Ecophytochemistry journal of Medicinal Plants
Year:2017 | Volume:5 | Issue:1 (17)|Papers Count:8

In order to study the effect of chemical fertilizer, manure and their combination on phytochemistry of Thymus daenensis L., this research was coducted using a randomized complete block design with split plot in time layout including 12 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments were 3 rates of N. P. K chemical fertilizers, 4 rates of manure fertilizer, combination of chemical fertilizer and manure in four rates and control (no fertilizer application). The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation method by using a Clevenger-type apparatus and were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The total phenols were measurred by spectrophotometry. The results were showed that the highest phenolic content (57.17 kg/ha), essential oil yeild (3.88%) and thymol (86.68%) were obtained by application of 40 kg N, 32 kg P and 32 kg K combined with 25 ton/ha manure, but the highest carvacrol percentage (10.11%) obtained by application of 25 ton/ha manure. In all treatments the thymol, carvacrol and e-caryophyllene were the main essential oil components and different treatments had no effect on essential oil composition. There is a negative significant correlation was observed between thymol with carvacrol and e-caryophyllene. This findings may provide a hopeful perspective to replacing chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers. In conclusion, the quantitative and qualitative yield in combined applicaion of chemical and organic fertilizers may be superior than chemical or organic systems alone and it can be concluded that this combined system is adapted with sustainable agriculture.

Ferula angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. is belongs to Apiaceae family, due to presence of major monoterpenes such as a-pinene and b-pinene are widely used in perfume and pharmacological industries. In order to evaluation of essential oil variation of plant, the samples were collected in different stages (vegetative, flowering and seeding) from 2500, 3000 and 3500 m above sea level. The essential oils were extracted with water distillation method and were analyzed by using GC and GC/MS and the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH method. Results were showed that in high altitude at fruit set stage, the content of estragole (33.43%), thujone (21.19%), cis-b-Ocimene (15.91%) terpinen-4-ol (14.49 %) and b-pinene (12.69%) were increased. The amount of estragole at various growing stage and at 2500 m altitude was 0-33.4 %. Thujone was found only at 2500 m altitude (2.67-21.19%). cis-b-ocimene at various growing stage and at different altitudes were found (2.92-15.91%). Result demonstrated that the plant had the highest antioxidant activity in 2500 -3000m altitude, especially in flowering stage. It can be concluded that the highest essential oil in Ferulago angulata obtained at flowering stage in high level of altitude.

Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson. is belongs to Lamiaceae family which has been used as antiseptic, anti-inflammation, astringent, tonic, antispasmodic, carminative and calming. The current experiment was aimed to comparision of quality and quantities of plant essential oil in different parts of Fars and Khorasan Razavi provinces. The aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from ten natural regions in two provinces during summer 2015. The essential oils were extracted by using water distillation method and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results were showed that the highest essence efficiency of M. longifolia were reported from Chenaran, Mashhad and Kashmar regions in Khorasan province. The highest of 1, 8-cineole (36.47%) and mentole (16.3%) were reported from Fasa region, but pulegon with 45, 2-49.5% were obtained from Kuvar and Bavanat region, respectively and finaly the highest of piperiton oxide (18.3%) and piperitenone (55.3%) were reported from Kazerun region in Fars province. So in conclusion, the M.longifolia due to the presence of more variation multiple compounds have significant potential for use in domestication and breeding programs.

Thymol and carvacrol are two valuable secondary metabolites which are importance in medicinal use. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different harvesting times (pre blooming, 50% in blooming and 100% in blooming) on quantity and quality of T. armeniacus and T. lancifolius essential oil in pot experiment by using a completely randomized design in three replications during 2015 from Shahrekord University. The aerial parts of plants were collected in three times and the essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by using GC/MS.. The results were showed that in full blooming stages of plants had the highest of essential oil yield. The highest content of thymol (62%) was obtained in pre blooming and citronelol (30%) in 50% and full blooming of T. lancifolius. The highest carvacrol (44-45%) were obtained in 50% and full blooming stage of T. armeniacus, respectively. In conclusion, the variation species and harvesting times of plants were affected on quality and the function of essential oils.

