Geographical Planning of Space
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:29 |Papers Count:14

Landslides are major natural hazards for human activities that often lead to loss of economic resources, damage to property and infrastructure, loss of life and destruction of natural landscapes. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping is a major step in risk management. Various models have been proposed for landslide hazard zonation that In this study, the efficiency of two models, multivariate regression analysis (logistic regression) and probabilistic model Certainty Factorin Nishapur Baghi basin was compared to the mapping of landslide risks, the best model for zoning be selected. 44 landslides Identify to in the region of case study and after correction and final approval, the landslide distribution map was prepared in GIS environment and were digitized. Then, based on 10 criteria contributing to landslides, including elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, faults, Pvshshgyahy index, land use, precipitation, distance from the road and away from river and with the map of each factor and integrate them with maps of potential landslides and using software and SPSS 10. 2 ARC GIS and the methods, landslide hazard zoning map was prepared in 5 categories. The evaluate and select appropriate models for landslide hazard zonation was used landslide index (Li). Based on this index, the Certainty Factorof 92. 32% and logistic regression 60. 35 percent landslide occurred in the class’ s high risk and very high risk. Certainty Factormethod was identified suitable for the study area. The results show that slope, lithology and height are the most important factors in the occurrence of landslides in the study area. The results of this study can be useful in the management of the risk of landslides and aggravating factors.

Darparchin watershed is one of the Bidvaz river sub-basins and it is located in northeast Iran. Apparent morphology, fault scarps, and debris indicate influence of tectonic structures like faults on the watershed development. Owing to vicinity with residential and industrial areas (such as Esferayen city and Bidvaz dam) and basin arrangement purposes, knowing about the impact of tectonic structures to this basin is necessary. For this aim longitudinal and logarithmic profiles of the basin, and its morphotectonic indices, vf, AF, s, and lat were obtained, and Gravelius impact factor for each of them has been identified. The postulation of profiles showed a lack of harmony as in most parts the longitudinal profile is above another one. This repugnancy is consistent with faults orientation. The vf index in 19 stations was measured with an average value of 0. 7859. Based on this index faults are active and they caused tight (V-shaped) valleys in the basin. Results of AF index in this basin showed a compaction on right side of the basin because of the faults pressure from north direction to this part of basin. Also results from Gravelius factor announced that the basin stretched and continued to trend NW-SE by reason of faults direction. In field studies various types of karst forms such as karrens, ponor, dolines, and karstic valleys were observed, which were related to faults with perpendicular direction to stretched valleys.

Sarabe_ Niloofer is located in North West of Kermanshah. It is one of the most important recreational and touristic attractions due to karst springs and it’ s surrounding artificial park. But, in the recent years, aesthetic and touristic significance of Serab is decreasing because of exploitation of quarries from hills of nearby it. This study tries to show what kind of geomorphic and aesthetic effects may occur if mining continue with this currently rate. To achieve this, present geomorphic features were identified by field studies and amount of changes in the landforms and the time required for the total destruction of hills was estimated by measuring of dimensions of relicts and the daily operations. Based on the results, the volume of total mining hills estimated almost 41 million cubic meters that it has been extracted about 10 thousand cubic meters. It is predicted that expected life of these hills will be 782 years if this trend continue, however, the results occur gradually. On the base of this mining, rocky hills get split, the colors and other appearance are changing, and furthermore some other activities such as the accumulation of waste piles around of mines, construction of irregular communication networks on the hills and topography and slopes manipulation have caused a decrease in the visual quality of the landscape. Water infiltration and subsequent ground water recharge is reduced greatly by the destruction and disruption at karstic systems in the area. Resizing of hills may reduce discharges of Sarabe_Niloofer due to changes in the dip of geological beds and hydraulic connection between groundwater and springs feed.

The most important thing in the land use planning is conflict between opposite or rival land uses in one place that should be done by allocation of land uses according to the utility of land and taking into account economic, social and environmental impacts. For this purpose, different approaches are formed which each of them has made efforts to resolve this conflict. This study compared the two optimization approaches such as Multi Objective Land use Allocation (MOLA) and the Multidimensional Choice (MDCHOICE). The maps were prepared using two approaches for the city limits of Gorgan. Then, maps were compared using the statistical methods of land uses utility and ecological assessment by landscape metrics. Results of this comparison based on statistical and ecological parameters showed the superiority of multi-objective the allocation of land use to multidimensional choice approach. Map by the MOLA approach as a reference map and another map by MDCHOICE approach as a comparative map was used in order to validate the results of the previous stage. Finally, the similarity and agreements of maps were evaluated with various algorithms in the software IDRISI and MCK. The results obtained from the use of any of algorithms offered useful indicators like comparing the class to class, cell to cell, and other types of kappa coefficients such as Histo Kappa, place and fuzzy Kappa that additional discussion of comparison methods is raised. Finally, this study suggests that to compare maps that are modeled in different ways or to validate the maps that use different type's kappas that show the agreement on number and place instead of the usual or standard kappa coefficient.

