SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION MEDICINE
Year:2016 | Volume:5 | Issue:3|Papers Count:21

Background and aim: Learning Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are considered among the most common childhood disorders which occur concomitantly in many cases and affect the life and future of children as long as their education is concerned. Thus, knowledge and attitude towards these disorders have been given much importance by teachers, especially during the early years of education. The purpose of the present study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers in Tehran towards Learning Disability and Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder and to investigate their relationship with teachers’ characteristics.Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 200 primary school teachers in Tehran. Cluster sampling was carried out in five school districts in the north, south, east, west, and center of Tehran and then the final schools were selected randomly from among them. Three questionnaires including demographic information, Knowledge and Attitudes towards Learning Disability, and Knowledge and Attitudes towards Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder were administered. The validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by five child and adolescent psychiatrists and the reliability of the questionnaires were estimated to be 0.89, using Cronbach's Alpha.Results: There was a positive significant correlation between knowledge and attitude’s scores on the two disorders. The mean of female participants' knowledge scores was higher than that of the male participants on both disorders. No relationship was observed between age, educational level, and educational experiences, and teachers’ knowledge and attitude.Conclusion: The teachers who had more knowledge and more positive attitudes towards a disorder received higher scores on the other disorder. Female teachers had more knowledge about AD/HD and LD compared with male teachers. Therefore, it seems that male teachers need more education in this regard.

Background and Aim: The foot is the only anatomical structure that contacts the ground during walking and resists against the applied forces at the distal part of the lower extremity chain. An abnormal movement as well as high peak forces cause injuries to the feet and their soft tissues due to improper force distribution, which might lead to extensive foot disorders. Too much pressure and/or unequal force distribution is a major factor in foot disorders. Since, nowadays, many women routinely use high-heel shoes, its routine use may cause significant effects on their skeletal structures. The current study aimed to study foot pressure patterns in women using high-heel shoes.Materials and Methods: The current observational-analytical study implemented case-control technique including two groups of 35 participants. The experimental group had a minimum of two years history of routinely wearing a high-heel shoe while the control group had to have the experience of wearing a normal heel shoe. A Zebris pedobarograph system was used to study the foot pressure in both static and dynamic statuses with bare foot.Results: The results showed a significant percentage of force only at the anterior part of the foot of participants who used to wear high-heel shoes (P<0.001).Conclusion: The findings showed clear foot pressure changes at the feet of individuals who had a background of routinely wearing high-heel shoes. These people apply more forces on their forefoot even when they do not use high-heels. These abnormal force changes might result in producing callosity, foot corns, and sores at their feet soles.

Back ground and Aim: Mothering handling plays an important role in the daily life of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and their mothers. Moreover, the greatest amount of handling of children with CP is done by the mothers and at home. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the structural barriers of mothering handling in the children with CP at home.Materials and Methods: The current qualitative study was conducted following grounded theory methodology. The purposeful sampling followed by theoretical sampling. Selection of participants continued to achieve theoretical saturation. Data was gathered from 26 individual interviews with 14 caregivers of children with CP, 3 children with CP, 5 occupational therapists, 1 physiotherapist, and 3 rehabilitation managers in Tehran. The main source of data collection was in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed based on Corbin and Straus method (2008).Results: Five categories/themes emerged from the data, including factors related to caregivers, child, therapist, community, and governmental organizations.Conclusion: Understanding the barriers of caring for a child with CP and experiences of mothers when engaged in handling with their child can also help them to be empowered to achieve the proper management and effective handling. The results of the present research could provide broader perspective to therapists, rehabilitation managers, and policy makers for understanding the needs and meeting the challenges and concerns of caregivers and children with CP for a comprehensive plan for handling of children with CP.

Background and Aim: The present study intended to investigate the efficacy of structured play on the executive functioning in 5- to 12-year-old children with high-functioning autism.Materials and Methods: A pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design with an experimental group and a control group was chosen for the present study. The population of the study included all the 24 5- to 12-year-old children with high-functioning autism who went to the Children's Medical Center in Tehran in 2015. Then, they were assigned to the experimental and control groups. For the data collection, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function were used. Structured play was taught to the experimental group for 16 sessions, each lasting for 90 minutes.Results: The results of covariance analysis showed significant increase in executive functioning in experimental group compared with that in control group (p<0.05), revealing that structured play was effective on executive functioning (P<0.05).Conclusion: The findings have important implications for the education and mental health of children with high-functioning autism. Lego therapy denominated Behavioral change using the child's natural interest and motivation to learn.

