IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (IJEM)
Year:2018 | Volume:19 | Issue:5 |Papers Count:9

Introduction: The association of nutrient patterns with chronic disease and obesity has been much focused on recently. This study investigated the relation between nutrient patterns with changes in weight and waist circumference. Materials and Methods: The study population included 1637 subjects, aged 30-75 years, free of cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, recruited from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2005-2008). Participants had complete anthropometric and dietary information and were followed up to the next phase (2008-2011). Dietary intake of 33 nutrients was collected by a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire and three year changes of weight and waist circumference were documented. Nutrient patterns were obtained using principal component analysis.Results: Four nutrient patterns were identified. Median and interquartile range (IQR) of weight and waist circumference changes of participants were 1.0 (-1.0–3.0) kilogram and 3.0 (0.0–8.0) centimetres, respectively. The first pattern (high fat dairy and meat), rich in animal protein, saturated fatty acid, cholesterol, vitamin D, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorous and zinc was associated with higher weight gain 0.258 (0.066–0.449) P for trend=0.009 after adjusting for confounder variables. There were no significant associations for other patterns (fruit and vegetables with dairy, nuts and legumes, and grains and fruits) with changes in weight and waist circumference.Conclusion: Dietary intakes of nutrient patterns rich in animal source foods are directly associated with higher weight gain.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common of chronic metabolic disturbances in the adolescent period. This disease is often considered as a family disease because its management needs and support of family members, considering the nature of diabetes and the need for self-care in patients, the family-centered empowerment model of with emphasis on the effective role of the individual and family members in three-dimensions of prevocational, psychological and properties of the problem can be a suitable frame for instructional intervention.Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of the empowerment model of family-centered intervention on the quality of life and self-efficacy of adolescents with diabetes. Materials and Methods: This is quasi-experimental study of 100 adolescents with type 1 diabetes, have divided randomly in two groups (n=50 each) of intervention and controls. Family-centered empoverment model intervention with four dimensions of perceived threat, self-efficacy, instructional partnership and evaluation was done in 5 sessions in the intervention group. Data of the patient’s demographic profile, questionnaire of standard scale self-efficacy in the management of diabetes and the quality of life of questionnaire for adolescents with diabetes were collected before, after immediately, and 1.5 months and 3 months after of intervention. For analysis of data, we used SPSS software version 21 and statistical test, K-square, paired and independent T and analysis of variance of duplicate sizes.Results: Results showed that after implementation of empowerment pattern of family-centered increased mean of the self-efficacy scores and quality of life at 1.5 months and 3 months after intervention in the intervention group a difference that was meaningful in terms of statistical significance (p<0.001).Conclusion: Study results showed that diabetes education with the patient empowerment approach which performed at the family level can improve patients selfefficacy and increase quality of life adolescences with diabetes, and can be implemented by nurses to assist the family and patient in medical care.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Nitrate has been introduced as a new therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes. Considering that both diabetes and nitrate have some effects on blood cell count and 30% of diabetic patients have anemia, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of sodium nitrate on blood cell count in obese type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, Control+nitrate, Diabetes and Diabetes+nitrate. The groups that received nitrate (Control +nitrate, Diabetes+nitrate) again were divided into two subgroups, which received sodium nitrate (100 and 250 mg/L in drinking water) for two months: control+nitrate100 (CN100), control+nitrate 250 (CN250), diabetes+nitrate100 (DN100), and diabetes+nitrate250 (DN250). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet for 14 days and injection of streptozotocin. Blood cell count was performed at the end of the study.Results: In diabetic rats, nitrate administration reduced body weight, blood glucose, hematocrits, and neutrophils (all p<0.05) but increased total number of white blood cells and lymphocytes (p<0.05). Nitrate administration had no effect on the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, or platelet numbers.Conclusion: Administration of sodium nitrate, which is considered as a therapeutic agent in type 2 diabetes, decreased blood glucose in the type 2 diabetic rats but had no major harmful effects on blood parameters; in addition, it may also have anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the number of neutrophils.

Introduction: There is controversy regarding the effects of insulin and metformin usage in postoperative hyperglycemia after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of insulin and metformin on blood acidity, bicarbonate, potassium and magnesium in nondiabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Materials and Methods: In a clinical trial, 56 nondiabetic patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the Kowsar Hospital in Semnan and suffered post-operative hyperglycemia, randomly received insulin and metformin. Levels of blood glucose, acidity, bicarbonate, potassium and magnesium were measured and recorded for both groups before and after surgery. Data was analyzed (significant level 0.05) using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests.Results: At the time of admission of patients in the ICU, means of arterial blood acidity, bicarbonate, potassium and magnesium were 7.37±0.07, 21.8±2.5 mEq/l, 4.3±0.5 mmol/l, and ± 2.1±0.3 mg/dl respectively in the insulin group and in the metformin group these values were 7.40±0.05, 22.2±2.8 mEq/l, 4.1±0.5 mmol/l, and 2.1±0.4 mg/dl respectively. There was no significant difference between the means of potassium, magnesium and bicarbonate in the two groups at different times (P>0.05).However, there was a significant difference between the mean values of arterial blood acidity 72 hours after admission in ICU in the two groups of insulin (7.41±0.03) and metformin (7.39±0.04) (P=0.047). However mean PH of the blood remained normal.Conclusion: In nondiabetic patients who have hyperglycemia following coronary artery bypass graft surgery, the use of metformin and insulin does not affect bicarbonate, potassium and magnesium of blood. However, overtime the use of metformin may gradually increases the pH of the blood. Therefore, it is recommended that metformin should be used in patients with blood pH control.

Introduction: The effects of environmental exposure during critical periods of gestational life on fetal growth and development have been confirmed by a large number of studies on human and animal models. Sex hormons are among the most influential environmental factor which affect on growth and development of different organs of fetus. Among them, androgens are the most important ones because they have various sources of production and secretion. Result previous studies that exposure to androgens during pregnancy may act as a teratogenic agent and cause defects, deministrated in offspring's endocrine and neural system developments. Considering the importance of this critical period for the development of some abnormal features in adulthood, basic research and clinical prevention efforts need to be run at this stage. This review article presents evidence on the effect of excessive androgens during fetal life on embryo development and evolution, which can lead to the development of certain phenotypes / diseases in adulthood.

Introduction: Adipokines are hormones secreted from adipose tissue in response to extracellular stimuli and changes in metabolism. These hormones are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin is one of these adipokines that has anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the role of adiponectin in gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and obesity during pregnancy.Materials and Methods: To conduct this research, a systematic of descriptive _observational studies by review was conducted searching databases, i.e PubMed, Iran Medex, SID, Google Scholar, between January 2000-February 2017, using the related keywords.The quality of the extracted articles was evaluated based on the STORBE checklist of contents and finally 20 articles were analyzed.Results: Adiponectin levels early in pregnancy increased, and with increasing insulin resistance during pregnancy, these levels gradually declined in maternal circulation and adipose tissue. Decreased adiponectin concentrations were also observed in obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus and can exacerbate insulin resistance, although levels of this hormone appears to increase in preeclampsia.Conclusion: These results indicate that reducing adiponectin levels is possibly involved in insulin resistance during pregnancy, obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus and the increase in levels of this hormone in preeclampsia is probably a physiological response to improving vascular function and insulin sensitivity.