Green spaces in the urban environment can contribute to reduce the Urban Heat Island. In a context of climate change, with the expected increase in temperature, dryness and intensity of heat waves, green areas assume even higher importance as they can create a cooling effect that extends to the surrounding areas. This study analyses the thermal performance of Golmohamady Park (9. 2866 ha) with vegetation cover (7. 5464 ha) and its influence in the surrounding atmospheric environment space in Esfahan. Measurements of weather parameters (temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) were carried out along a selected path, starting from inside the green area to surrounding streets with different orientations and solar exposure. It was found that the park was cooler than the surrounding areas, either in the sun or in the shade. These differences were higher in hotter days and particularly related to the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). The highest difference found was of 6. 7 C in relation to air temperature. In both cases this difference occurred between the shaded site inside the park and the sunny site in an E-W oriented street in the North of Golmohamady Park. Besides the local weather conditions, particularly the low wind speed, the sun exposure and the urban geometry are the potential factors that explain these differences. The cooling effect of green spaces on the surrounding environment can be enhanced by additional measures related to the urban features of each city.

In order to explain the fundamental interaction of the atmosphere and surface environment and the discovery of the circulation patterns cause heavy precipitation in Khorasan Razavi 29/03/2007 AD precipitation index was chosen as one day. Output of cell-based database for data loss is the main focus of the day Aphrodite Dargaz East was estimated at 43. 66 mm. In order to determine of the front synoptic patterns forming, functions: moisture flux, volubility, maps, ground level pressure and levels of 500, 700 and 850 for 6 hours H. p NCEP/NCAR base obtained were analyzed with environmental approach to circulating. The results showed that the pattern of occurrence heavy precipitation trough atmosphere when it landed deep in the Mediterranean axis in the East Mediterranean and the Red Sea also serves as the main source of precipitations. During the occurrence of such circumstances, a barrier system will be deployed on the northern Iran South branch system to the west of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf to the western regions of the country to be drawn. Under these conditions the moisture in areas of Sudan and the Red Sea is high and how the wind is such that moisture is sucked from the Red Sea and Arab and western parts of Iran guides. The initial formation of the mentioned systems in the West-East, but after entering Iran will shift its path towards the North East. Mentioned is a confirmation of the mechanism of satellite imagery as well. The general direction of the two mentioned systems formed at the beginning of the West-East, but after entering Iran will change their route to the North East. Satellite images, as well as confirmation of the mechanism are mentioned.

Nowadays, tourism in modern world has devoted itself to many areas in economic, cultural and social activities. Meanwhile, ecotourism is a rather new phenomenon in tourism industry introducing natural landscapes to tourists by maintaining their local identity. Iran has much capability of promoting ecotourism industry due to its great potential in terms of biodiversity. Mahan Rural District has a lot of potential owing to its natural heritage, diverse climatic features, monuments and cultural heritage and unique features in terms of ecotourism development. This paper attempts to analyze suitable areas for the development of ecotourism using integrated model of FUZZY-AHP. Our research method is descriptive-analytic in nature since various information factors including plant layering, isothermal lines, rainfall, roads, city, village, drainage, spring, waterfall, altitude and slope were provided allowing for the effective factors in recognizing suitable areas for ecotourism development, and were processed having been digitized in ArcGIS environment. Weight and relative importance of information layers towards each other were carried out through the hierarchical and analytical model of AHP. Then, 0. 8 gamma operator was chosen as the best operator considering field studies and the knowledge of the area. The results of this study suggest that 25. 43 percent of total Mahan area including Tigran heights, Shazdeh Graden, waterfall and springs of Sekonj village in the east, west and center of Mahan has a lot of potential for ecotourism activities. This means that those regions that have water sources and natural features like, spring, river, etc. and also good climatic conditions, have the highest potential for ecotourism activities in this rural district. Moreover, on the basis of the integration of information layers, 28. 4 percent of Mahan area has very limited potential for ecotourism activities.