Background and aims: Neuro-cognitive and motor tasks closely affect neuromuscular coordination, athletic performance, and muscloskeletal injures. Neuro-cognitive skills with muscular strength is an important factor in returning to sports activities, yet this factor is rarely considered. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of neuromuscular rehabilitation on Neuro-cognitive characteristics of male athletes with reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.Materials and Methods: A total of 10 male athletes with ACL reconstruction participated in the current study. Choice auditory and visual reaction times, complex choice auditory and visual reaction times, as well as anticipation skill at high and low speeds were evaluated using Speed Anticipation Reaction Test (SART) software prior to and after 12 weeks of rehabilitation. Accelerate model Brotzman rehabilitation protocol was implemented. To compare the means before and after rehabilitation, paired t-test was run.Results: After a period of rehabilitation, experimental group showed considerable improvement. Significant differences in choice (p=0.001) and complex visual (p=0.001) RT, and anticipation skill in low speed (p=0.013) were observed, but no significant differences were found in choice (p=0156) and complex auditory (p=0.658) RT, and anticipation skill in high speed (p=0.071) despite the improvement, compared with those in the athletes before the rehabilitation period (P<0.05).Conclusion: It seems that the reduction of neuro-cognitive skills, including visual reaction time and anticipation skill is associated with loss of neuromuscular control. On the other hand, it seems that traditional rehabilitation based on neuromuscular skills can improve neuro-cognitive factors and improve visual reaction time and anticipation skill.

Background and Aim: Medial Tibia Stress Syndrome (MTSS) is one of the common injuries in most athletes. The purpose of the present study was to compare the lower leg muscle strength and Range of Motion (ROM) in people with or without MTSS and its relation with leg posture.Materials and Methods: The sample were 30 students of Physical Sciences at Guilan University including 15 students with MTSS and 15 normal students. We used Foot Posture Index, to assess placement of athletes’ legs with MTSS. Also, dynamometer was used to evaluate isometric strengths of abductor and adductor thigh muscles’ dorsi and plantar flexor of the ankle. Then, we measured the active ROM for lateral and internal rotation thigh, dorsi, and plantar flexion, eversion, and inversion of ankle using universal goniometer.Results: The results indicating the relationship between posture of leg with level of MTSS showed pronation of 46.7% (P=0.02). Also, a significant difference was found in the strength of abductor and adductor of thigh muscle and dorsi and plantar flexor of ankle between the two groups (p£0.05) in that muscle strength of thigh adductor (P=0.022) and ankle plantar flexor (P=0.020) with MTSS were stronger than those of the controls, but thigh abductor muscle strength (P=0.018) and ankle dorsi flextion (P=0.046) of the MTSS group were weaker than those of the control group. Other results showed significant differences in spinning ROM of thigh external and internal rotation and plantar flexor of ankle joint between the two groups (P£0.05) as MTSS group had thigh external (P=0.011) and plantar flexor (P=0.003) ROM more than those of the other group. No significant difference was found in the internal rotation of thigh, dorsi flexion, inversion, and eversion of ankle between the two groups (P³0.05).Conclusion: According to the findings, using appropriate exercises to improve the power and flexibility of lower limbs’ joints and muscles can prevent MTSS. Also, it was revealed that pronation of leg can be among the main causes of inside MTSS. So, it is highly recommended that the trainers correct this unnatural correction via anti-pronation tapes and special insoles.

