Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry
Year:2022 | Volume:9 | Issue:1|Papers Count:12

Introduction: Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, in addition to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and alertness problems, show the the lowest level of social activity and they have more trouble finding and keeping friends. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor and computer games on the attention and social communications of male students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder aged 10-12 years. Method: The statistical population of the present study was all elementary male students aged 10-12 years with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder in District 4 of Tehran in 2021 and 36 of them were purposefully and accessibly selected. Motor and computer games were performed in 8 weeks and in each session in 3 sessions of 60 minutes. The Connors questionnaire of the parents' version and the Zebov questionnaire were filled out by the parents in the pre-test and post-test. Repeated measure analysis and paired t-test were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 23. Results: The results showed that motor and computer games had a significant positive effect on attention and social communications )P≤, 0. 05(,but there was no significant difference between the effects of these two interventions on any of the research variables )P≥, 0. 05(. Conclusion: Motor and computer games improve attention and social communications in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, therefore, it is recommended that these games be used to help children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder.

Introduction: Suicidal and self-harm behaviors are among the topics that have long been considered by clinical psychologists. Aim: The present study aimed to compare suicidal and self-harm behaviors and the guilt and shame proneness among individuals with the "dark tetrad personality traits" and the "vulnerable dark triad" Method: The present cross-sectional study is a type of structural equation modeling that has been conducted using a large sample. The statistical population in the "general population" consists of all young people aged 18-40 in Tehran. The "clinical population" also included all people with suicidal and self-harm behaviors of the same age range. A total of 1876 people were included in the present analysis among which 1696 individuals were selected for the general population using online surveys and 180 ones in purposive sampling for the clinical population from psychiatric hospitals, and prisons located in Tehran. The research tools in the present study included the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4), Scales for vulnerable dark personality traits, the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP), the Self-Harm Inventory (SHI) and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Data were analyzed by SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 using a comparison of path coefficients and invariance Testing. Results: The findings indicated that only a statistically significant difference observed between the dark tetrad of personality traits and the vulnerable dark triad was self-harm behaviors (not Suicidal Behaviors) (P<0. 001, t=6. 603, Δ, β, =0. 13). Also, people with vulnerable dark triad possessed more pathological shame (P<0. 001, t=7. 346, β, =0. 21) compared to those with dark tetrad of personality traits. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the vulnerable dark triad (Factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism and BPD) is associated with an increasingly greater risk of self-harm behaviors and pathological shame compared to a dark tetrad of personality (Sadism, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism and Narcissism).

Introduction: The importance of new equipment and technologies on professional athletes has led to a greater understanding of the need for studies in this area to determine its psychological effects on athletes. Aim: The present study examines the psychological effects of new equipment and technologies on professional athletes. Method: The method of the present study was mixed. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section included experts aware of the subject of the research who were identified as the research sample according to the purposeful selection of 12 people. Also, the statistical population of the research in a small part included professional athletes in Tehran in 2021, which according to the available selection, 200 people were identified as the research sample. The collection tools included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical method used in the qualitative part included the coding method. The coding performed in this research was done in three sections of open, axial and selective coding. SPSS software version 20 was used for quantitative data analysis. Results: The results showed that the psychological effects of new equipment and technologies on professional athletes were identified in four categories: motivational, mental, behavioral, and interpersonal. The results indicate that behavioral effects (X=3. 33) and mental effects (X=4. 05) are higher than the average level, indicating the strong effects on professional athletes. Conclusion: According to the results, new equipment and technologies can affect athletes in individual, behavioral and mental areas.

Introduction: Drug abuse is one of the global problems and despite the effectiveness of treatment methods, it often recurs over time. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motivational interviews on temptation and relapse in patients treated with Buprenorphine referred to addiction treatment clinics. Method: The research was applied and quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group, the study population was patients treated with Buprenorphine who were referred to addiction treatment clinics in Marivan in 2020. In this study, 42 people were selected by random sampling method and assigned to two groups of 21 intervention and control. Data collection tools included a substance use temptation questionnaire after withdrawal, a return prediction questionnaire along laboratory tests. Data were analyzed using STATA-12 and SPSS-25 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests of Wilcoxon, Man Whitney and Pearson's chi-squared test. Results: The results showed that intervention and control groups were statistically homogeneous. Before the intervention, the mean score of temptation was 74. 42±, 11. 31 and recurrence was 121. 80±, 7. 80. After the intervention, the mean score of temptation was reduced to (51. 33±, 9. 15) and recurrence of consumption was reduced to (108. 76±, 10. 62),therefore, there was a statistically significant difference between intervention and control groups (p<0. 001). Conclusion: The results showed that motivational interview was effective on the rate of temptation and recurrence of patients. Therefore, designing and using motivational interviews is recommended for caregivers in the psychiatric and addiction wards along with other addiction therapies.

