MOTOR BEHAVIOR (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:27 |Papers Count:10

The aim of this study was investigating the effect of 7 weeks of core stability and balance training on Motor function and Cognitive Failures in women with multiple sclerosis. For this purpose, 18 women with multiple sclerosis (Expanded Disability Status Scale 0-4.5, mean ± SD age; 36.66 ± 8.62 years) were selected based on the research entrance conditions with purposefully method and divided randomly to experimental and control groups (control group 10 persons and experimental group 8 persons). For evaluate Motor function, were used Timed 25 Foot Walking Test and Timed Up and Go Test. Too for evaluate Cognitive Failures was used Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, Then Experimental group conducted training for 7 weeks, 3 sessions in week, training consist of Core stability training with Swiss ball, Core stability training without Swiss ball and balance training. At that time, Control group didn’t conduct any sport training. For analyzing data used analysis of covariance.Result showed that after 7 weeks, Experimental group in Compare with Control group improved Motor function (P=0.002 for Timed 25-Foot Walking Test, P=0.001 for Timed Up and Go Test) and decreased total score of Cognitive Failures (P=0.001), scores of subscales like Distractibility (P=0.001), Memory (P=0.001) and Blunders problems (0.001) for Experimental group. So, core stability and balance training can be used for improvement Motor function and decreasing Cognitive Failures like Distractibility, Memory and Blunders problems in women with multiple sclerosis.

The objective of this research was to examine the effectiveness of video and live modelling in developing motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. To do so, twenty-two autistic children (7-13 years of age) participated in this study. The task applied required the participants to throw a bean bag (100g) by their non-superior hand toward a target placed on the floor. The participants were divided randomly into video modelling, live modelling and control groups and practiced the target task for 3 consecutive sessions. Individuals was performed immediate retention test 10 minutes after the last block of acquisition. Also, 24 hours after they participated in delayed retention and transfer test. Accuracy scores of participants were analysed as dependent measure in ANOVA test. The results of this study showed that both modelling methods (live and video) are effective in motor skill learning and there is no difference between these two methods. The probable reason for these results could be the task goal constraints.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of doing Yoga, Pilates and Yogalates exercises on the functional balance in inactive elderly women under the dualtask condition. Therefore, by convenience sampling using Berg balance scale, thirty old women aged 65-75 years who were at risk of falling were selected in Kahrizak center of Karaj. The subjects consisted of three groups: yoga (n=10), Pilates (n=10) and yogalates (n=10). They participated in the exercise three times a week for twelve weeks. To detect the changes of the balance, timed up and Go Test (TUG) was administered before and after the exercise protocol under the three conditions of single, cognitive, motor. For data analysis, the analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to determine the intragroup difference and multivariate analysis of variance was used to specify the intergroup difference. The results show that Yoga exercise has no effect on the balance of elderly women under the condition of self-test (P=0.205), under the task of cognitive (P=0.362) and under the task of motor (P=0.565) but the Pilates and Yogalates exercises had a significant effect (P<0.05). Furthermore, the effect of yogalates exercise on balance under the cognitive task was significantly higher. Therefore, 12-week Yogalates exercises could improve functional balance in elderly women who are at the risk of falling.

The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of the basketball net's height and skill level on the emergence of especial skill in basketball free throwing. To do this, ten experts (23±2.58) and ten less-expert (21.90±2.18) basketball players was taking 150 shots from five different distances from the basket including the free throw line. Players took their shots in the raised, standard and lowered basketball net's height. Two groups of the experts and less-experts threw 150 set shots in the raised, standard and lowered basketball net's height. The data was analysed based on Bayesian analysis applying a generalization model. The results reveal that the vision noise parameter in the model is quite constant (Kvision=0.03). Also, the especial skill parameter showed the presence of the especial skill only in the experts when basketball net height was standard (a=0.13).Whereas, the especial skill parameter showed no especial skill by the change of the basketball net's height in the experts. Furthermore, no especial skill was seen in the lessexpert.These results proposed that besides the massive amount of practice, visual context information play critical role in the emergence of the especial skill and supported visual- context hypothesis.

