Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Year:2016 | Volume:4 | Issue:4|Papers Count:21

Background and Aim: The present study was carried out to study the role of static balance and anthropometric indices in the shooting sports and its impact on the performance of the shooters with the aim of informing the shooting sports specialists and correcting weaknesses in male and female shooters.Materials and Methods: Anthropometric characteristics, weight, height (standing and sitting positions), two hands, arm length, leg length, the actual length of the foot, knee width, resting and contracting arm circumference, arm circumference, hip circumference, the mid-thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, BMI, percent body fat, WHR, and two tests for balance, i.e. Sharpened Romberg and stork, were evaluated for 32 shooters (16 women and 16 men from among the pool of 45 shooters of the National Shooting Team) and 32 controls (16 females and 16 males).Results: The results showed that comparison of the stork balance with anthropometric indices revealed significant difference only in weight variable in female participants and the width of the knee in male participants. No sifnificant relationship was observed between Sharpened Romberg test indices and any of the anthropometric indices in females (except for weight) and males either. Shooters were observed to have better balance compared with that of the control group. Moreover, comparison of anthropometric indices of the adult male and female elite shooters showed that there is a significant difference among all the anthropometric indices.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Iranian elite shooters have a significantly higher static balance in comparison with that of the control group.

Background and Aim: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most frequentl musculoskeletal disorders. The cause of PFPS has been reported to be multifactorial. Patellar malalignments are accepted as the leading cause of PF pain and PF joint disorders. The purpose of the present study was to compare the patellar alignment between subjects with patellofemorall pain syndrome and healthy subjects.Materials and Methods: Patellar alignment was compared in two groups. Twenty five patients with 12-15 months of PFPS and 25 matched healthy subjects were selected to take part in the study. Congruence angle, Patella height, and Lateral patellar tilt angle were measured by radiographic images. Also, quadriceps angle was measured clinically.Results: The patella alta and lateral patellar tilt angle were significantly greater in patients group compared with those in the healthy group. There was no significant difference in Q angle and Congruence angle between the two groups.Conclusion: Delays in treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome provide direction changes of patellar alignment. Therefore, to prevent further changes to the patellar alignment in these patients, early resolving of the possible predisposing factors is essential.

Background and Aim: One of the major causes of death and disability in all countries is stroke and the most common complication of stroke is hemiplegic Plzy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mental practice on improving balance and quality of life in stroke patients.Materials and Methods: The present study is a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Participants were 32 patients admitted to Mehrvarzan clinic in Qom and met the inclusion criteria. After the initial assessment performed by an experienced clinician, all the participants were randomly assigned to two groups with a mean age of 66.9 for the intervention group and and 66.4 for control group. The intervention group received mental exercises in addition to conventional therapy by a therapist for six weeks while the control group received only routine occupational trainings. The balance of all patients was assessed using tests of balance function (Berg Balance Scale, Timed Get Up & GO) in four different phases: prior to the onset of clinical intervention, immediately after the intervention, two weeks after the intervention, and six weeks after the intervention. Assessment of the quality of life in the patients was carried out using 36SF test at the onset of the clinical intervention and six weeks after the intervention.Results: The results showed that scores on tests of balance and mental status tests had asignificant difference, with higher indices in the intervention group.Conclusion: The results of the study support the role of mental exercises to improve balance function of stroke patients and the impact of physical and mental exercises on the mental status and quality of life as compared to the physical dimensions using Berg, Timed Up Go, and SF36 tests. It is recommended that this method be used as an action plan for improving balance and quality of life in stroke patients.

Background and Aim: Development of phonological awareness is essential for literacy and it is a vigorous predictor of reading. Meanwhile, bilingualism is a factor that affects cognitive and language skills and consequently reading and writing skills, thus it seems necessary to do more studies to understand the effect of this social factor on educational performance. Considering the prevalence of bilingualism in Iran, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of school training on phonological awareness of Lak-Farsi bilingual 6 year old children.Materials and Methods: The current study is a quasi-experimental study using a descriptive analytic method. Participants were 30 bilingual six-year-old lak-farsi speaking children randomly selected from among the children who took part in the elementary school entrance measurement project in Noorabad and Aleshtar city. In the current survey, we used the Soleimani-Dastjerdi validated phonological awareness tool. The children’s performances were evaluated again after three months.Results: The findings indicated that the differences of the mean scores between test-retest were significant in all the skills (p£0.001).Conclusion: The differences between test-retest scores emphasized the importance of school training for bilingual children. Due to the interconnection between phonological awareness and literacy, authorities should seriously support the training programs for bilingual children in kindergartens and preschools.

