382, respectively. The results show the difference and distance between socioeconomic sustainability indicators of the northern cities of the north of the country with its standard level, which shows a serious crisis in terms of having development levels in the cities of the small towns of the north of the country. Therefore, in policy making to stabilize socio-economic dimensions, it is necessary to pay attention to factors that increase the quality of life and economic well-being in these cities.

Inflation is a continuous and unavoidable problem in some developing countries. Disinflationary policies or controlling inflation leads to real costs for economy. Estimation of the costs of disinflation policy is usually done using the sacrifice ratio (SR) coefficient. This study examines the impact of inflationary uncertainty on sacrifice ratio in 31 developing countries, by average of inflation, inflationary uncertainties, openness rate for 31 countries in 1981-2015. By use of GARCH model we get Access to Inflationary uncertainties time series. Results showed there is direct relation between inflation and SR, also there is positive relation between inflationary uncertainties and SR. openness rate of economic can’ t explain any effects on SR. biases and inflationary uncertainties decrease the speed of disinflationary policies and makes the SR much bigger. Because of the importance of SR, it is good to decrease inflation with the least real costs by controlling liquidity and inflationary expectations.

Fundamental change in security concept and its concentration on non-military dimension in addition to globalization and promotion of interdependence between countries have some consequences such as economic importance in foreign policy and its impact on priorities and instruments of foreign policy. In addition, some other factors like livelihood factors as base of legitimate foundations of political systems and regionalism trends have helped to focus on economic diplomacy in the region. This article with assumption of economic diplomacy importance is seek to analysis challenges and obstacles of this diplomacy in the middle east. The question is what challenges are before I. R of Iran s economic diplomacy? As a hypothesis and rely on descriptive-explanative method, this article argues Iran economic diplomacy in the middle east is encounter some multiple challenges in national, regional and global level. Findings of the article shows these challenges in national level are lack of visible definition from the concept, different and invisible models of development, lack of main and single agency, security-military view dominance on foreign policy, securitization milieu of middle east, similar economies not complementary, multilateralism weakness in regional level and finally great powers interventions in the regional and consequences of global economic crisis are main challenges in global level.

Research and technology often requires support and in this regard, in many countries, organizations or institutions have been formed to financial and non-financial support for research and technology activities. The lack of a comprehensive and integrated approach to direct research and technology projects in these organizations has resulted in the ineffectiveness of activities undertaken in support of research and technology. The aim of this paper is to explain the strategic research and technology management in one of these organizations by providing a detailed model of the evolution stages of research and technology achievements in order to provide the context for implementation of the strategic research and technology management in the studied organization. The research method used is "Extended case study" and in line with the implementation of the research, the scope of activities supported by the organization based on the idea to market process have been divided to four areas, including ideation, research, technology development and commercialization. Then types of inputs and outputs of each stage were determined. The supportive practices of the supporting organization of research and technology in these areas were defined and how to share benefits and ownership of achievements was determined. Finally, conclusions and implication about the characteristics of the model presented.

The issue that this paper considered is the lack of knowledge about the characteristics of the demographic discourses which are produced and reproduced in media. The importance of discourses is related to their ability to affect personal and political decisions. Since experts and stakeholders play important role to enlighten public opinion and to help policymakers, this paper uses critical discourse for analyzing demographic discourses. This study makes a review on scientific demographic discourses and prevailing political discourses in Iran that have effect on demographic policies. Then it does critical discourse analysis and illustrates the main discourse for demographers are natural, and for stakeholders, it is critical. In explanation, institutional and social processes of mentioned discourses are explained. It concludes that media make use critical discourse more than natural one.

One of the basic principles of modern criminal law is non-retroactivity of substantive laws. This principle is also one of the accepted principles of the criminal law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, some exceptions have been made؛ one of these is the sharia laws that always have retroactive effect. But apart from the Shari'a law, there are many substantive criminal judgments based on the fatwa of the jurists, which are based on Ijtihad reasons and they are not based on consensus and often controversial. In these cases, the legislator's approach is to adopt one of the fataw which is considered as an apparent religious judgment. Sometimes this fatawa changes due to pathology and time requirements at the stages of law reform. In this research, the approach of the Islamic punishment legislator and Imamiyah jurisprudents to the exclusion of criminal law based on the Islamic jurisprudence of ijtihadi from the principle of non-retroactivity.

