TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT
Year:2018 | Volume:7 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:10

Tourism is known as an important source of international currency exchange that can provide funding for economic growth in the countries. Tourism revenues are an example of alternative exports, which can improve balance of payments, increase employment and finally economic growth. In this regard, this study reviews the causality relationship between the tourism receipts and expenditure with economic growth in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during 1995-2015 using the panel data approach. So, in this study a new approach to hypothesis of tourism leads to growth is proposed and the causal relationships between tourism and economic growth are classified in four hypotheses growth, conservation, feedback and impartiality. This new classification leads to explain the different causal relationship between tourism and economic growth for each country specially. The obtained results shows that despite of the relationship bilateral causality between tourism and economic growth (confirmation of feedback hypothesis) for a set of countries, for each of countries, the causality orientation between tourism and economic growth, depending on the country's situation and the tourism indicator used is different. Also it shows that, there is a positive relationship between tourism receipts and expenditures with economic growth in the countries under study.

Tourism in Iran has undergone many ups and downs in line with political changes. Reviewing the upper documents and plans show how important is tourism sustainable development in Iran. In this research, sustainable development of tourism in Five-Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plans of Iran has been studied. By applying the grounded theory in the form of a model of causative factors, predisposing factors, intermediary factors, strategies and development implications, sustainable tourism has provided a general picture of these plans. From the above mentioned plans, 80 propositions were selected using the theoretical sampling method and 374 initial concepts (open source) were identified by coding them. Then, by considering the content sharing of open source, 47 sub categories and 18 major categories were produced. The contribution of this research, compared with other previous studies, is identification of a process sustainable tourism development model for Iran along with the causal conditions, context conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. According to the model, the main categories are: causal conditions (environmental concerns and geopolitical position of Iran), the core phenomenon (sustainable development of tourism), context conditions (tourism stakeholders participation, education and research), intervening conditions (tourism sense of place, financial management, safety and security, modern technology and good governance), strategies (tourism management and planning, marketing, green management, carrying capacity, sustainable transport management, control and supervision) and consequences (cultural richness, conservation of tourism resources and well-being and quality of locals life) have been linked in a paradigmatic framework.

The development of the tourism industry depends on the simultaneous growth of diverse services. In the meantime, services that provide tourists with relief and relief to events during their travels will increase their satisfaction and, consequently, increase demand in this sector. The material and spiritual threats faced by tourists during the trip require the provision of insurance proposals tailored to their needs and destination conditions. Therefore, the design and implementation of favorable tourism insurance services tailored to the needs of tourists in this industry is a matter of interest to this research. The goal is to identify the respective components of the insurance industry and tourism, and to examine the severity of their relationship, to increase decision-making power in the development of tourism services. To identify the variables that affect the development of tourism insurance services in the supply and demand sector, a survey was conducted among industry and tourism experts who had at least five years history to identify the importance of each of the variables about each other. Because of the unlimited statistical population, 250 people were selected using snowball sampling method. Using the structural modeling method and after fitting the final model, the results showed that the most critical indicators in the demand segment are transport facilities and the structure and organization of active organizations in the field of tourism. Also, in the supply of insurance services, applied training was identified as the most important indicator for tourism activists.

brand equity are a strong source of emotional and cognitive communications that leads to memorable experiences from a place, a city, or a brand. The purpose of the study is to investigate the simultaneous effect of branding place on residents and external tourists. The statistical population of the present study is all Residents in the four areas and all external tourists entering the city of Kerman in the first six months of 1396. The sample size was 384 according to the comparative research method for an uncertain population. This research is an applied research and a descriptive-survey. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by using Cronbach's Alpha, which is equivalent to 0/76. To analyze the data, SPSS 24 and AMOS 23 software was used. The results of the research showed that brand complexity by the identification of word-of-mouth has a significant effect on the residents than the external tourists, as well as the complexity of the city brand due to the satisfaction of word-of-mouth for external tourists more than residents. in addition, The complexity of the brand is not positively affected by the commitment to word-of-mouth.

Destination branding is one of the most important topics in the field of tourism marketing. Therefore, the purpose of present research is to investigate of the Impact of the destination brand equity on the loyalty of the tourists to Shiraz in order to increase the tourists and destination branding. The present study is applied regarding purpose and descriptive-survey, based on the method of collecting the data. The statistical population are the tourists who visited Shiraz during the period from April to Oct. 2017. The sample size was found to be 384 based on Morgan’ s table and Cochran’ s formula for an unlimited population. The questionnaire’ s validity and reliability were confirmed by experts and Cronbach’ s Alpha, respectively. For analysis of data, the structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis and SPSS23 and AMOS23 softwares were used. The findings showed that the destination brand equity have a significant effect on the loyalty of tourists. The awareness of the destination does not have a significant effect on the holistic image, but it does have a significant effect on the perceived quality. The holistic image has a significant effect on the perceived quality and also the perceived quality has a significant effect on the attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. The cognitive and conative image does have a significant effect on the behavioral loyalty, but affective image does not have a significant effect on the behavioral loyalty. The cognitive and affective image through the holistic image as the intermediate variable, does have a significant effect on the behavioral loyalty, but the conative image through the holistic image, does not have a significant effect on the behavioral loyalty.