Introduction: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is one of the crucial disorders in childhood and adolescence which is externalizing spectrum disorders. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy on improving emotional regulation and communication skills of adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder. Method: This research has been executed in context of a clinical trial plan with pre-test and post-test and one-month follow up period. Among the students with oppositional defiant disorder of junior school in Urmia city who were studying in the (school) year 2020-2021 that 51 people were purposefully selected and placed randomly in three groups (17 people for cognitive-behavioral therapy, 17 people for hypnotherapy and 17 people for control) with the assistance of schools’,teachers and principals, parents and utilizing diagnostic interviews and also supplying the inclusion criteria in research. Then cognitivebehavioral therapy and hypnotherapy group has intervened based on intervention stranded protocols but members of the control group did not receive any intervention. After the end of a month, a follow-up test was performed and the research scales were used again. Tools of this research included: Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and the communication skills inventory. SPSS-22 software and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of this research indicated that both cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy improve communication (F=1. 53, P>0. 224) and adaptive emotion regulation skills (F=2. 45, P>0. 575) and reduction of maladaptive emotion regulation skills (F=2. 56, P>0. 127) were equally affected and there was no significant difference between them. Conclusion: The results of this study signify that both hypnotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective equally in improving emotion regulation and communication skills and these investigations can be used to cope with adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder.

Introduction: The spread of Corona virus outbreak has changed peoples lifestyles, and due to the nature of unlimited Internet usage in this era, the perception of time has also been changed and has caused a kind of procrastination in university students. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between internet addiction and metaphorical perception of time with students procrastination during the Corona virus outbreak. Method: The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all students in Tehran and Mashhad during the outbreak of Corona virus in 2021. To do this, 250 students were voluntarily asked via Instagram to complete Time Perception Metaphorical Questionnaire of Raiisi and Moghadasin (2020), Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire (1996) and Tuckman Procrastination Scale (1991). The statistical method was Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis. Data were then analyzed by using SPSS-22. Results: The results indicated that Internet addiction and metaphorical perception of time during Corona virus outbreak are related to the level of students procrastination at this time (P<0. 05). Also, internet addiction and metaphorical perception of time can predict 17. 8% and 14. 6% of procrastination, respectively. Conclusion: To conclude, it can be said that the rate of students procrastination is predictable based on internet addiction and metaphorical understanding of time during the outbreak of the Corona virus. It is suggested that researchers pay more attention to cognitive factors such as metaphorical perception of time and behavioral factors such as internet addiction in their studies on procrastination in this period.

Introduction: In recent years, exercise and physical activity have become common, and given sports psychology development, the desire for physical activity plays a vital role in influencing peoples mental health. Aim: This study is conducted to examine the effect of passion for physical activity on the psychological well-being of sports facilities participants. Method: The method is descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. The population was all participants in sports facilities of Tehran, District 15, in 2021. The sample size was determined by Gpower 3. 1, and 348 people were selected by the simple random sampling method. In order to collect data, the Passion for Physical Activity Scale (Vallerand et al., 2003), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Bails et al. 1998), Self-neglect and Physical Injury Experience Scale (Louis et al., 2016) were used. Statistical analysis was conducted by structural equations modeling with SPSS-24 and Smart PLS-3. Results: The results of structural equation modeling showed that obsessive (p=0. 001) and harmonious (p=0. 003) passions have a significant negative and positive effect on self-neglect. Also, obsessive passion has a significant positive effect on satisfaction with life, and obsessive passion has a significant positive effect on workout injury (p=0. 001). Finally, self-neglect has a significant negative effect on satisfaction with life (p=0. 001), but no significant effect was observed on the workout injury (p=0. 204). Conclusion: The results show that obsessive and harmonious passions negatively and positively affect psychological well-being. Managers and officials should develop sports activities in intervention strategies to improve satisfaction and psychological well-being.

Introduction: Compassionate love can involve suitable social behaviors such as protection. The compassionate love scale relative to the human has been made to assess this concept. Aim: The current study was performed to determine the psychometric properties of the revised short Persian version of the compassionate love scale relative to humans in Iranian society. Method: The plan of the research is descriptive-correlational. The studied population includes all persons of Kermanshah city above 18-year old in 2021, who participate in this research online. In this study, 510 people were addressed by an available sampling method. The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-revised (CAMS-R) questionnaire of Feldman et al. was utilized for convergent validity and Fear of Compassion to others (Gilbert et al. ) for divergent validity. The internal consistency method was used to analyze data using Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for structural validity with the help of SPSS-25 and Lisrel-8. 8. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained 8. 87 for the total scale. The compassionate love for humanity scale (CLS-H-SF) showed the positive and significant correlation with CAMS-R of 139 and negative one that fear of compassion to others was-126 (P>0. 005). Also, the results of CFA showed that the single-factor structure has the suitable fitting in the studied population. Conclusion: Validity of the revised short Persian version of the compassionate love scale relative to humans in Iranian society was confirmed. Researchers and mental health professionals can use this tool as a brief tool to evaluate compassionate love in the research and therapeutic interventions.

