SOCIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN IRAN
Year:2018 | Volume:7 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:8

Domestic manufacturers face a number of challenges that have stopped manufacturing, and shut down some of the industrial units. Over the past years, governments have tried to support domestic production through monetary supportive policies and tariffs, but they still face a lot of challenges, despite the fact that they spend a lot of resources and costs on businesses. This paper is to analyze manufacturers' and experts' perception of domestic production, protection challenges, and effective strategies for supporting domestic production. This paper has been conducted with a qualitative approach and using theoretical and analytical knowledge of university professors and practical knowledge of employers, which are the sample population of this research. Results indicate that current policies to support domestic production have created numerous challenges, including the challenge of creating and sustaining employment, the challenge of technology and innovation, and the challenge of economic corruption and rents. Other findings from this study include the need to change the strategies for supporting domestic production. Current strategies, such as providing cheap banking facilities, imposing high tariffs on imported goods, and subsidizing cheap, inefficient energy instead, the government can use efficient strategies such as macroeconomic stability, support for R & D, regional and international marketing, control of corruption and improve the business environment.

In recent century, Iranian society experienced social and political changes, including changes in the role and status of women and family development. This paper examines the relationship between these two transformations, modernizing of women (objective and subjective modernity), and the transformation of intimacy in Tabriz among the last three generations. Objective modernity means the presence of people in modern spaces and the consumption of modern products. Subjective modernity means the motivational, attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of individuals to adapt to the new conditions. This study aims to identify the path to transformation of marital intimacy, and factors affecting it. The statistical population includes all married women in Tabriz. A sample of 997 of them were examined in three generations. The impact of independent variables including generation, education, social class, objective modernity, and subjective modernity on the dependent variable, namely intimacy, were tested through regression analysis and also using the software Amos Graphics. Results of regression analysis showed that four variables of subjective modernity, objective modernity, social class, and generation had a significant effect on intimacy, but the variable "education" did not have a significant effect on intimacy. Furthermore, the experimental data confirmed the theoretical model of the research. Finally, based on findings, the ways of intimacy have been transformed among the three generations, and modernization of women has played an important role in this transformation. However, as there are differences between generations, there are differences and inhomogeneity within them as well.

Tuloei's sect was emerged in the late 1330s in the southern oil-rich region among Bakhtiari people. The sect, which had various aspects and is known as Tolouei or Soroushi, was like a sect or semi-sect, which had specific rituals and lifestyle, and special praying words. This sect by its creed and rituals led people to abandoning and disregarding the world. Among the Bakhtiari people in the area of Masjed Soleyman, there lived a person named Sir Jikak (well-known as Seyed Jikak) who came from England, and came to the region by accompanying the British Oil Company. By living in this area, he acquired sufficient knowledge about the people. Then, by nationalization of the oil Iranian industry, he launched this sect to make people indifferent toward the aforementioned issue. In this paper, it is examined one aspect of this sect, qualitatively and phenomenologically. Data was gathered by using snowball sampling method, interviewing with 14 individuals in the towns of Izeh, Masjed Soleyman, Farsan, Dehdez, and some countryside villages. These people directly or indirectly met the sect. The main question of this paper is that whether there has been some elements of magic in Tolouei sect. Findings did not show the actual relation of the two. Finally, results showed that the role of Tolouei's head has been because of their social influence and charisma due to their personality.

The prevailing belief in the studies of historical sociology is that associations and organizations have been always inactive in the cities of Iran. This paper, based on sociological approach, is to show that in the late middle centuries in Iran, the artisans in interaction with Futuwwa organizations formed a kind of guild, which have been different from medieval guilds in the West. The sociological framework of this paper is based on pre-modern guilds, derived from Durkheim's views. Based on this framework, the guilds in the late middle centuries in Iran, in conjunction with Sufi Futuwwa organizations, formed a kind of guild that can be called a "religious guild". What made guilds more organized and coherent as professional associations in the cities during this period was the Sufi Futuwwa as a religion, which prioritized over the professional interests of the members. The guild was able to achieve coherence and formalization only by relying on the religion and religious association. This shows how much the nature and organization of the ideology governing the market guilds in Iranian cities in each period is important.