The goal of the present study was to investigate the interaction between individual (mental toughness), environment (competitive atmosphere) and task (two simple and complex sport skills) in motor learning. Subjects included 104 undergraduate students whom were divided into two groups with high and low mental toughness based on mental toughness Questionnaire 48. Than the subjects were divided into eight matched groups following pretest (n1=n2=…=n8=13). The four groups in competitive atmosphere and the four groups in noncompetitive atmosphere performed basketball skills. At the determined and given competitive condition, the groups performed the task for 15 sessions every alternate day. Verbal feedback was provided to participants in acquisition sessions. One week after acquisition training, the retention test were taken. For analyzing data, one way and repeated measure ANOVA were used (P<0.05). The results showed that the groups with high mental toughness in competitive and non-competitive conditions relative to groups with low mental toughness were significantly better acquisition and retention. Also, Comparison of competitive and non-competitive groups showed that there was no significant difference in the acquisition and retention of basketball passing skill, but in basketball shooting skill, the group who had been trained in the competitive space had a significantly better performance. Our results confirm the Interactional approach in motor behavior and sport psychology.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of core stability training on static and dynamic balance in mentally retarded educable children eight to ten years. The population of this study was all of mentally retarded children of Mehr School in Momarekeh city and sample consisted 24 educable mentally retarded students, with mean and standard deviation for age (9.12±0.74years), height (121.1±8.6Cm) and weight (23.25±6.9Kg), who were healthy physically and voluntarily participated in this research. In the first preliminary assessment of the state of static and dynamic balance subjects, Sharpend Rombrg and get up and go tests respectively were used. the subjects were randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups (n=12).The experimental group had eight weeks of core stability training with three sessions per week and each session lasted for 45 minutes. During this period, the control group did not perform any specific types of exercise. After eight weeks, both groups were participated in the post tests that were the same as the pretests. Data were analyzed through descriptive and analysis of covariance at the 0.05 level. The results showed significant difference in static balance with eyes open (P=0.000), eyes close (P=0.000) and dynamic balance (P=0.000) between the experimental and control group after eight weeks of core stability training. Finally, core stability exercises can improve static and dynamic balance mentally retarded children eight to ten years. Therefore, coach and teacher can use theses exercise to enhance the motor performance and welfare of mentally retarded children.

The purpose of this research was to determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of enjoyment scale, self-efficacy and social support of physical activity in children questionnaire. For this purpose, 300 children (135 boy and 165 girl) were completed the Persian version of the enjoyment scale, self-efficacy and social support of physical activity in children questionnaire. Results using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach' s alpha coefficient of intra-class correlation) were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the index of goodness of fit and goodness of fit is comparatively higher than 0.90 in the questionnaire, four in each factor properly verified confirmed. the total internal consistency (0.75) and the total temporal reliability (0.80) has been acceptable values. Therefore, the Persian version of the questionnaire enjoyment scale, self-efficacy and social support of physical activity in children of acceptable reliability and validity in children's Iranian.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks Yoga training on anxiety of parents and children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). A total of 20 children with ADHD and their parents (20 fathers and 20 mothers) participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to exercise and no-exercise control groups. Parents in the exercise groups exercised Yoga for 8 weeks, two times per week. Anxiety of parents and anxiety of their children were assessed at baseline and two days after intervention using Achenbach and Catell questionnaires respectively. To analyze data, two factor mixed model ANOVA was used. Results showed that Yoga training by parents' significantly decreased anxiety of mothers and children while anxiety of the fathers was not significantly changed. The participants of all three control groups did not show significant changes in their anxiety. The findings of the present study indicate that Yoga could be considered as a mediator variable for modifying anxiety of children with ADHD.

The present study sought to investigate individual, dyad and group exercising for learning a select few of rope jumping skills in fourth-grade students at primary school. A sample of 180 subjects in 10±0.65 age range was selected clustered randomly from research population which embraced the entire population of fourth-grade students at primary schools in Nahavand. Subjects without any previous experience in rope jumping in different schools were selected through individual, dyad and group exercising and were trained according to the national rope jumping scheme. The participants were trained during twelve sessions and their performance progress in the acquisition and retention stage (1 week later) was recorded. MANOVA with repeated measurement in the acquisition phase (3 PA*4 measurement * 2 sex) revealed that PA effect on performance was significant (P=0.001), dyad Vs group PA was better than individual; but, the sex effect wasn’t significant. Two-way ANOVA in retention test was also revealed that learning in dyad and group PA was better than individual (P=0.001), and no differences between dyad and groupPA. Also, sex effect wasn’t significant. Based on the results and complexity of skills rope jumping, it deserves to don’t use of individual PA in learning of this skill and exploit of exercise in dyad PA such as observational learning, activation of mirror neurons, ….

In the challenge point framework, although practice has been known as one of the most important factors affecting learning, but other factors such as practice conditions, task difficulty and skill level of participants, could affect on the incidence of learning. The purpose of present study was to examine the effectiveness of challenge point framework to improve the mobility in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In this semi experimental study, 22 patients with multiple sclerosis (M=32 ± 4.5years) among MS Society of Ahvaz were selected randomly and were divided into two experimental and control groups. Outset, 10-Meters Walking Test was performed as per-test. Then, experimental group’s subjects did the intervention for 12 sessions (three sessions of a week for 45 minutes) and control groups were not exercised. Data was analyses by multiple variance analysis and repeated measures variance and in P≤0.05 significant levels. Results revealed that the experimental group mobility was improved as a result of intervention based on the challenge point framework and mobility was higher in comparison tocontrol group (P≤0.001). Significantly improved in as a result of fourweek protocol (P≥0.05). Therefore, the results indicate that four weeks of training stepping reaction using challenge point framework had significant improvement on walking speed in patients with multiple sclerosis.