Background and Aim: One of the most common hand diseases is the carpal tunnel syndrome. The prevalence is over 2.9% in women and 6% in men. The disease has symptoms such as paresthesia, tingling and numbness, pain, and weakness in the thenar. The current treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome include non-surgical or care treatment and surgery. Carpal tunnel release surgery is recommended when the disease aggrevates and protective treatments are not efficient anymore. After surgery, scar adhesions, complex recurrent pain syndrome, sensitivity, inflamed scar area, and pain in the thenar and hypothenar areas may be observed for up to 8 weeks or more. In order to reduce and to prevent the development of complications after surgery, guidelines and recommendations are provided that are specific to Occupational Therapy; however, due to the lack of accurate information on when occupational therapy should start after surgery and considedring the importance of this issue in improving performance, reducing the severity of symptoms, and helping the patients return to work faster, the present study was conducted to examin the effect of early occupational therapy to improve performance and to reduce the severity of symptoms caused by carpal tunnel release surgery.Materials and Methods: The present study was a clinical trial and the population consisted of the patients reffering to Akhtar hospital with a diagnosis of idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome and thus candidates for surgery. A total of 20 patients with an average age of 35-65comprised the final particiapnts of the study. Participants were divided into two groups. The experimental group, besides the common care advised by their surgeons, received occupational therapy with the same protocol during the first week after the surgery. Evaluations carried out for both groups prior to the surgery and one month after the surgery included hand function, symptoms severity by Boston questionnaire, and return to work time.Results: The statistical anlysis of the findings revealed that occupational therapy program in the first week after a CTS surgery resulted in a decrease in symptoms severity (P=0.003), and a decrease in return to work time (P=0.001).Conclusion: Based on the findings, although both patient groups with carpal tunnel syndrome showed improvement in symptoms and functioning after surgery, early occupational therapy in the experimental group was shown to be significantly effective in decreasing symptoms severity and the return to work time compared with that in the controls. So, early occupational therapy on the patients with carpal tunnel syndrome is recommended.

Background and Aim: Addiction to opioids causes adverse physical and psychological effects on addicts. The drug abuse has adverse effects on the central nervous system. Meanwhile, a good balance is essential for human beings. Failure to keep balance divests the person from the natural life and may cause injury, collapse, and even death. Therefore, body balance may be negatively affected by drug dependency and the present research intentd to seek answer to this question.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 male drug and 30 female drug dependants participated in the research. Participants were selected purposefully from among volunteers. Also, 30 healthy women and 30 healthy men matched for age, height, weight, and BMI with the drug dependant samples were selected as control groups. Subjects’ dynamic balance was measured via Y-test. The statical balance was measured by standing on the unilateral forefoot balance test.Results: Based on the findings of the present study and the results of MANOVA test, there was a significant difference between static (p=0.0001) and dynamic balance (p=0.0001) of the addicted males and females and those of the healthy participants.Conclusion: Based on the findings, there was a large effect size and a significant difference among the static and dynamic balance of the addicted males and females and those of the healthy participants. Finally, it was concluded that drug dependence affected negatively the balance of men and women.

Background and Aim: Rehabilitation communication skills, its role in treating patients, and therapy evaluation of these skills cannot be measured due to the quality constituents. Therefore, experts and connoisseurs are in search of methods for skills evaluation in order to state various groups of quantitative and comparative skills. The aim of the present research is to design communication skills tools for students in medical rehabilitation based on Carkhuff's Model.Materials and Methods: The current research is of a descriptive analytical method of correlation type carried out during educational years of 2012-2013 using improbable sampling method and in (easy) access. In order to study content and face validity of primary evaluation forms, Delpha method was used to investigate reliability in evaluation form. Two assessors directly observed thirty students separately and simultaneously and were invited to fill the required form. For inter group correlation of tool reliability evaluation, ICC was applied. In addition, for the determination of correlation coefficient of each domain in comparison with the total score and the correlation of each quadruple domains of Carkhuff's model with each other, Spearman's model of correlation was run. In the second stage, 165 students were evaluated by their professors and the constructive validity was also approved by exploratory factorial analysis. For data analysis, SPSS (version: 18) was used.Results: The content validity of evaluation form was 87.5% and the face validity for total form was 87.25%, and the coefficient of Cronbach's alpha was 0.93. Significant correlation was observed between each domain score and the total score, and the score of each domain and that of the other domains, with the accuracy degree of one percent. The Factorial analysis in the second stage was also specified: from among the four domains of Carkhuff's model, three domains had the required validity.Conclusion: Carkhuff's model of compiled assessment tool was high in content validity, face validity, constructive validity, and reliability and therefore can be used as assessment tool in communication skills in the field of rehabilitation science.