This paper is to study the aesthetic behaviors of middle and upper-middle-class women in the Mashhad. A number of women in Mashhad were selected using theoretical convenience sampling, and were studied, employing the qualitative approach and using grounded theory method. The process of theoretical sampling continued to data saturation. The collected data were analyzed using open, pivotal and selective coding. Findings were presented by the storyline frame (i. e. 17 main categories, and 1 core category), paradigm model, and the small-scale theory. Results showed that women aspire to be Aphrodite due to their physical dissatisfaction. In addition to physical dissatisfaction, this aspiration is resulted from the media, capital property, etc. In such condition, the strategies of body changes (i. e. buying face/redeeming body, physical changes, etc. ) are activated among women. But these strategies, in addition to beauty, have dangers for women. In fact, their aspiration to be Aphrodite has finally led to the social construction of Aphrodite, and while having a beautiful aspect, has been dangerous in some cases.

This paper is to analyze the semantic understanding of structures affecting the quality of life of the residents of Oraman Lahon from the social interpretivism point of view. The scope of research is Oraman Lahon in Kermanshah. This study is qualitative. In order for data production, four methods were used including free observation, participant observation, deep interview, and group discussion. To analyze the data, the interpretational content analysis method in general practice was employed. Overall, the data was coded and analyzed in the form of 81 basic concepts, 8 major concepts, and a core coding, i. e. economic, social, cultural, and political subsystems. The core concept was the quality of life, around which other categories formed. These categories represent structures that affect the quality of life among social actors. Findings indicated that the structures affecting the quality of residents' life are multidimensional and complex, affected by components i. e. time and place, and external and internal factors. Therefore, different individuals perceive its meaning differently. The indicators of life quality in the region of Oraman Lahon are social constructions that focus on people's lives in Oraman area. Yet, it is the residents who can accurately judge and evaluate the changes of their life, and its factors. Another point is that the number of aspects these factors study is not so important. What is crucial is that in order for explaining the factors of the quality of life, the proposed model should have a multidimensional frame, in which it is considered that what people may consider in order to determine the changes of their quality of life.

Prosocial behavior is a particular type of targeted behavior that benefits other people. In addition to the diversity of prosocial behaviors, their conditions and circumstances are also important. In this study, the structural relationship between self-differentiation and the dimensions of the Prosocial behavior, by the intermediation of moral identity, is studied by using a causal model. First, 239 undergraduate students from Shiraz University were selected through proportional class sampling method. Three valid scales, including Eric's DSI-SE questionnaire, Penner’ s prosocial behavior questionnaire, and Aquino and Reed’ s moral identity questionnaire were applied to measure the model's variables. The validity and reliability of the instruments used in the research were reviewed and confirmed. Data was analyzed by employing the path analysis approach. Also, Amos software was used for evaluating the intermediation and fitness of the model. Results showed that the model was well-fitted with the data of this research. According to the findings, the differentiation was predicted other-oriented prosocial behavior negatively. Furthermore, moral identity predicted the helpfulness behavior positively, and predicted other-oriented prosocial behavior negatively. In addition, the moral identity play a mediating role in the relationship between self-differentiation and prosocial behavior. On the whole, results indicate the importance of self-differentiation and moral identity in prosocial behavior.

This paper is to study the relationship between organizational culture and its impact on organizational citizenship behavior, with the administrative performance of campuses in Farhangian University in Markazi province. The study was conducted by using survey method with reference to existing opinions. In terms of population limitation, sampling was overruled. Considering the assessment of locutions and variables, as well as the samples number, the relationship between citizenship culture and organizational behavior was measured by Kendall test, and the questionnaire by Organ and Konovsky (1996). The questionnaire deals with the five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior i. e. 1) altruism, 2) duteousness, 3) politeness and courtesy, 4) magnanimity, 5) civic virtue. The following results were obtained: There is a direct significant relationship between organizational performance and organizational culture. The dimensions of adolescence, civic behavior, and respect for organizational citizenship dimensions can certainly enhance all aspects of participation, stability, flexibility, and mission of organizational culture. The observed relationship between dimensions of altruism and conscience in most cases does not have a significant relationship with dimensions of organizational culture. Results of the regression model show that the proposed model can represent up to 14% of organizational culture.