In this research to determine the qualitative phytochemical characteristics of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hods. subsp. longifolia populations in different habitats, an experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with three replications during 2015. Aerial parts of plants were collected in different habitats of plant (Farfar, Yekan-Sadi, Bengin, Koshksara and Darvishmohammad - 1100 to 1300 m) in East Azerbaijan province and the plant samples removed underground in 0.5´0.5 quadrate. Essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation method. The phytochemical analyses: total phenol, flavonoide, anthocyanine, caretenoide and chlorophyll were measured by using spectrophotometric technique. The results were showed that the amount of essential oil yield, total flavonoids, phenol, chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content had high variation in different regions, but in Bengin population the plant had the highest content of these metabolites, respectively. In conclusion showed that the Bengin region had high altitude, with the highest nitrogen and organic matter content of soil and there was the positive correlation between the increasing of essential oil and another secondary metabolites of plant with the photosynthetic pigments contents. So due to high levels of plant metabolites compounds in Bengin population, this population of plant in this region can be produced cultivars with desirable crop traits.

Pulicaria Gaerth. is belongs to Asteraceae family with more than 100 species in the world, it had 5 shrub species in Iran. In this investigation the aerial parts of Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. in blooming were collected from Brzok in Kashan region-1900m in summer 2014 and dried in the shade at room temperature. The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation method (Clevenger-type apparatus) and were analysed by using GC and GC-MS. The essential oil yield of plant was obtained 0.045 % (w/w) which had 36 components. The oxygenated monoterpens such as: 1, 8-cineole (22.93%), amorpha-4, 9-dien-2-ol (8.36%) and myrtenol (8.13%) were the major components of the plant essentil oil, respectively.

This study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L., the aerial parts of plant were collected from two sites in Mazandaran province (Farahabad Sari and Pashakola Amol) during July to October 2015. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined by colorimetric method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method and then the antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of plant extract were determined by broth micro dilution tube method. The results were showed that the total phenolic and flavonoid content and then the antioxidant capacity of plant from Sari region was more than in Amol region. The MIC values which obtained fromSari against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Shigella dysentery and E. coli were 12, 12, 190 and 390 mg/ml respectively, while these values from Amol were 24, 24, 780 and 1560 mg/ml respectively, which results were also confirmed in agar well diffusion method and then in conclusion the plant extract from Sari region had the highest content of secondary metabolites, antioxidant and antibacterial activity against tested bacteria and there is the direct correlation between phyto chemistry and their antioxidant and antibacterial activity of plant.

This study was carried out to evaluate the total flavonoide, phenols, antioxidant, anti-pain and anti-inflammatory in different extracts of Ocimum ebasillicum var. purpurescens in comparison with opioid drug (morphine) in male rats. The male Wistar rats with 250±10 g weighing was used and randomly divided to five groups. Group I (treated by 0.1mg/kg acetic acid, II-IV (treated by 0.7, 0.9 and 1 mg/kgof plantextract), V (treated by 0.1 mg/kg morphine) and evaluated by Writhing test. The total phenol and flavonoids content was evaluated by follin-ciocalteus reagent, Ammonium chloride, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method and serum levels of PGE2 and SOD activity measured by ELISA Kits. According to results, the ethanol extract of plant had more content of secondary metabolites with total phenol (288.3±51.5 mg EGA/g) content, flavonoide content (154.7±1.04mg EGU/g) and the highest ability of free radicals scavenging (79.4±4.1%). There was a significant correlation between phenol- flavonoid ingredients to antioxidant activity rate and free radicals scavenging of plant (P<0.05, r<0.9) extract. High dosages of plant extract could be decreased chronic pains, in addition, serum level of PGE2 has been showed a significantly decreasing in groups treated by Ocimum basilicum extract and morphine in compared to untreated group. The serum SOD of treated groups (plant extract) was observed near to morphine group (P<0.05). Anti-inflammatory and anti-pain effects of this plant statically were observed next to morphine. It is found that steadily consumption of herbal usage, as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, could be medicated to inflammatory treatment and long-term pains instead of opioid drugs.