Tax evasion is one of the main characteristics of the informal economy. Today it is considered a major challenge for countries and an important problem for tax systems. This study tries to estimate the tax evasion in Iran using by multiple-cause-multiple causes (MIMIC) method, and investigate its main causes and effects during the period of 1979-2015. The results oftax evasion time series show that despite some fluctuations, the tax evasion in Iran has been generally increasing over the period, it has moved up from 12. 6% of GDP in 1357 to 33. 11% of GDP in 1394. The results also indicate that inflation, tax burden, per capita income and official exchange rate have a significant positive effect on tax evasion, and the economic openness index, government size and unemployment rate have a negative effect on it. According to the findings, per capita income has the most significant impact on the tax evasion andon the other hand, tax evasion hasthe most impact on the growth of money demand.

Natural resources destruction is rooted in modern man’ paradigm. This happened because of technology intensive use as well as ignorance of traditions; however, these two led to environmental crisis. To resolve this problem, the mankind must change his behavior morally according to a Religious paradigm (Islamic). In this study, Two methods were used: the document review method was to study natural resources preservation education literatures. The explanation method was used to explane why we need a Religious paradigm (Islamic) for preservation of natural resources education. The outcomes of this study are explaning ontology, epistemology, methodology, anthropology and axiology of Religious paradigm (Islamic) for preservation of natural resources education. Although the various ways are recommended to prevent crises in natural resources context however, natural resources researchers and planners believe that relying only on technical advices is not essentially applicable. Because these crises represent a human tragedy: ignorance of God Who is creator of the universe. For this reason a Religious paradigm based on "Analytical/scientific knowledge", "Metaphysical Knowledge" and "Religious/ethical Knowledge" is essential. This paradiagm can be used by planners and officials for preservation of natural resources education.

The law of protection from knowledge-based organizations has approved in 2011 by Parliament of Iran and based on that the Vice President of Science and Technology was responsible for supporting these types of companies. But the challenges that these companies face in their growth path makes decision making institutions more deeply concerned about the issues they face. By looking at knowledge as the main capital of these companies, one of the most important of these challenges is the leadership of the workers who are known as "knowledge worker". Researches show that knowledge workers behavior is different from other employees, and therefore their motivation drivers and influence mechanisms and finally leadership model are different. The purpose of this study is to present a model of knowledge workers leadership in knowledge-based organizations based on Grounded Theory. The present study carries out among qualitative studies. For this purpose, the literature and the previous studies around knowledge workers leadership have been investigated and the related questions to the model of knowledge workers leadership have been extracted. As next step, theoretical sampling and also deep and exploratory interviews have been arranged. Almost 15 useful interviews have been done which recorded in both written and voice versions. The analysis of data has been started with interviews simultaneous. Open, axial and selective coding steps were taken from recorded audio files through repeated reading and retrieval. Finally, 16 axial codes were obtained and the model of knowledge workers leadership was extracted using these codes. The results of this study indicate that supportive organizations in Islamic Republic of Iran should empower managers of these organizations in the form of business education in order to remain active in domestic and international competition. The findings of this research are also the "Mutual trust-based leadership style" and motivational strategies through trust, working conditions, jobs, and compensation.

The first step in making appropriate policies that encourage return migration is to study expatriates' patterns of behavior, which has not received sufficient attention. In this paper, based on a qualitative study, a number of hypotheses are formed regarding factors that encourage or discourage Iranian experts' living in the United States to return to Iran. The strongest incentive is family and homeland attractions and the strongest hindrance is quality of life factors. Not all of the factors are of the same strength for all people: for example, passage of time makes quality of life factors stronger hindrances and family and homeland factors weaker attractions, whereas for younger people, economic conditions are stronger barriers. In general, there is a strong and statistically significant inverse relationship between age and self-reported chance of return. Finally, except feeling indebted to Iran (which has a positive effect) and feeling that the quality of research in Iran is low (which has a negative effect) other incentives and disincentives are not related to whether expatriates would like to help Iran even if they do not return to Iran, as most of the expatriates express interest in helping Iran.

