WOMEN’S STUDIES
Year:2021 | Volume:12 | Issue:2 (36)|Papers Count:10

Alienation is an important concept in sociological analysis for explaining human behavior in society, and explanatory defective and weak relationship of the individual to himself and to world and she is not able to influence and impress on it as an object in activities of her life. She understands that dominated by another or society. This leads to psychological and personality weaknesses and failures and more importantly disorder in the individual relationships with social institutions. The purpose of this research is to explore and interpret women's awareness of "self-Alienation" and to present a paradigmatic model using the method of grounded theory. purposive sampling method was used for data collection. Finally, 20 married and single women in three levels of upper class-middle class-lower class that due to the importance of social and economic position were selected from 6 neighborhoods of Mashhad. The interviews were in-depth and the data were analyzed during the three coding steps. The results of the study show that: social constraints, gender inequality, Weakness in social, social pressure, self-ignorance, and drowning in public commentary, they are causal condition that exacerbated women's alienation.

In the literature of higher education studies in Iran, few studies have examined deeply the complexities of the lived experiences of women doctoral. Thus, drawing on poststructuralist theorizing around subjectification, this article attempts to explore women doctoral students' lived experiences through the narratives of two doctoral students in Education who experienced motherhood in their doctoral study. The findings of the narrative analysis of the interviews depicts the uniqueness of their narratives despite their similarities. Their main self-narrative is "personal progress" which is narrated through their different storylines of selfhood interwoven with their similar "shame/pride" storyline of motherhood in academe. The implications of self-narratives performed by doctoral students will contribute to the facilitation of other women doctoral students' experiences and provide a deeper insight for the supervisors and policy makers in higher education.

In educational environments, the quality of architectural space can play a role and educational function by influencing sensory, intellectual and perceptual cognitions. Studies show that the learning process in interaction with educational spaces can be very effective in increasing learning enthusiasm. Gender stereotypes in the context of socio-cultural approach are considered as one of the determining mental patterns in individual identity, especially in adolescent girls. The main issue in this study is to ignore the psychological aspect of sexulity (here gender stereotypes) in the process of designing educational spaces. Given the close relationship between gender stereotypes and women's status, gender-based scientific studies and their educational status play a very important role in better understanding their status. Based on the method of documentary and survey research (descriptive-applied), this study analyzes the relationship between adolescent girls' understanding of common gender stereotypes in society and compares them with their understanding of the educational environment. In this regard, questionnaires inspired by the combined model of Macionus (2001) and Taylor (2003) as well as the Drim educational climate questionnaire have been prepared and the statistical population of female students in Baneh secondary schools has been considered. The results were analyzed in SPSS software, which indicates the existence of gender stereotypes and understanding gender inequality in female students, as well as a significant relationship between understanding gender stereotypes in students and the perception of school environmental quality.

In the present study, the model of economic participation of married women has been estimated using cross sectional, micro-data which is extracted of cost-income statistics of the country's household by Statistics Center of Iran, in 2018. The factors affecting the economic participation of married women are considered following three sub-categories: individual characteristics of women, household characteristics (socio-economic) and geographical area of residence (urban/rural). The statistical samples include 29, 715 married women living in urban and rural areas of the country and the sample is estimated using the probit model. The results show that the main factor influencing the increase in the probability of economic participation of married women is related to university education. The probability of economic participation of married women increases with age up to 48 years old and then decreases. It has been shown that married women are more likely to participate economically in rural areas than in urban areas. Economic characteristics of the household such as access to non-working (miscellaneous) incomes of husband and home ownership as two affecting factors in household income and expenses, reduce the likelihood of participation in the work market of married women. Findings show that the economic participation of married women in the country is influenced by the level of women's university education and is targeted to meet the economic needs of the family.

Concepts and meanings shape The most fundamental area of any phenomenon. The meaning that theorists and social activists place on divorce, the next important aspect is the structure of this phenomenon. This article studies the meaning of divorce in the context of divorced women by relying on a methodological paradigm based on a phenomenological, paradigmatic and applied methodology, in a qualitative inductive and phenomenological way, using a phenomenological and qualitative method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 64 women living in Tehran's metropolitan area who were divorced between 2005-2019, based on snowball sampling methods. The results of the research indicate that the phenomenon of divorce as a multi-semantic one includes moral-emotional, family, social, cultural and economic factors. This article argues that divorced women do not have an empty mind on the issue and the phenomenon of divorce, relying on the fluidity of the meaning of divorce, Rather, their intellectual world is full of awareness and meanings about the phenomenon of divorce.