Background and Aim: An important part of examination in patients with cervical disorders is measuring active range of motion of the cervical, particularly in evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. Goniometer is a common instrument in measuring range of motion. Easy working, easy carrying, and custom benefits make this instrument popular and common. This study was set out to determine the intra-examiner reliability of goniometer for all active movements of cervical.Materials & Methods: A total of 15 asymptomatic young women, aged 18-30 years old, volunteered for the present study. Voluntaries evaluated for all active cervical movements in three trials and 5 minutes rest time between the trials. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Standard Error of Measurements (SEM) were used to quantify intra-examiner reliability.Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for intra-examiner reliability of the gonameter were estimated to be 0.93 for flexion, 0.94 for extension, 0.92 for left lateral flexion, 0.90 for right lateral flexion, 0.88 for right rotation, and 0.89 for left rotation, respectively.Conclusion: Goniometer has accurate intra-examiner reliability for measurement of cervical range of motion of flexion, extension, right, and left lateral flexion, and right and left rotation movements.

Background and Aim: Whole Body Vibration (WBV) is more attended as a new exercise modality helping improvement in neuro-muscular performance, but so far, its immediate effect indirectly concurrent with different external load (EL) on maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and upper limb electromyography (EMG) in not known. The purpose of the spresent study was to investigate the immediate effect of WBV on maximumisometric contraction and upper limb EMG indifferent contraction forces.Materials and Methods: In 15 young healthy men, dominant biceps randomly underwent isometric contaction with supination of forearm and 90 degrees of elbow flexion while receiving no WBV or WBV with a frequency of 50 Hz and low amplitude (4 mm) for 60 seconds (i.e. two thirty-second phase with an interval of 20-second-rest) in three different modes: without EL, with an EL of 10% of primary MVC, and finally with an EL of 20% of primary MVC. In the meantime, EMG activity of the muscle was recorded and once the whole exercise protocol was terminated, MVC was measured and its EMG activity was recorded simultaneously with MVC.Results: WBV without EL showed a significant increase in biceps MVC compared with no WBV and no EL (P=0.006), wheras in WBV the comparison of an EL of 10% of primary MVC and that of 20%, despite rendering higher rate of MVC, is not statistically significant. On the other hand, WBV without EL revealed a significant improvement in biceps RMS (P=0.001). The same was true in WBV with an EL of 20% of MVC (P=0.032). The rate of ΔFMED with WBV or without WBV, and with an EL of 20%, was statistically more significant than without WBV, with an external load of 10%, and this significancy with vibration was P=0.011 and without vibration was P=0.016. Meanwhile, ΔFMED was significant with WBV and with an external load of 20% of MVC compared with WBV and 10% of MVC (P=0.023).Conclusion: It seems that a single session of WBV reults in an immediate increase of MVC and EMG of biceps bracheiand applying ELs of 10% and 20% of MVC with WBV did not significantly increase in the present study, but it leadsto more increase of MVC and EMG. Also, the effect of an EL of 20% of MVC in this increase is more tangible than 10% of MVC.

Background and Aim: In today’s world of gadgets, the use of Portable Music Players (PMP) in young people has grown faster than our ability to assess their potential health consequences. The aim of the present study is to investigate the damaging effects caused by improper use of portable music players on hearing.Materials and Methods: Primary hearing damage caused by these devices were investigated by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission, whereby amplitude of DPOAE (intensity level l1=65dBHL) was compared among 21 young adults who had used their devices at least for a year for>1 h/day, at>50% of the maximum volume setting and 21 subjects as control group. The data of the present case-control study was analyzed using Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney statistica measures.Results: Mean DPOAE amplitude between the two groups showed a decrease in the amplitude f2=1 & 2 kHz in the right ear and f2=3 kHz in the left ear in the user group (p=0.011). Comparison of the two sexes showed a decrease in DPOAE amplitude greater in men than in women (p=0.042).Conclusion: The results showed a decrease in DPOAE amplitude in users compared with that in the controls. The changes in hearing sensitivity measured by DPOAE indicate the potential harmful effects of listening to loud music on hearing and cochlea function.

SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION MEDICINEBackground and Aim: Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a kind of pelvic floor disorders that affects the quality of life of affected individuals. According to relatively high prevalence of POP in women and the need to review the impact of risk factors in different populations, the present study aimed at compareing the alignment of the spine and pelvis and pelvic floor muscles’ function between women with and without POP.Material & Methods: A total of 60 women with sequential non-random sampling were selected to participate in this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. Thirty women with POP who had reffered to Ayatollah Rohani hospital, according to inclusion criteria, were set asas case group and 30 women referring to the same hospital with zero or one degree of prolapse were selected as the control group. After obtaining demographic information, clinical examination including assessment of the spinal posture, state of vaginal rest tone, pelvic floor muscles' strength, and endurance were assessed. Obtained data were analysed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test, Logistic Regression, chi-square test and Spearma.Results: The data showed no significant differences between the two groups in terms of kyphosis (P=0.98) and pelvic tilt (p=0.06). But there is a significant differences in lumbar lordosis (P=0.04). Vaginal tone and pelvic floor muscle strength were significantly lower in patients compared with that in participants without pelvic organ prolapse (p<0.05).Conclusion: Loss of lumbar lordosis as one of the possible risk factors should be considered in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and, according to the results, the possibility of increase in kyphosis and posterior tilt of the pelvis in women with pelvic organ prolapse is higher in a larger population. Pelvic floor muscles are also emphasized in providing health care services for these patients.

Background and Aim: Considering the important role of vasus medialise oblique in pattelofemoral joint function and the necessity of designing appropriative exercises for it, the purpose of the present study was to investigate electromyography activity of quadriceps muscle in deferent hip rotation position in closed kinetic chain in healthy women.Materials and Methods: The current quasi-experimental study was conducted on 35 healthy women chosen via simple nonrandomal sampling. Electromyography activity rectus femoris, vastus medialise oblique, and vastus lateralise were recorded with surface electrodes in 15, 30, and 45 degrees of internal and external rotation and neutral position of hip with participants risen onto their toes. Normalized data was analyzed in excel.Results: The outcomes of repeated measure analysis revelaed that there was a meaningful deference in 15 degree of external rotation (p=0.039), neutral position (p=0.003), 15 degree internal rotation (p=0.003), and at the end of internal position (p=0.015). Pair wise comparison between muscles activity and bonferroni showed vastus lateralise activity in 15 degree external rotation (p=0.039), neutral position (p=0.003), 15 degree internal rotation (p=0.003), and at the end of internal position (p=0.015) was more than rectus femoris muscle. Other pair comparisons between vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralise, and vastuse medialise oblique and rectus femoris were not observed to be meaningful.Conclusion: Based on the outcomes of the present study, the average vastus lateralise activity was the highest in all positions and the position studied in the current study did not lead to increase in vastus medialise oblique as a medial dynamic stabilizer compared to vastus lateralise.

Background and Aim: This Study was performed in order to determine the mean difference of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in both eyes of non-amblyopic anisometropia and evaluation of its relationship with near stereopsis of these individuals.Materials and Methods: In the present analytical descriptive study, 23 patients with non-amblyopic anisometropia were chosen (13 men, 10 women, with an average age of 27.82 and with the range age of 18-35 years). Patients were studied after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The difference of nerve fiber layer thickness in both eyes of non-amblyopic anisometropia was determined and then its relationship with near stereopsis was evaluated.Results: Anisometropic patients were divided into 3 groups: anisoastigmatism, anisomyopic, and anisohypropic. The difference of the means of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was found to be 0.08 between the right and the left eyes in anisometropic patients, which is not statistically significant (P=0.979). The difference of the means in anisoastigmatic group was calulcated to be 0.72±5.21 and.83 ± 4.19 in non-anisoastigmatic group, which was not statistically significant, either (P=0.436). The difference of the means in was 1.00±4.10 anisomyopic group and 1.10±5.30 in non-anisomyopic group, which waere not significant, either (P=0.296). The data of the anisohypropic group was not stiatistically studied due to the insufficiency of participants (one individual only). The correlation coefficient between the thickness difference and stereopsis was found to be %19.6, reveling no statistically significant difference (P=0.371).Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the mean of thickness of retinal nerve fiber layers of right and left eyes in patients with non-amblyopic anisometropia. Also, there is no significant relationship between near stereopsis and the aforementioned thickness difference in these individuals.