Introduction and Aim: Satisfaction is a very significant concept in health care. Patient satisfaction is one of the most important factors to improve the quality of services in clinics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the satisfaction of patients who referred to the clinics of the School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 200 patients were randomly selected from those referring to the School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, in the first six months of 1391. Data was gathered using interviews and questionnaire administration and SPSS (v.18) was used for data analysis.Results: It was found that %83.5 of the patients were satisfied with the clinic’s services. Totally, %96.3 of the participants stated that if they require rehabilitation in the future, they would go back to these clinics again. The highest satisfaction was related to the Sentry personnel and speed and accuracy of test the therapists performed. The lower satisfaction was related to the hygiene of physical therapy clinic and long waiting time in the Audiology Clinic.Conclusion: The findings showed that satisfaction of patients differed from one variable to another. Although the overall satisfaction of patients is acceptable, the shortages and problems addressed by the participants in the questionnaire were presented to the administrators of each clinic and the Dean of the School of Rehabilitation Sciences to alleviate these problems and to increase patient satisfaction.

Background and Aim: Reading disorder or dyslexia is the best known disorder, among specific learning disorders, with neuro-biological origin. This disorder is related to learning difficulties despite normal intelligence and proper instructions at home and school. Delay in identification and intervention of dyslexia will affect the person's future. The aim of the present study was designing a neuro-cognitive program for measurement and evaluation of working memory, in order to screen and detect preschoolers with different function in the early stages.Materials and Methods: The neuro-cognitive program was designed with C-Sharp software based on neuro-cognitive theories, especially information processing theory. To define the output or making the intelligent program, the data and functions of the children with definite diagnosis, dyslexia or without the disorder, were needed. Thus, a total of 256 children were selected with cluster random sampling method and their scores and data from task performance were recorded and saved. The children were followed for two years. At the end of the second grade of elementary school, the data from 237 children was used to define the output and making the intelligent program.Results: The results showed that the designed computer-based neuro-cognitive program has the acceptable validity in accordance with the specialists’ opinion and also, the reliability of the program, with the significance level of 0.05, is 0.87 and 0.91 for visual and auditory working memories, respectively. The validity of the program reached 0.68 and 0.78 for visual and auditory working memory, with the significance level of 0.001 Conclusion: The designed neuro-cognitive program is a valid instrument for measurement and evaluation of working memory in preschoolers. It can be used as a screening tool for early detection of children at the risk of dyslexia.

Background and Aim: The Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF) is a relatively new intervention that focuses on the observation of healthy hand gestures in the mirror to improve damaged hand motion. This approach is based on the concept of central representation of phantom or affected limb. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Mirror Therapy as a supplementary approach on Sensory re-education outcomes after median/ ulnar nerve repair.Materials and Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 10 patients (mean age 32 years) with repaired median/ulnar nerves were selected from the available community and were randomly assigned using random cards in to intervention and control groups. Both groups received traditional rehabilitation program, three times a week, each time for 40 minute. In addition, intervention group received Mirror Therapy, 15 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. outcome measures Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments (SWMS) and Two Points Discrimination (TPD) were given to check the status of superficial sensation and Stereognosis for sensory function prior to (4-6th week after surgery) and after the (12th week after surgery) treatment.Results: The SWMS and TPD scores significantly improved in the post test in both groups; however, Mirror Therapy exhibited significantly greater changes in the SWMS and TPD scores compared with that in control group (p£.o5 ( Conclusion: The MVF, in combination with traditional sensory reeducation program, produced more improvement in the superficial sensation and sensory function compared with that in the control group in the first phase of sensory reeducation. This may be due to the potential of cerebral neuroplasticity, stimulation of somatosensory areas, and motor network, modulation of cerebral reorganization and also prevention of further changes.