Introduction: Pathological narcissism is a sophisticated psychological construct that has two dimensions i. e. grandiosity and vulnerability. Substance use disorders have been related to grandiosity in the literature, but their relationship with vulnerability have not been well known Aim: The aim of this study was to compare pathological narcissism and its dimensions in people with substance use disorders with non-clinical individuals. Method: The research design was analytic-cross sectional study with ex-post facto (comparative) procedure. The statistical population included all people with substance use disorders who had referred to the addiction clinic of Roozbeh Hospital in Tehran from June to January 2019. The sample consisted of 93 people with substance use disorders and 92 people from non-clinical population who were included in the study by convenience sampling method. Both groups completed the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, the Pathological Narcissism Inventory & the General Health Questionnaire (for screening in non-clinical population). Data were analyzed using two-way and one-way analysis of variances and Spearmen correlation coefficient in SPSS-24. Results: People with substance use disorders had significantly higher scores in pathological narcissism and its dimensions compared to the non-clinical group (P<0. 001). Spearman correlation coefficient between the variables of addiction severity and pathological narcissism (p<0. 001), grandiose narcissism (p<0. 001) and vulnerable narcissism (p<0. 001) were significant and positive. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the importance of evaluation and treatment planning for pathological narcissism especially vulnerability domain in substance use disorders.

Introduction: Obesity has become an epidemic on a global scale in recent decades. The effect of psychological factors on eating behaviors should be considered weight loss interventions. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive hypnotherapy on coping self-efficacy and adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation in obese women. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group and follow-up that was conducted on obese women in Ahvaz in 2020. Forty women were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collection tools were Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Checklist for Utilizing Life Experience, Interest & Values, Chesney et al. 's (2006), Coping Self-Efficacy Scale and Garnefski et al. 's (2001) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. MANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS-25 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that cognitive hypnotherapy increased the participants coping self-efficacy (F=29. 73, P≥, 0. 001) and this effect continued until the follow-up period (F=6. 43, P≥, 0. 03). It did not have a significant effect on adaptive strategies, but it created a significant difference in maladaptive strategies in the follow-up despite its lack of significance in the post-test (F=4. 47, P≥, 0. 01). Conclusion: The results revealed that the use of cognitive hypnotherapy is an effective method to increase coping self-efficacy and reduce maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in women with obesity and can be used to improve the psychological problems of these people.

Introduction: Neuropsychological skills are required to learn the prerequisite concepts of reading, writing and mathematics in the preschool period. Aim: The aim of this study was evaluation of normative scores of Neuropsychological Skills Teacher Form Questionnaire of preschool children. Method: The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative section and the descriptive-survey method in the quantitative section. The statistical population included all preschool children of Isfahan in the academic year of 2020-2021. After obtaining permission from the Education Organization, the researcher-made neuropsychological skills questionnaire was completed online by 410 preschool teachers selected by the two-stage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis through principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis by SPSS-22 and AMOS-23. Results: The normative results of the participants responses to the questionnaire revealed that the raw scores ranged between 1. 7 and 4, Z scores ranged between 2. 24 and 1. 77, t scores ranged between 27. 57 and 67. 89, and percentage scores were from 0. 2 and 100%,furthermore, the factor loadings (p=0. 476, Δ, x2=12. 64) were equal among girls and boys. The reliability coefficients of the questionnaire estimated by Cronbach’, s alpha (0. 921) and split-half (0. 843) were acceptable. The clinical cut-off point was 2. 86, and factor loadings of all items obtained from confirmatory factor analysis were higher than 0. 4 and significant (p<0. 001). But the difference between the mean scores of neuropsychological skills of preschool girls and boys was not significant (p>0. 05). Conclusion: The researcher-made Neuropsychological Skills Questionnaire can be used as a valid tool to assess the neuropsychological skills of preschool children.

Introduction: Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder is a common disorder in childhood, characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. Aim: This study examines the effectiveness of balance training on static balance and selective attention in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Method: This research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population was all 6-year-old children with ADHD referred to the center for child counseling in Gorgan in 2021-2022. Thirty people were selected by convenience sampling method and assigned to the experimental and control groups. In order to collect data, The stork balance test and Stroop color and word test were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of covariance in SPSS-24. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the post-test mean of the experimental and control groups,This means that balance training can improve Static balance (p<0. 001,F=19. 45) and selective attention (p<0. 001,F=28. 63) in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Conclusion: The results showed that balance training is effective on selective attention and static balance in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, This exercise seems to be helpful in the rehabilitation program.