Financial Economics
Year:2018 | Volume:11 | Issue:41 |Papers Count:10

The serious challenge which policy-makers in oil-dependent countries have to confront to is that, due to different economic factors, foreign policy and being exogenous in relation to internal economy, it is not feasible to determine the exact amount of oil revenues and budgeting. Such challenge has forced economic policy-makers to seek a remedy to lessen negative economic fluctuations. In this article, we examine the role of National Development Fund (NDF) as one of the applied solutions in reducing Iran’s economic fluctuations in three scenarios and within period of 1989 to 2016 by adopting Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) approach. In the first scenario, we assume the government uses only oil revenues and deposits none of the oil revenues in NDF. In the second scenario, we assume the government uses oil and tax revenues and deposits part of earnings of oil sales in NDF. In the third scenario, we assume the government uses only tax revenues and deposits all oil revenues in NDF. Results show that oil revenues have significant impact on economic growth and consumption in the scenarios above. In the second and third scenarios, tax revenue dependency causes reduction in consumption, economic growth and investment in the short run; but in the long run, it has a positive impact on the mentioned variables. Results from the third scenario show that dependency of government on customs duty and tax revenues and investment by exploiting foreign sources of NDF result in increase in economic growth, consumption and investment.

Information asymmetry is an important factor that can have a huge impact on financial markets. One of effecting place is stock returns and volume of transactions in stock market companies that the amount of impact it needs to be investigated. In this regard, the present study has investigated this issue using the Probability of Informed Trading (PIN) model. The results of the study showed that asymmetry of information in general have a positive effect on stock return, which also affects stock market turbulence. On the other hand, the probability of new and good news (which is a measure of PIN) affects the growth rate of trading volume, which has had a positive effect on information asymmetry on trading volumes. Finally, the turbulence of trading volume has a negative effect on information asymmetry.

Companies are financed by two equity and debt instruments. Debt financing due to tax savings and its lower rate compared to the expected returns of shareholders is a more desirable solution. Banks are one of the main debt financing institutions and banking development can play an important role in facilitating financing and reducing cost of capital. Some experts believe that banking development plays an important role in providing corporate liquidity, risk sharing, efficient allocation of resources, expanding economic opportunities, increasing productivity and reducing cost of equity. While others argue that in economies whose banking system is affected by government interventions, there is evidence that there is no relationship or a positive relationship between banking development and the cost of equity. In this survey we examine the impact of banking development on cost of equity in the form of a pooled regression model with other variables includes customer price index (CPI), leverage (LEV), return of equity (ROE), market to book value (MB), by selecting 2155 samples from 2001 to 2016 from Tehran Stock Exchange companies assuming there are financial data. The result shows that banking development reduces cost of equity and it has the greatest impact. ROE, MB and CPI variables have positive relation and LEV has negative relation with cost of equity. There is no significant relation between Size and Beta variables with cost of equity. Because of co linearity, the impact of interaction of growth company and banking development wasn’t significant in model.

The research is mainly aimed at comparative explanation behavioral and classic capital assets pricing models of in Iran capital market. Statistical population of the research includes companies enlisted in Tehran Stock Exchange; and, statistical sample concerns time domain of 2016. In this descriptive-applied research, data have been collected via library and field methods. To test the hypotheses, multivariate regression model has been used. Research findings show that pricing models of classic capital asset in Iranian capital market is of higher explanation power, compared to those of behavioral capital asset. That is, standard capital asset pricing model (CAPM) has highest explanation power (almost 66.89%), and extrapolating capital asset pricing model (XCAPM) among behavioral models has lowest explanation power (almost 41.48%). In second place, reductive-undesirable capital asset pricing model (D-CAPM) is of highest explanation power (almost 61.81%) and behavioral capital asset (BAP) pricing has lowest explanation power (about 43.16%). Then in third place, adjusted capital asset pricing model (A-CAMP), intertemporal capital asset pricing model (I-CAMP), revised capital asset pricing model (R-CAPM), and consumption capital asset pricing model (C-CAPM) respectively have highest explanation powers equal to 59.49, 48.64, 52.10, and 49.94%.Also, behavioral capital asset pricing model (BAP) has lowest explanation power (almost 43.16), among behavioral models.

Due to the role of the government in the Iranian economy, the government's financial behaviors, budget fluctuations, and government fiscal policies, which are due to fluctuations in oil prices and oil revenues, play an important role in the performance of the Iranian economy. For this purpose, this study examines the fiscal sustainability and sustainability shocks in the Iranian economy during the period 1978-2014. In this study, the presence or absence of fiscal sustainability in Iran will be discussed using Engel-Granger and Johansson co-integration. The examination of a relationship between government expenditures and revenues using Engel-Granger co-integration test shows that an increase in revenue increases expenditure more. So the results of the Engel-Granger co-integration test for the sustainability of fiscal policy suggests that the fiscal policy is unsustainable in Iran. Furthermore, the results of estimating fiscal response functions suggest that debt adjustments are happening more from the government spending side, which confirms the existence of fiscal unsustainability in Iran. In the second part of this study, using the Vector Auto-Regressive Model (VAR) and Impulse Response Function (IRF), the effects of transitory fiscal shocks in the long run on three variables, non-oil revenues, government spending, and oil revenues have been examined.The results show that transitory fiscal shocks have no effect on the above-mentioned variables in the long run, and this is a special privilege for the government to implement unexpected financial decisions.

