ECONOMIC STRATEGY
Year:2019 | Volume:8 | Issue:28 |Papers Count:6

"Social discount rate" (SDR) is one of the most important macro variables for policy making that has a crucial effect on the other macro variables such as growth and sustainability and ethical variable such as intergenerational justice. The main problem of this research is the analysis of the SDR effects on the sustainability and intergenerational justice and then determining the optimum SDR. The realization of the "sustainability criterion" requires that the social discount rate be zero in order to prevent the decline of the optimal consumption path. Also, according to the ethical approach, "intergenerational justice" requires equal treatment with current and future generations, and it is ethically inappropriate to place less importance on future generations and to confiscate and consume the resources they are entitled to now. By adopting this ethical approach in this paper, a "zero percent social discount rate" is prescribed, which will lead to more investment and future welfare.

Companies need to use new techniques to increase sales of their products and one of the new techniques is network marketing. An important issue of the cases that have been considered in network marketing is the responsibility of the company's tax liability in relation to the sale of products to new customers. Considering that in this type of sale, the products are directly achieved by the consumer and do not take the administrative-tax procedures, the tax violations may be the same and the amount of sales of the company Be declared unrealistic, and eventually the tax evasion happens. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of network marketing structure on corporate tax responsibility. This research is a library-analytic study based on a panel data analysis. In this study, the financial information of 107 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange have been used during the period of 1391 to 1397. The results indicated a reverse and significant impact of network marketing structure on corporate tax responsibility.

Banks play an important role in the economy and financial markets by allocating funds. In fact, banks act as financial intermediaries. Banks are also a pool of liquidity, creating this liquidity through the maturity of balance sheet items. Due to the importance of bank liquidity, this research has attempted to calculate the liquidity creation index in the banking system of Iran using the Berger and Bauman method (2009). Since banks are the most important economic centers, it should be noted that liquidity will have a serious impact on their performance as well as on the economic situation of the community, and banks will be subject to crisis and instability. The Markov-Switching model is used to characterize years based on the banking crisis. Probit-Logit model has been used to investigate the impact of liquidity on the banking crisis. Data from 2005 to 2017 of 17 private and public banks are included. The results of this study will show that by using Berger and Bowman's (2009) model, liquidity creation has been calculated for 13 years and with the help of Logit model, the best model has been selected and shows that liquidity will have a positive impact on the banking crisis. Assets, credit risk, inflation and deferred claims will have a positive impact, but free trade and capital adequacy will have a negative impact on the banking crisis. In fact, banks create liquidity to prevent bankruptcy. However, liquidity creation will first cause loss for the banks themselves and then for the economic society.

In the present study, the optimal economic uncertainty index for the Iranian economy during the period 1990: 1 to 2017: 4 has been determined. In this regard, contemporaneous economic uncertainty function, which includes variables of output growth gap, inflation gap, exchange rate growth gap and monetary base, is specified along with other structural equations of Iranian economy and its parameters are determined by Symbiotic Organism Search (SOS) optimization algorithm so that minimize the loss function of central bank of Iran. The coefficients obtained for the variables of output growth, inflation, exchange rate and monetary base are 0. 22, 1. 03, 2. 27, and 0. 99, respectively, indicating that the two variables of exchange rate and inflation are more important in creating Economic uncertainty. The index is stationary and also indicates a high level of uncertainty in the two seventies and nineties compared to the eighties. The index shows that in only seven sections, the index of uncertainty is approximately zero, all of which are in the eighties, and in other periods the index is positive or negative.

Economic growth is the most common goal for any economy, one of the factors affecting it is capital. Today human capital plays a role, along with physical capital, as one of the most important productive inputs. Therefore, human capital is one of the most important determinants of economic growth, and the study of its impact on regional economic growth in different regions can help to develop those regions and neighboring areas. Some believe that a significant positive human capital effect can only be realized after the economy crosses the threshold level of development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the threshold level of development on the impact of human capital on economic growth in Iran's provinces. For this purpose, the threshold method of panel data was used for 28 provinces of Iran during the period of 1380-1394. The findings show that there are two threshold values for the level of development, with the first threshold of the development level of 3/8134 and the threshold value of 5/460, and if the level of development is less than 3/8134, human capital will not affect economic growth. Was. But if the level of development is between 3/8134 and 5/46, with growth of 1% of human capital, economic growth will grow 0/08%, and if the level of development is above 5/46, with a 1% increase in human capital, economic growth of 0/175% will grow.

Money is one of the most controversial economic issues; So that Understanding the concepts of money is therefore essential to a proper understanding of the functioning of the economy and the interaction of its components. The purpose of this study is to investigate and critique money supply in microfoundation level in conventional economics and economics with an Islamic approach in a Descriptive-analytical method and it answers these questions: Is it possible money creation in Islamic economics? Is the money supply endogenous or exogenous? What variables do the money supply in an economics with Islamic approach? The findings of the study show that the flaws in money creation in Islamic economics are: economic instability, lack of social justice, declining economic growth, failure of banks to repay deposits. Therefore, the creation of money from nothing by the banks is not legitimized in the Islamic approach to economics. Within the framework of Islamic teachings, it is only possible for the government (the central bank) to issue money commensurate with real production, since the Islamic State is interested in the public interest and therefore the benefits of the money will be returned to the people themselves. Commercial banks are a financial intermediary that cannot create money and bank deposits are not money. In Islamic economics, the supply of money is considered endogenous, given the Accommodationism view and by limiting interest rates Within the framework of Islamic teachings. In the end, the effective factors for money supply are: real production, inflation, the degree of public confidence in the monetary system.