In recent years, country risk index has been considered one of the most important economic indicators that it’ s relationship with other macroeconomic variables attention by economist and researcher. Therefore, the main question of this paper is that there is a relationship between oil shocks (supply-side, aggregate demand, oil specific demand) and country risk in Iran? . Hence in this paper, we used the monthly time data series from 2002: 1 to 2015: 12 with the framework of the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model. The results of the study indicate that oil supply shocks don't have a significant effect on the country's risk index in Iran but, oil specific demand shocks and aggregate demand shocks have significant effects on the country risk in Iran. So that, the most impact of Iran's country risk index among the three shocks belongs to the crude oil specific demand shocks. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that response of supply and crude oil specific demand has been negative to changes of country risk in Iran and the response of oil aggregate demand is positive to the changes of Iran's country risk that these relationships aren't statistically significant.

Tolerance, through time, especially since the times of religious wars of the 17th and 18th century, has been one of the most important and challenging philosophical, political and religious issues. Tolerance is intertwined with other components of modern life such as democracy, civil society, and freedom of speech, and it has become an inseparable part of it. Regardless of public and academic interest in this subject, however, tolerance is still an underdeveloped subject-when it comes to its definition and typography. This research was conducted with a comparative-analytical approach, and, after a brief discussion of its terminology, offers a comprehensive exploration of tolerance. In this article, according to different eras of thinking and religion, a new compartmentalization for tolerance is offered. Furthermore, this article examines the vague status of tolerance in political and social context of Iranian society, and, consequently, puts forth the claim that this ambivalence in the definition of tolerance leads to scientific impreciseness in its application.

Movements of people, freight and information have always been fundamental components of the economic and social life of societies. The goal of transportation systems is to fill the gap between geographical locations, region that generate travel and areas that attract travels (passenger or freight). Iran is a vast country that urban and rural centers, centers of production and consumption have been dispersed unequally. The road transport system linkages them. On the other hand, Iran is bridge between west and east of the world through which international transit (freight and passengers) carry out. On the other hand, Iran is on the international highway east and west of the world through which international transit of goods and passengers is made. Therefore, road transportation has a great potential for the development of the provinces and the reduction of spatial inequalities. Methods and data: In this paper, we use the ELECTRE III for ranking the provinces. The family of ELECTRE methods apply the outranking concept and ELECTRE III has concepts of outranking and the use of indifference and preference thresholds. The ELECTRE III is explained and applied to Ranking of the road transport in the provinces of Iran. In this article, we provide 5 indicators (safety and traffic affairs, planning of smart transport, technical and infrastructure affairs, passenger and freight transport) for ranking. At first, weights of the indicators were calculated using the paired comparison method. Next, decision matrix created as input of ELECTRE III model. We used DIVIZ software to run the model. Result: results show Tehran ranked first, Qazvin ranked as second order, Alborz, Kermanshah and Markazy placed in third position. The provinces of Kerman and Sistan-O-Baluchistan are at the bottom of the list.

Security, as one of the main duties of governments, requires policy-making in this area. In this regard, modeling is one of the techniques to facilitate the understanding and implementation of the policy process which help the authorities. This article aims to design a desirable policy model in the field of internal security in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of internal security is to create a satisfactory atmosphere of security feeling among the community, which results in a reduction of the gap between the demands of the people and what they have in hands. Given that people play a pivotal role in security issues, people satisfaction is considered as an important indicator for measuring its internal security. . Policy performing is next step, which Etzioni pyramid model (EVL) was designed to make and increase the satisfaction and then the internal security as the sufficient model. In this model, the implementation of domestic security policies is largely in line with the values and norms of the people, and there is little use of force, coercion and fear. In the meantime, a modest amount of remuneration is also considered. After policy implementation, it is time to evaluate the policy introduced by the Hirschman Triple Model (E. V. L). According to this model, implementation of policy has been a good thing if it would lead to loyal people or caused the protesters transformed to the loyal person . Otherwise, it would be undesirable to act if the people were opposed to the regime (exit option) or the protesters turned into opponents of the system. The evaluation results will lead to the adoption of one of the options for termination, modification (modification) or stop (major changes) in the policy