Background and Aim: Self-talk is a cognitive behavioral technique to improve task performance. The purpose of the present research was to study the relationship between positive and negative self-talk and competitive anxiety, and the percentage of correct services during a volleyball match.Materials and Methods: The present study was descriptive cross-correlational.The primary population consisted of all volleyball teams that participated in Ramazan cup. A total of 43 persons were randomly selected as sample group. To collect data, Hardy self-talk and Cox competitive anxiety Questionnaire and for assessing the percentage of correct services in the match, video recording and observation were used.Results: The results demonstrated that there is a relationship between the percentage of positive and negative self-talk and correct services during competition but this relationship is not significant. Also, no significant relationship was found between positive self-talk and anxiety percentage during competition, but there was a significant relationship between negative self-talk and anxiety during the competition.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, there is a relationship between self-talk and servicing performance and also reduction of competitive anxiety, so positive self-talk can be used as a cognitive strategy along with the physical exercises.

Background and Aim: Forward head posture (FHP) is one of the most common faulty postures which leads to improper organization of the neck muscles and limitening of pulmonary capacity and whereby breathing becomes difficult. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of corrective exercises on forward head angle (FHA) and spirometry parameters of college girl students.Materials and Method: Thirty female students from the University of Tehran who suffered from FHP were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The subjects performed the exercises twice a day for 4 weeks. The forward head angle and spirometry parameters were measured before and after the treatment. Collected data were analyzed using the T-dependent test via SPSS (version 21). P-value was set at 0.05.Result: After the intervention, the experimental group had a significant reduction on forward head angle (p<0.05). Also, significant differences were observed in Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) (p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in Forced Expiratory Volume in One second (FEV1), Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate (PIFR), and Peak expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) (p>0.05).Conclusion: The data revealed that corrective exercise is a simple and non-invasive method to decrease FHA and can be helpful to increase MVV parameter.

Background and Aim: Most of the elderly have trouble in speech understanding especially in the presence of competitive sounds compared with the young and this is partly as a result of (central) auditory processing disorder, particularly dichotic hearing problems. The aim of the current study was investigating and comparing the dichotic hearing processing in old and young age groups by two-pair dichotic digit test.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was implemented by Persian version of two-pair dichotic digit test on 28 young subjects (18-28 years old) and 27 old subjects (60-80 years old) from both genders. All participants had normal peripheral hearing and right-handedness. Next, right and left ear results were compared in focused and divided attention conditions.Results: Dichotic digit test scores in 3 attentional conditions in two age groups showed significant difference (p-value<0.001).Conclusion: There was dichotic hearing dysfunction in old age group in all the three attentional conditions, especially in left ear attention. Ear asymmetry was larger for the elderly.

Background and Aim Auditory system is one of the most important channels of communication and is the basis for speech communication, perception, and psychologic abilities are based on this system. Any impairment of the auditory system could impair these abilities. The present study was carried out to investigat mental profile of adults with hearing loss.Materials & Methods In the current cross-sectional study, we surveyed psychologic information of 40 hearing impaired persons (average age: 27.85 years old) with hearing aid using SCL-90-R questionnaire and compared with 40 normal persons (average age: 27.52 years old). Participants were of both genders and had diploma degree.Results We observed significant statistical difference of mental health (psychoticism, phobic anxiety, anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, somatization, paranoid ideation, hostility, depression, and obsessive-compulsive) between hearing impaired and normal persons (P<0.05).Conclusion The present study indicated much more mental health problems in hearing impaired persons compared with that in normal people. These results showed the importance of mental health assessment in the persons with hearing loss in addition to the other routine auditory evaluations.