Ancient myths represent historical heritage of cultures. Through studying ancient Persian mythology, as a kind of collective Iranian unconscious, social aspects of feminine rationality has been sought in this paper,so they can participate in management of social affairs. For this reason, after explaining and analysis of Persian rationality, related goddesses and creation myths to feminine rationality have been studied, and Iranian rational feminine capabilities for establishing an ethic-oriented civilization have been gathered. Rereading myths showed that Persian rationality and wisdom of Ahura Mazda is the same which essentially based Good thoughts, good words, and good deeds that, unlike modern instrumental rationality, could not be seeing without ethic of kindness and altruism. In this discourse, women would be admired by their maternal abilities, and, dissimilar from their counterpart Greek myths, they are not symbols of instincts,therefore, they do not in contradiction to masculine civilization-making rationality. Women introduce as mothers’,of society and the origins of Ahura Mazdian reasoning in the social life. Thus, elimination of women from making civilization is to cutting the roots of altruistic rationality.

One of the most important criticisms of metaphysics in recent philosophical scholarship has been concentrated on the concept of violence of metaphysics. Levinas, Derrida, and feminist philosophers have contributed in developing arguments against the violence rooted in the metaphysical tradition. They believe that metaphysics has a crucial role in the formation of the epistemological and ethical categories. Hence, the origin of any violence and oppression in those fields is to be sought in metaphysics. Within their different works, feminist philosophers have uncovered some invisible aspects of the metaphysical violence. They argue that, through categorizing the beings, metaphysical systems develop the politics of stabilization, deletion, and valuation. They also justify, even empower totalitarian politics by way of exclusive insistence on rationality and transcendence as the only warranted methods of discovering reality. Moreover, metaphysics has reduced all of the approaches toward the reality into limited a discourse of being. Thereafter, many humanist experiences of reality including non-being have been ignored in the metaphysical discourse. In this way, metaphysics has covered the very humanist ground against which it has been standing so far. In this article, I will recover and reconstruct the different criticisms of feminist philosophers about the violence of metaphysics and withal some of the problems of these criticisms.

The main goal of this research is to apply Foucauldian discourse analysis to study body management among women in the context of consumer society, especially in relation to male domination. The question is that how female body management can help construct female individuality or reproduce male domination. To study this, we have used Foucauldian discourse analysis and gathered data through individual deep interview with 26 women in Sanandaj. The findings show that female subjectivity is the product of an inter-discursive space of conflict and struggle. The techniques constructing female subjectivity cab be divided into two kinds: techniques developing female individuality and techniques reproducing male domination. The main subject positions represented to women are: “, the base of life”, , “, loyal beloved”, , sex partner”, , “, attractive woman”, , “, kind woman”,and “, housewife”, . And finally, the main discourses constructing female subjectivity are: “, self-actualization”, , “, romantic love”, , “, autonomous woman”, , “, body fitness”, , “, life partner”,and “, sympathetic mother”, . To answer the main question of research, we can claim that the three discourses of “, self-actualization”, , “, romantic love”,and “, autonomous woman”,promote female individuality and the discourses of “, body fitness”, , “, life partner”,and “, sympathetic mother”,reproduce male domination.

Women are one of the main victims of violence in the world. With the development of societies and the globalization of communication, acts of violence against women have changed and manifested in various forms. Violence in cyberspace is one of the emerging forms of this social harm. The unique features of cyberspace, such as universality, lack of territorial boundaries, anonymity of users, and ease of identification, have created the conditions for norm-breakers, like the physical world, to pose threats to individuals. One of the main and most dangerous threats in this space is the abusive actions that target women and girls in cyberspace. Violence against women in cyberspace has consequences that endanger their physical and mental health, reinforce gender discrimination, and violate women-related human rights standards. The right to freedom of expression and the free access to information and the right to privacy and the protection of privacy are human rights standards applicable to the protection of women against cyber-violence. The present article, through a descriptive-analytical method and by analyzing the legal sources in this field, tries to reflect on cyber violence against women within the framework of the rules and standards of national and international law. The basic premise of this article is based on the fact that the simultaneous application of national and international regulations and policies, as well as the use of a mixed and self-regulatory approach by exploiting the unique features of cyberspace to reduce cyber violence against women.

The current research was performed with the purpose of designing a women`s job progress model with approach of career path in National Organization of Educational Testing (NOET). The mixed method (quality and quantity) was used as the research method. Statistical population and sample included 30 authority members of NOET. The research data were collected through questionnaire in two stages according to the nature of Delphi method. The Kendal, Bartlett and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) tests were used to receive the contingency coefficient and feasibility of using the exploratory factory analysis. Only 52 out of total 89 obtained factors remained after the decisions of authorities, the mentioned tests and rotational matrix. Using the scree plot and exploratory factor analysis, the indicators were divided into 5 dimensions and called under title of organization, entity, policy and law, family and local culture using the decision of Focus Group, leading the design of women job progress model with career path approach in National Organization of Educational Testing. Finally, some practical recommendations were presented for operating the obtained model.