Rural tourism has been studied as new strategy of rural development in rural development-related studies and researches since one decade ago. However, comprehensive model, in order to assessment rural tourism economy, has not been presented because of variety effective indicators in rural tourism, variety of villages in Iran and its differences with other countries. Therefore, it was essential that has been done important step in the subject. In the paper, a native model of assessment rural tourism economy in the country has been presented by qualitative method “ grounded theory” and accompanied with assessment of experts. Thus, final model of assessment rural tourism economy was presented according to surveying of tourism villages in the country, interviews and group discussions with rural tourism elements, surveying observations and feedback from experts by questionnaire that it includes 5 categories: economic reconstruction, agro-tourism, non-agro-tourism, local community participation and economic sustainability accompanied 21 criteria and also per criteria has alternatives and development levels. In order to applied survey of the model, tourism economy in Abyaneh village was surveyed according to the model that it showed relative impacts of tourism in the village. Also, According to achieved results from Abyaneh village, the economic effects of Tourism in this village has been evaluated average in terms of utility. Also, it has had important role in the field of migration & its trend decrement from village to city as well as has had desired effect in the field of investment & employment of service sector. But, it seems that mental image from village is not desirable & its people have no more satisfaction from tourism. Thus is a very negative point & is an important factor in relative value of tourism economic factor in Abyaneh village.

The cities of Iran are considered Islamic in terms of temporal and social factors as well as sociocultural variables. Cities are divided into different categories only in terms of physical dimensions and identity-laden factors of Islamic cities (land uses, constructional and architectural manifestations, urban activities, dynamic feature, urban landscape and so forth) and it is not difficult to find a variety of urban tissues and neighborhoods with respect to the Islamic identity of the city. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the effects of urban uses (religious, commercial, cultural, services) on the identity of Islamic city, particularly District 1 of Yazd city. It is because in the area under study, the historical parts of the cit, due to negligence or perhaps lack of some modern and new cores caused by improper and weak planning and design and ignorance of the long-standing and traditional identity of the city, have witnessed the deterioration of urban identity followed by the formation of districts and areas devoid of any cultural, social, and physical identity. The data collection instruments were GIS software, field observations, interviews, and questionnaires and the data were analyzed by statistical tests and network analysis method. The results of this study reveal a significant difference between the effects of land use features on the identity of Islamic city in District 1 of Yazd. The greatest influence was exerted by religious uses in concrete dimension and the lowest influence was imposed by cultural uses in the abstract dimension in the study area.

home to organise informal and resolve their problems always observed the government and the urban management. Currently the most appropriate urban management approach, ordering and empowerment of local society with a focus on the participation of all citizens with planning, organizing, leadership, control and provide appropriate and allocation of resources can be used to become more capable. so this research in the role of urban management in strengthening local communities to enhancing the performance of the urban management in organizing of informal settlement. Research Methodology dissertations present in the literature and theoretical foundations, descriptive and analytical research method of data collection device library studies and documents, went on with the observation and interviews and authorities and citizens, especially in the field studies, in district level of Esfahan, started to examine the survey and were collected information from the Pearson Correlation coefficient test using the software Spss 22 and structural equation approach through software Amos 18. Research findings indicate that between components, including social and economic empowerment, management and robbed by significant correlation and management component-the highest legal and economic component minimal effect on empowerment. not paying enough attention to urban management component of economic and social development and management of management's tasks with weakness in urban planning to allocate resources has accountability to the empowerment of the currently remains weak and needs to be evaluated in new initiatives to promote the role of empowerment urban management in district at the end of the strategies and policies ه executive urban management.

Contamination can be in the form of chemicals or energy in the form of, for example, sound, light, heat or contaminate the environment. Reinfecting materials in the wake of natural events occur once known as pollutants that exceed the amount of the normal range. Oros forests of the region Sari Chahardangeh Belt near the National Park Kiasar, Forest with lush vegetation and beautiful with an unparalleled and magnificent landscape of Oros that shine like an emerald on the slopes and edges But unfortunately now the city landfill has been Sari At the same time due to various factors criteria, depending on the problem and the need to research and study the evaluation criteria in the form of maps Shifting them effective tools for managing and using spatial data obtained is different that with The time and cost much less and also better methods can be undertaken to reform it Manage the operation of a landfill includes locating suitable disposal site, preparation of the landfill and landfill operations and engineering services. The first step in the design landfill site selection is appropriate. Effective measures for locating the landfill in the city of Sari Which includes the cities of Sari, Pain Hular, farim and is Kiasar. Related research was conducted by examining the past and was determined according to the experts The weight of the layers with a multi-criteria decision was And because it has been chosen from among several options. After weighting the criteria in Gegraphic information system suitable sites were introduced.