Background and Aim Genuvarum is one of the most common disorders of the lower extremities, which is a disorder of the normal leg. Since Genu varum and Genu valgum can affect the postural control by creating internal and external rotation of the foot and ankle, the present study was conducted to evaluate balance and gait kinematics in patients with Genu varum.Materials and Methods A total of 15 male students with genu varum, with the average age of 20.2±0.94 years, height of 174±4.59 cm, and weight 64±3.27 kg, and 15 male students without genu varum, average age of 19.93±0.88 years, height of 174±4.2 cm, and weight 69.8±4.2kg, participated in the study. To measure gait kinematics and balance, motion analysis and force plate systems were used.Results No significant difference was observed in the anteroposterior index of balance between the two groups, but regarding the mediolateral index of balance, patients had more swing. There was no significant difference between the gait kinematic in two groupwither.Conclusion Regarding the results of the present study, participants with Genu varumin daily activities, especially sports activities, will be in trouble, and may be at risk of falling and injury.

Background and Aim: Critical thinking is a basic cognitive process which improves students’ problem solving ability and is one of the main outputs of academic centers. It has an important role in medical sciences as the students studying these branches of science are getting ready to attend clinical work. Critical thinking helps to convey psychomotor skills from class to clinic. In the present study, we aimed at reviewing medical sciences students’ critical thinking skills and the effect of the universities' curriculums on them.Materials and Methods: Databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Magiran, SID, Iranmedex, and Iranian medical education magazines were searched from 2000 to 2014. The terms Critical Thinking, Students, curriculum, Medical Sciences, and the combinations were used to search these databases.Results: From among almost 35 relevant studies, 16 studies were selected. Based on their topics, the studies (except for the systematic review and Delphi study, which are discussed separately) were divided into three groups: 1) The studies that examined disposition to critical thinking, 2) The studies that examined critical thinking skills, and 3) The studies which examined both disposition and skills.Conclusion: Facilitating students’ critical thinking must be a priority in education and new teaching methods should be used by instructors in the class. Also, we need more extensive studies to explore the barriers of improving critical thinking in students of medical sciences.

Background and Aim: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is known as one of the most frequent knee diseases in athletic and non athletic populations and the most frequent causes of anterior or retropatellar knee pain. Despite the prevalence of PFPS, its etiology is not clearly known and has been reported to be multifactorial. Managing patients with PFPS is often challenging, in part because of a lack of consensus regarding its etiology and treatment. Electromyography (EMG) is a well-known method to study the etiology of PFPS. The aim of the present study was a systematic review of studies conducting electromyography of knee muscles in people with and without PFPS.Materials and Methods: Databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published in English between 2000 and 2014. The terms: PFPS, EMG, muscle imbalance, motor control, vastii muscles, and knee muscles as well as the combination of these terms were used.Results: Among almost 35 relevant studies, 9 studies were selected. Based on the muscles, the studies were divided into two groups: 1) The studies that assessed vastii muscles, and 2) The studies that compared vastii and hamstring muscles.Conclusion: Studies had used diverse EMG signal processing and testing protocols. The findings tended to support the notion that alteration in the electrical signal of the knee muscles is founded in individuals with PFPS, but the pattern of this alteration is still a matter of question. Due to the varietry of studies and their results, it can be concluded that the evidence, although existant, is not convincing yet.

Background and aim: Assessment is an important part of the evaluation process, treatment planning, and intervention and this process requires the availability of suitable tools. Developing an assessment tool is an expensive and time-consuming process. It seems quite affordable to translate and use the existing tools. Translation, validity, and reliability process is different for various tools due to the different factors influencing the process. In the present review article, factors contributing to the researchers’ decision to choose the method of translation, validity and reliability have been discussed.Materials and Methods: Literature was reviewed to identify factors contributing to the researchers’ decision-making. Google scholar, Pub Med, ProQuest, Elsevier, and OT seeker were searched. The combinations of the key words including validity, reliability, translation, cross-cultural adaptation, methodology, assessment, and psychometric properties were used. The search was limited to the articles published before March 2014.Result: Translation processes change by using a tool in different language and culture. Factors contributing to the researcher's decision-making are different in the field of reliability and validity due to the assessment tool, context of the target population, the process, and resources of the research.Conclusion: Access to translators and professionals, purpose of the assessment tool, access to the tools with the same context in the target language, and access to the target sample appear to be the most important factors contributing to the researchers’ decision-making.