MOTOR BEHAVIOR (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:34 |Papers Count:7

Kinesthesia variable is very important for boys with visual impairments. So, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of swimming training and practice on boys with visual impairment. This study was semi experimental with pretest-posttest design. Participants included boys with visual impairment (aged 9 to 15) from the Society for the Blind in Arak city, who were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups. Bahrami (2011) test of setting the Joint-Position Sense and Kinesthesia, isometric dynamometer was used to measure the preferred hands' Kinesthesia of the participants. The experimental group was required to participate in a ten-week water training program (two days a week), while the control group did not participate in any organized training program. Both groups performed a pretest prior to the experimental period and performed a posttest immediately after the experimental period. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of the data and independent and paired t test for determining the in-group and intergroup differences between pre-test and post-test, at a significance level of 95 percent and the P≤ 0. 05, were used. The paired t test showed significant difference of kinesthesia of experimental group (P ≤ 0. 05). While the kinesthesia data of control group showed no significant difference (P ≥ 0. 05). Also, the scores on the pretest showed no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups (P ≥ 0. 05). However, on the post test, a between-group difference was found in the participants’ task scores (P ≤ 0. 05). The result showed that swimming training can improve the kinesthesia of boys with visual impairment. So, it seems that the use of this training in exercise and rehabilitation program of these people can have many benefits for them.

The coordination of body limbs and the timing during performing of a Baseball-pitch and its different movement phases are relatively unknown. The purpose of the present study was to describe and compare the coordination between the shoulder-elbow joints and timing during execution of a Baseball-pitch by skilled and unskilled subjects emphasizing movement phases. The subjects consisted of a skilled male pitcher and eight beginner pitchers. Intra-limb coordination was obtained for the shoulder-elbow joints and was shown by angle-angle plots. Start and end points of all pitchers were normalized by linear interpolation method to 250 points. Timing, angles of the beginning and end of each phase, and the minimum and maximum angles of shoulder and elbow joints in each phase were compared between skilled and unskilled pitchers. The results indicated that there is a relatively clear difference in the coordination patterns between the joints of the shoulder-elbow, especially in the first and second phases between skilled and unskilled pitchers. There were also many differences between unskilled pitchers with the skilled pitcher at the beginning and end as well as the minimum and maximum angles of shoulder and elbow joints in different phases. Considering the timing variable, the time of performing the whole movement and the first, fourth, and fifth phases in unskilled pitchers was significantly shorter than that of the skilled pitcher. The results were discussed with regard to spatiotemporal characteristics of the performing Baseball-pitch in skilled and unskilled pitchers. Also, were discussed practical considerations for improving skills and preventing injury.

The purpose of present study was to determine the effect of content of augmented feedback on acquisition, retention, transfer of motor skill and intrinsic motivation and perception-action relationship with performance level in children and adolescents. For this purpose, 50 children (mean age 10. 23± 1. 5 years) and 50 adolescents (mean age 15. 36± 1. 15 years) were selected using convenience sampling from boys’ schools of area two of Mashhad and separation of age factor were stratified randomly (skilled and novice) assigned to either generic or non-generic feedback group. The task was included football kick skill to predetermined goals. Performance accuracy measured in acquisition (phase 1 and 2), immediate retention, delay retention and transfer tests. Ryan’ s intrinsic motivation questionnaire was used for measurement of participants’ intrinsic motivation after the first and second phases of acquisition. Perception-action of novice and skilled individuals also measured after the first phase of acquisition. The findings showed that the difference between feedback groups was not significant in the first phase of acquisition, but were significant in the second phase of acquisition, immediate retention, delay retention and transfer tests. The results of intrinsic motivation showed that the difference was significant between feedback groups. For measurement of perceptionaction was used correlation between scores and estimation of perceived goal size that showed the relationship between perception and action of novice and skilled individuals was significant. Conclusion of this study that using the content of non-generic than generic feedback can be lead to motor learning and more intrinsic motivation in children and adolescents.

This study aims at comparing the visual skills in soccer referees with fewer and more mistakes. This was a causal-comparative study and was applied in terms of purpose. The participants consisted of 30 male referees from Fars province who were voluntarily selected. Then, according to average monitoring scores, they were grouped into two groups of referees with fewer mistakes (17 referees) and referees with more mistakes (13 referees). Testable vision skills were measured through Wilson and Falkel vision test (2005) to assess the visual skills of the referees. Data analysis by one-way analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of visual skills with soccer referees committing fewer mistakes showing a better performance across all the visual-perceptual and visual-motor subtests )P≤ 0. 05(. It seems that pay more attention to the performance of soccer referees’ visual skills is crucial in improving their level.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between skin conductance as an indicator of arousal state and post-error slowing as an indicator of performance monitoring in soccer referees. For this purpose, 43 referees aged 20-30 years participated in this study. The skin conductance was evaluated at the baseline and during the Simon task performance. Then, the performance accuracy, reaction time in correct trials, reaction time in post-error responses and difference of reaction time in post-error to post-correct trials (post-error slowing) as reaction to error were investigated. The results showed that there was not a significant relationship between skin conductance, correct responses percentage and mean reaction time. On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between the skin conductance level at the baseline and reaction time in the post-error trials and post-error slowing. These findings suggest individual differences in performance monitoring and, accordingly, the response of soccer referees to the error is predictable from the level of skin conductance at baseline.

The working memory is the mind's search engine. Working memory is a cognitive function responsible for keeping immediate information, manipulating and its using in thinking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor programs on the working memory of students with specific learning disabilities with mathematical problems. The present experimental study is a pre-test and post-test one with control group. The target population includes male students from the third to fifth grades of elementary school. All subjects were randomly assigned to experimental (21) and control (20 subjects) groups. Sixteen sessions of peritoneal exercise were performed twice a week for the control group. The research instrument consisted of a revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children, a KM test, and a children's illness Symptom questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent T-test and Covariance analysis. The results showed that after intervention, the experimental group received better scores in the work memory test (P = 0. 001), but the post-test control group did not show a change in their working memory scores. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that cognitive-motor exercises should be used to improve the memory performance of children with math disorders.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of handedness and task difficulty on behavioral and neural components of speed-accuracy trade off. The study was a Quasi-experimental research and focused on fundamental research. The participants of this study consisted of 20 students aged 14 and 15 years old. The instrument was four channel EEG, optical sensor with sensor, laptop, metronome, and Target-Tapping-Test software. Given the Edinburgh handedness questionnaire scores, participants were divided into two left-hand and right-hand groups. They performed the simple and difficult tasks in a 30s with dominant and non-dominant hands. At the same time, the behavioral output as output digits from the pen and tablet (spatial and temporal errors) and the EEG data from the brain regions. For data analysis, repeated measures ANOVA was used at the significance level of 0. 05. The results showed that non-dominant limb is affected to the task difficulty than dominant hand, and has more spatial error. The handedness and task difficulty had no significant effect on the effective width of the target. In the non-dominant limb, the average interruption for difficult task was more than simple task. In the C3 region, the gamma wave power was higher in a difficult task than in an easy task, and in right-handed subjects was higher in the hand. In the F4 area, the power of the alpha wave was easy for left-hand people when performing difficult moves above the task. Seems, in tasks that require accuracy and speed, spatial and temporal errors are affected by the task difficulty and handedness, But the timing errors is more affected by the task difficulty than the handedness. It also seems that the left and right frontal lobe areas are more important than other areas in Fitz's task execution.