Background and aim: Long-term effects of continuous aerobic exercise on body systems are frequently reported, but few studies have compared the effects of continuous and interval aerobic exercises on blood pressure. Considering a majority of individuals' tendency to do short-term and discontinuous exercises and, on the other hand, the prevalence of hypertension in the community as one of the most important health problems, the present study was conducted to compare the effect of interval continuous aerobic exercise on blood pressure.Materials and Methods: The study followed a quasi-experimental design. A total of 20 healthy, sedentary participants (mean age: 3.5 ± 26 years and Body Mass Index: 2.8 ± 24.4 Kg/m2) participated in two sessions of physical activity, including walking and running on a treadmill. To check the heart health and to calculate the maximum target heart rate, the stress test was carried out under the supervision of cardiologist a week prior to the intervention. Then, in two concequtive sessions, continuous submaximal aerobic (with an intensity equivalent to 60 percent of maximum heart rate target) and interval aerobic interventions (with an intensity equivalent to 50 and 80% of maximum heart rate) were randomly assigned to the two groups. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured before, after, and up to 15 minutes after completion of the intervention. Data was analyzed running student's t-test (to compare the two types of interventions) and paired t-test (to compare the means before and after the intervention).Results: After a continuous aerobic (P=0.02) and interval exercise (P=0.04), a significant decrease was observed in the diastolic blood pressure. Also, the blood pressure changes were not found to be significantly different in the two types of intervention.Conclusion: Our findings indicated that a continuous and interval aerobic exercise can influence diastolic blood pressure.

Background and Aimes: Children with spastic cerebral palsy have difficulties with balance and movement. Balance is a crucial factor of movement that facilitates functional skills. The purpose of the present study was to translate and to evaluate face and content validity of Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS).Materials and Methods: In the current descriptive-analytical study, psychometric methods were assessed. Translation of this scale was accomplished in forward-backward process. Next, face validity was checked by 10 occupational therapists and content validity was evaluated by 10 other occupational therapists. Moreover, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were determined.Results: In translation process, one item was changed because it was confusing for occupational therapists. Face validity was obtained to be very high for this measure (2.87-4.70). Also, CVR (1- 0.73) and CVI (0.96) were in the acceptable range.Conclusion: PBS has high face and content validity which is appropriate for assessing functional balance in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Background and Aim: Patellofemoral syndrome is one of the common injuries especially among women which is accompanied by a pain in patella. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of the water exercise in two different depths on the balance and pain caused by patellofemoral pain in female students.Method and procedure: A total of 32 female students (age: 6.22±8.1, weight: 7.53±5.6 kg, height: 1.56±.1 cm (from among 60 students with patellofemoral pain were selected and randomly divided into three groups: shallow water, deep water, and control groups. Static balance was measured before and after water exercise, three times per week, using Biodex Balance System and pain was measured using Visual Analogue Scale. The control group did not perform any exercises during the study.Results: The mixed-repeated measure showed that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test for all the three groups (p=0.001). There were significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in both water exercise groups in balance) shallow: 0.016, deep: p=0.047; respectively (and pain) shallow: p=0.046, deep: p=0.00), while no significant difference was found for the same variables in the control group (balance: p=0.063, pain: p=0.468, respectively).Conclusion: It can be concluded that water exercise can improve balance and decrease knee pain among female students. Despite more improvement and less pain in deep water group, there were no significant differences observed in balance and pain between the two experimental groups. It can be suggested that water exercise can be used as a modality protocol treatment for improving balance and pain among female patients with patellofemoral pain.

Background and aim: The respiratory system is considered as a source of energy for normal vibration of vocal folds with no extra forces on external and internal laryngeal muscles. This system is specifically important in professional voice users. With regard to the high incidence of voice problems among teachers, as a significant group of professional voice users, the present study was conducted to investigate the respiratory competency using MPT and s/z Ratio criterion in teachers with and without voice problems risks classified based on their scores on Screening Index for Voice Sisorder (SIVD).Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 elementary school teachers. The participants first completed the SIVD questionnaire, and then the MPT and the s/z Ratio were calculated for each teacher. Data analysis was run using SPSS (v.18).Results: No significant difference was observed between means of MPT and s/z Ratio in male participants in the two groups. However, the difference between means of MPT in female participants was found to be significant (p=0.01).Conclusion: The results suggest that although respiratory competency was lower than normal in all the teachers, it cannot solely be the cause of developing the risk of voice problems.