Coastal areas affected by social and economic factors, are faced with growing population, making these regions a great context for urbanization and urban population growth. As a result of this process, exploitation of economic and natural resources and use of productive lands and critical coastal ecosystems to meet growing urban population's needs lead coastal cities to develop in sprawl pattern from one hand and degradation of environmental quality and threaten sustainable development of coastal cities. Consequently, various approaches such as urban smart growth seek to provide strategies and policies to adapt the negative impacts of human activities with the unique characteristics of the coastal cities. In the present research indicators of sustainable urban development and smart growth are measured, to evaluate the impact of smart growth approach to the sustainable development of the coastal city of Babolsar. For this reason, a sample of 384 residents of various neighborhoods in the coastal city of Babolsar studied and indicators of sustainable urban development and smart growth have been calculated by VIKOR and modified Ewing methods. The results indicate stronger sustainability index in West Babolrood and City Center neighborhoods compare to peripheral ones. Meanwhile, a meaningful and relatively strong correlation exists between urban smart growth and urban sustainability with 0. 788 correlation coefficient. Among the urban smart growth factors have been studied, access and proximity has the greatest impact on increasing to urban sustainable development indicators in neighborhoods of coastal city of Babolsar with0. 822 correlation coefficient. Meanwhile, economic sustainability with 0. 657 correlation coefficient and environmental sustainability with 0. 536 correlation coefficient show strong relationship with smart growth, but there is an inverse relationship with a correlation coefficient-0. 191, between social sustainability and smart growth. Therefore, proper distribution of urban services to improve accessibility and reduce private vehicles urban trips, ease of access to alternative modes of transportation with priority given to pedestrians, especially in coastal neighborhoods and create a communication network between the coast line and other urban spaces for sustainable development of coastal city of Babolsar are proposed.

Post-structural theory and text based approach of tourism are produced, and provided as a spatial text strategic communication between different elements and attention to cooperation of beneficiary in planning and development process are accounted as essential part of tourism development. This communication is formed around of tourism spatial text destinations network. Based on this theory perspective we can put tourism spatial text associations in regional Intertextual deconstruction to this method, we can proceed to identify and provide tourist’ s needs and requirements, providefacilities according to the needs and inform tourists about choosing the appropriate path. When using network theories which have complex processes, reading destinations network in tourism spatial text would be enabled and through this we can try to read tourism space text in regional scale to make tourism stable. Regard to this, in order to reading tourism spatial text in Golestan province with emphasis on drawing tourism spatial text destinations networkby descriptive-analysis research method have been done, tourism spatial text destinations network in Golestan is drawn in different dimension by utilizing network theory, Dolphin method and snowball technique and by asking experts in national and regional scale. The results show that the density value of the tourism destinations network in this research is 0. 437. With relatively close attention to mean, we can suppose that this network has lower density. The resulted clustering coefficient is 0. 678 which is rather high and shows high trend of destinations toorganizecluster in the network. This means the establishment of relationship with common trust (confidence)between tourism destinations. In addition, four space text destinations of Golestan including Gonbad-e Qabus Tower with 78. 002%, IncheboronAqqalamarket with 44. 446%, Gorgan Nahar Khoran forest with 23. 549% and Bander Gaz Port waterfront with 18. 882% having the most intermediate centrality can be the destinations through them the tourists can pass to choose the next tourism destination and based on 100% centrality they have the highest proximity centrality. This means that these four destinations have a shorter distance compared to each of the nearbydestinations and have more centrality.

By development of urbanization and conversion of agricultural lands and forests to residential areas and industrial zones, the urban areas surface temperature has been increasing and thus the heat island phenomenon is created. Urban heat islands have a negative effect not only on the urban environment and its inhabitants, but also on the ecosystems that are far from it. Since, Thermal infrared remote sensing images, due to the wide coverage, are appropriate sources for mapping thermal water levels and land surface. In this study, to estimate the land surface temperature (LST), Landsat 8 satellite image sensors of TIRS and OLI bands belonging to 15 June 2014 and The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) algorithm was used. After the image processing, thermal maps of Tehran city were produced. The image of Tehran city was classified into five classes of land use includes: wasteland, residential areas, road network, vegetation area and water; to estimate the average temperature of each class. Then, using the thermal maps and generated land uses maps, the temperature arrangement of land use classes in Tehran were evaluated. The results showed that vegetation areas after water class, is the most cool class and can play an important role in modulating the land surface temperature and its surrounding. In the end, heat islands and cool islands in Tehran were identified and strategies for managing land surface temperature were presented.