The aim of this study is investigating the impact of memorable brand experiences on brand love in tourism industry, using structural equation modeling. The research is a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population was domestic tourists in Isfahan at the time between April 2017 and July 2017. Sampling was done by random cluster method and a standard questionnaire were used to collect data. Content validity (Face type) and reliability of the questionnaire (with Cronbach’ s alpha 89%) was confirmed. Finally 339 questionnaires were used for analysis. For data analysis and testing the research model, SPSS and AMOS softwares were used. In this study, three dimensions (cognitive, evaluation, and emotional) were considered for consumer-brand identification. The findings shows that all research hypotheses were confirmed. Therefore, it was concluded that memorable experience have a positive effect on Consumer-brand identification. Similarly, Consumer-brand identification affect destination brand love. These findings can be a basis for actors in tourism industry to identify the tourists with tourism destinations and towards attract them.

The tourist industry can affect the environment, taking into account the attributes of the local area and of the visitors. In addition to the characteristics and natural resources of the destination, the demographic variables such as income, age and education affect the tourists` behavior, perception of the environment and impacts on the nature. Estimating the ecological footprint shows the numerical value of each activity and behavior of tourists, and provides a snapshot of the impact of consumption of resources. In this research, using the distribution of a questionnaire in four seasons among tourists in the historical region of Bistoon, Kermanshah, the required data for calculating the ecological footprint such as the consumption of water, food, electricity and parameters necessary to calculate the transportation footprint, as well as the amount of waste produced, were collected. The results showed that the role of food variable was significant, while the role of water was moderate and the effect of transportion was relatively low. The food variable was important for tourists, and this is more important based on the characteristics of age and Visitor's place of residence, while the level of education was ranked in the second place. The importance of the three variables of water, food and transport in the income attribute was almost the same, indicating that the expectation of each stratum is proportional to the income level. Therefore, it is recommended that the places providing food should be more closely monitored and controlled and the quality of services should rise.

Geotrail or geological trails are the best hiking trails or rides to access geoheritage and geomorphologic sites for tourism. geosites usually are dispersed and those located in the hilly mountainous, forest or rocky shores, it is not possible to easily access them. In contrast, geosites located in low and low slopes, visited and reviewed widely for reasons such as scientific research activities. In order to introduce a geopark, in addition to evaluating geosites, should be evaluated geotrails. The proposed geopark of the West of Khorasan Razavi is one of the areas that can be introduced as the national geopark or internationally. For this purpose, documents and maps and data are required to be collected then it has been paid to prepare maps and numerical analyzes using software such as GIS, Envi and google earth. Considering the effect of communication roads in tourism development, the parameter is the distance from the road to study the performance of the region's communication roads in the development of proposed geopark tourism and their digital layers are drawn. At geopark there are 2984 kilometers of proposed geopark that the share of each square kilometer is 701 meters. 42. 9% of proposed geopark roads are grade 1 and 2 asphalt. Three paths with 80 km long are drawn up for motorcycling and two trails with 25 km long, for georafting. In geopark, three trails are proposed and mapped for 122km long riding camel in desert areas and 80 km long geobike along the Haram-to-Haram transit road.

Rural tourism is one of the largest socio-economic-environmental issues to develop rural areas and address the problems of them. In our country, due to the increasing trend of rural destruction and the decline of agriculture, rural tourism development can contribute to the revival of these areas and will lead to sustainable development in rural areas. Abyaneh is a village in Isfahan province and given the natural, historical and cultural attractions it is home to, it is counted as an important tourism destination; However due to some shortages, it appears that many tourism potentials of this village are not fully taken advantage of. Therefore, planning in a long-term vision with a sustainable approach considering income, cultural, social, and environmental goals in the same time seems important in this area. This paper is aimed at modelling and simulating the tourism system in village of Abyaneh using System Dynamics approach hoping to develop and investigate policies which best conduce to sustainable development considering economic, ecological, and cultural objectives simultaneously. The data needed are gathered from three groups of tourism industry experts, Abyaneh tourists and residents, as well as documents available in this field. Six different policies are evaluated on how to allocate funds to infrastructures, cultural services, health services, and handicrafts in the region. Results of analyzing different policies show that the best scenario which best fits the objectives of sustainable tourism development, would be spending the high proportion pf the development budget in improving the residential welfare infrastructures and road infrastructures, respectively.

Health tourism as one of the recent branches of international tourism has been development more than any tourism sectors in recent years. This study has a practical purpose and data are collected by a survey research. The participants of the study were 400 foreign tourism travelling to Tehran hospitals. To determine the sample a Cochran Formula at %95Sig. was used and a sample of196 persons was determined. To collect data, a standard questionnaire was applied for studying health tourism and a questionnaire development by researchers was used for non-medical Factors section. Both questionnaire were distributed through Stratified random approved through content validity. Its reliability measured by Cornboch Alpha was. /786 that it indicates high reliability. Also. To test hypotheses, the Structural Equation Modeling was utilized, the results showed that in %95 Sig. all of the Five main hypotheses including economic Factors, cultural Factors, infrastructural Factors, governmental Factors, and general conditions have a statistically significant effect on health tourism.