Background and Aim: The purpose of the present study was to compare the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) between two groups of typical and gifted students.Material and Method: A sample of 148 male students, aged 12-14, who were selected based on improbable method, were divided into two groups of 75 students in typical school (IQ ranging between 90 and 110) and 73 gifted students (IQs ranging between 110 and 130). Then, they were evaluated using the standard method of RAVLT based on auditory system assessments.Results: A significant mean value difference (P<0.005) was observed in different stages of RAVLT for the target test groups. There was no significant difference between different ages (P>0.05); however, the 14-year-old students in both groups had the highest score. There was a high correlation in a same direction between IQ and stages of RAVLT.Conclusion: In the current study, intelligence was found to have positive effect on getting better scores in RAVLT; in the other words, the gifted students had better memory capacity, but due to complex interactions of different cognitive aspects, finding the causal relationship between these two factors was too complicated, so the detailed studies in this field will help to better understand individuals' mental abilities and to find better means to improve learning.

Background and Aim: Deficits in various areas such as pathways involved in motor learning and cognitive performance in schizophrenic patients is reportedly evident. The aim of the present study was to compare two types of implicit motor learning and explicit motor learning in patients with schizophrenia.Materials and methods: In the present comparative retrospective study, the sample included individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (aged 25 to 40 years) by a psychiatrist at Behravan Rehabilitation Center and Shahid Zare Hospital in Sari City. The study sample consisting of 35 patients with schizophrenia divided into explicit learning (n=18) and implicit learning (n=17) groups who were selected via convenience sampling. Serial Reaction Time (SRT) software was used for data collection and SPSS (v.16) for data analysis running U Mann Whitney and Kalmvgraf -Smirnov tests.Results: The results of the current study showed that between the two groups of patients with implicit and explicit motor learning schizophrenia, the difference response time between the first and the eighth days was not statistically significant in the two first blogs (P>0.05). Also, the number of errors on the first day and changes in response-time were not significantly different between the two groups of patients with implicit motor learning and explicit motor learning schizophrenia (P>0.05). However, as for the number of errors in blogs, between the eighth blog of the first day and the second blog of the second day, there was statistically significant difference between explicit and implicit motor learning schizophrenia groups (P=0.04).Conclusion: The study found that, in terms of learning, patients with implicit motor learning schizophrenia were a little weaker than their counterparts in explicit motor learning schizophrenia.

Background and Aim The aim of this study was the evaluation of the results of photorefractive keratectomy in myopia Correction.Materials and Methods The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 74 patients, 18 to 51 years old, who were undergoing Photorefractive keratectomy using Wave front-optimized surgery plan via Allegreto Wave Eye-Q in Markazi clinic. All of the surgical procedures were performed by one surgeon. After 5 years, follow-up visits were paid performing eye examination including BCVA, UCVA, Refractive error measurement, and external eye examination.Result The mean diopter of spherical equivalent before the surgery was -3.40±1.73.The following findings were obtained in follow-up visits after 5 years: The mean equivalent sphere value: -0.08±0/40, the mean logUCVA: 0.02±0.076, and the mean logBCVA: 0.00±0.044.Conclusion Photorefractive keratectomy by Mitomicyne C and Allegreto Wave Eye-Q is a safe procedure to correct myopia and other factors, including gender, age, and the presence of astigmatism before surgery, have little if any effect on the results.

Background and Aim: Children with autism have sitting and on-task behavior problems in classroom. Sitting on ball and cushion may increase this classroom behavior. The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of three alternative classroom-seating devices such as regular classroom chairs, therapy balls, and air cushions on students’ classroom behavior.Materials and Methods: A total of 15 autistic students aged 5-12 years old participated in the present single subject design A-B-A-C multiple treatments in Mashhad from 1392 to 1393. Students’ behaviors were video recorded in three phases: sitting on their common chairs (baseline period) during phase A, air-sit cushions in phase B, and ball chairs in phase C. Sitting frequency and on-task behaviors were quantified and compared in different phases during eight weeks.Results: Findings showed significant increases in in-seat behaviors in 86.7% of the students (P<0.001) and on-task behaviors in 53.3% of the students (8 out of 15) when seated on therapy balls. The results also showed significant decrease in autistic behavior including stereotypic behavior and increase in communication and social relationships in these students when seated on therapy ball and air cushion (P=0.017 (.Conclusion: While using therapy ball improved class behavior of the students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the class, the use of ball and air cushion should be chosen individually according to the patient’s response to the sitting device.