Since the deficit of non-oil budget in Iran has reached a warning threshold in recent years and in 1395 this figure has risen to 103 trillion Rials. So it is important to study the factors affecting the budget deficit. Because of About economic freedom, the market will determine And type of market, government intervention in the economy and the budget deficit will affect. This thesis is an effort in this direction Hypothesized inverse relationship between the degree of economic freedom & budget deficit is tested.. And in After Step, Hypotheses of contraction in the deficit after a group of countries (with high economic freedom) and the expansion of the deficit to two groups of countries (with low economic freedom) to test. For this purpose, the manufacturer of the institutions of economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation, the chamber when the cover Cross sections and time series once more, The accuracy of the frequency and quality of subcategories and validation methods for generating organizations, the five institutions were selected competitor. Then, The statistics cited above, the budget deficit to GDP for the second group of selected countries Including 12 countries in the top level of economic freedom (Group One) and 10 countries in the Down level degree of economic freedom (Group Two) For Period end to 2015 extracted from World Bank statistics, the panel data econometric tests were used. The results of the coefficient, confirming the inverse relationship between the degree of economic freedom meaningful and Budget, is for all countries. The second hypothesis was confirmed through a test average of the coefficients that not only the average deficit in the group of countries is less than a deficit in the two countries but also highly significant difference.

This study examines the impact of the relationship between bank deposit Insurance and bank resistances in Iran, using panel data over the period (2010-2015). In addition to the deposit insurance rate, the variables of the ratio of deferred claims to the total facility, capital adequacy, bank size, return on assets, economic growth rate, rate of growth of money and inflation are also used as explanatory variables.In order to achieve this objective, of the private banking institutions, we have chosen 12 banks. In This Study, to investigate the relationship between deposit insurance and bank resistance, have chosen the five– year Deposit, as the longest bank deposit of maturity period. Also, the bank resistance criteria include deposit retention ratio, cash assets to total deposit ratio, cash assets to escape deposit ratio and cash assets to current deposit ratio.The results of this study show that there is a significant negative relationship between deposit insurance and bank resistance standards, so, if the deposit insurance rate increases, the bank's resistance will decrease.

Achieving economic growth and development is one of the most important concerns of all societies and governments. In particular, in Third World countries, this demand is much higher than developed countries. Achieving economic growth and development requires developing some specific mechanisms in the social, cultural and economic spheres. Strong financial markets are among these specific mechanisms in the economic arena. To have powerful financial markets requires strong financial institutions. In this research, we try to study most financial institutions in Iran, especially the stock market, and the impact that these institutions have on financing the real sector of the economy on economic growth and development. In this research, variables data was extracted from databases for the years 1371-96 and the Dickey Fuller test was used to test the hypotheses for the reliability of variables, Granger causality test, and Vector self-regression model (VAR). The results showed that the stock price index had positive and significant effects on economic growth during the studied period. As the index of stock prices increased in the years under study, economic growth has increased (albeit negligible). Also, the results of this study showed that the effect of liquidity variables, the degree of economic freedom on positive economic growth and the effect of exchange rate variables and inflation rate on negative economic growth.

This study forecasts the global price of wheat and wheat imports to recognize the right time in order to save foreign exchange took place. The population of study time series of monthly wheat prices during the period January 2000 to December 2014 and forecast global wheat prices for the period January to December 2017 was conducted. In order to evaluate the country's wheat imports in years 1393- 1388 Monthly data are considered. ARIMA model as a pioneer in the study of classical time series models were used to forecast global wheat prices. ARIMA model and view the results of the variable when global wheat prices shows that in recent years, faced with falling prices and in the years 2016and 2017 will see a gradual increase in global wheat prices. Also, check the status of Iran's wheat imports in the year, it was concluded that wheat imports in some years, been done at the right time, in years such as 1391 when the world price increased Iran's imports of wheat.

Good decision-making and adoption of effective marketing, sale strategies and tactics are subjected to a proper understanding and identification of consumers and purchasers in organizations. Nowadays, marketing researchers are attempting to identify behavior of consumers in order to make suitable solutions for better and effective sale in order to expand market share. Manufacturer should be aware of perceptual, belonging and behavioral layers of potential purchasers in order to produce distribute and promote products regarding their decision-making structures and mechanisms. Innovators and designers of products can find expectations and satisfaction aspects of individuals by modeling and identifying behavioral pattern of consumers. A data mining-based approach was proposed in this research to determine marketing policies related to each customer within ordering type investigating customers’ behavior. The proposed methodology used clustering of data extracted from database related to customer behavior. Then, this method supported two types of marketing policies considering financial class which customer belongs. In first policy, the customer consolidation or retention in its current financial class in underpinned; this policy introduces those projects or products that may be unknown or unused for customer making them loyal to organization or prolonging their orders for long term. Second policy is named motivational or promotional policy; this policy performs to encourage customers to be in higher financial classes. In this regard, some projects or products will be presented purposefully based on the analysis of behavior of customers at higher financial classes.