Background and Aim: Several studies have been conducted on the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on adult patients. But, in the recent years, only a few studies have been carried out in children and teenagers because of the concerns about this stimulation. The aim of the present study was reviewing the studies about the effects and side effects of brain electrical stimulation in children and adolescents with movement disorders.Materials and Methods: The current study is a literature review, performed on studies reported between 2000-2015 about the effects and side effects of tanscranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with motor disorders, by searching PubMed, ScienceDirect, OVID, Springer, Cochrane, and Google scholar data bases.Results: From among 162 articles and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 final articles were reviewed. These studies demonstrated that the combined use of tDCS and other treatments such as routine physical therapy, treadmill, and virtual reality in children and adolescents improves the balance and gait parameter in lower limbs and decreases the spasticity in upper limbs. The only reported adverse effects in these studies were redness, itching burning and transient mood changes. The present study showed that the electrical stimulation of the brain through direct current stimulation does not cause seizures and it can be used as a therapeutic method in patients with seizures.Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study indicated that other than itching and mood changes, this current in children and adolescents does not cause other adverse effects at least in the short term. When used with other treatments, it can bring about desirable effects in children and adolescents with motor impairment.

Background and aim: Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) encounter different pathologies since their births. Therefore, it is seems necessary for them to receive professional services that require spending so much money and time. Considering the fact that parents’ inappropriate care sometimes can unwittingly exacerbate these children’s conditions and the amount of education and intervention in each therapy session is insufficient to bring about brain neuroplastic changes and interaction with the environment, it is necessary to offer education and training in a way that they can have greater impact on the performance of the children and save time and costs for the parents and professionals. The purpose of the present study was to narratively review caring training for caregivers of children with CP.Materials and methods: Initially, related literature was reviewed. Google scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, Elsevier, OVID, Web of science, Elsevier, OT seeker, SID, Magiran, IRAN MEDEX, and MEDLIB were throroughly searched. The combinations of keywords including the interventions (caring, self-care, home nursing), participants (parents, caregivers, mother), intervention (teaching, training, education), and disability (CP and physical disabilities) were used. Articles were searched from 1990 to June 2015. Titles and abstracts of 427 Article were reviewed.Results: A total of 14 studies were included in the search results. The impact of education on both parent and the child, factors influencing parents following the training, and various methods of training were studied.Conclusion: Caring training for caregivers of children with CP has a positive effect on caregiver’s mental health and the participation of children in activities of daily living and their fine and gross motor function. But further investigations are required to provide content suited to the needs of caregivers and increase communication between caregivers, professionals, and caregivers with similar conditions.

Background and Aim: NeuroMobilization is one of the recent nonsurgical treatments for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome with a lot of discrepancies regarding its efficacy. The aim of the present study was a systematic review of the previous studies about effectiveness of neural gliding techniques for carpal tunnel syndrome patients.Materials and Methods: Using the keywords Carpal tunnel syndrome, Median nerve, NeuroMobilization, and physiotherapy, a literature search was performed for the period 1998-2015, in Google Scholar, PEDRO, PubMed, and Science Direct databases.Results: Among the articles found, only the ones that had control groups and used neural gliding techniques were chosen. Therefore, out of 20 articles, nine were selected according to the inclusion criteria.Conclusion: Although pain reduction, function and sensing improvement, and ability enhancement were noticed in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, after applying neural gliding techniques in some studies, the efficacy was not clear and definite due to weak results in some other studies. Also, more comprehensive researches are needed with more study cases and longer follow-up time to resolve these discrepancies.

Background and Aim Exposure to loud noise can evoke the formation of free radicals. An increase in the production pf free radicals has an important role in noise induced hearing loss.Materials and Methods After searching the articles from 2000 up to 2016, published within the scope of antioxidants and noise induced hearing loss, 73 relevant articles were found from which 24 articles were selected.Results Antioxidants can detoxify and attenuate free radicals. This role of antioxidants in attenuating hearing loss has been the subject of much recent interest.Conclusion Considerable research has been aimed at investigating antioxidants to prevent the onset or progression of noise induced hearing loss. This novel strategy may be considered by otolaryngologists and audiologists and offers potentiald to therapeutic targets.