JOURNAL OF SPECIALIZED SOCIAL SCIENCE
Year:2014 | Volume:11 | Issue:40|Papers Count:8

This paper addresses on the effects of oil on the economic security of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1368 to 1390. Oil has a great importance in the economy of Iran both in terms of its position in GDP and the share of oil revenues in the state budget and its foreign exchange. What most experts agree is that any increase in the national oil revenues leads to increase investment. In fact, this is the basic problem: dependency on oil revenues. What is clear is that oil revenues is not by itself the backwardness cause. The main reason of this refers back to excessive reliance on foreign exchange earnings from oil exports, lack of proper planning and principles for the national capital. This paper exactly assesses the roots of vulnerability and strengthening the economic security of oil revenues. Accordingly, it should be considered that the government, having the enormous oil revenues, is automatically responsible for the public living and national interest and instead of the effective management, it distributes the wealth with the authority. The public policy has some consequences such as class gap, increasing level of expectations and widespread discrimination.

In this paper, the education curriculum of the elementary schools in Islamic Republic of Iran and Japan are compared in terms of the citizenship education. To do this, a descriptive – analytical method is used. At first, the citizenship education curriculum based on the theoretical principles is explained, and then the status of citizenship education in the elementary school curriculum of Iran and Japan are compared and aimed to answer the following questions: What gals are followed in the Elementary Education Curriculum of Islamic Republic of Iran and Japan in the area of citizenship education? What are their contents? Which methods of learning are used which evaluation techniques are used to assess the citizenship behaviors? Is there any difference between the citizenship education in the curriculum of elementary education in Iran and Japan? What are the weaknesses in citizenship education curriculum in elementary education of Iran? After answering these questions, to improve the present process of citizenship education in the curriculum of elementary education, according to available scientific evidence, some recommendations are provided.

This is a sociological analysis of barriers to the establishment of community institutions between 1357 and 1384. According to the authors of this article, establishment of community based institutions roots in the social and political structures. In this study, it is tried to historically assess the establishment of social factors and continuation of community based organizations. The theoretical framework of this study is combination of the following theories: Francis Fukuyama, William Kournhavez, Hannah Arendt, Jürgen Habermas, Samuel Huntington, Almond, Verba and Charles Taylor. This is a qualitative and historical research. Data collection methods were library and documentary and about the middle class, mass society, institutionalized organization, type of authoritarianism and integration oriented institutions. It is found that the social structures suffered from the establishment of organizations based institutions from 1357 to 1384.

Political Participation, as an important aspect of the political culture, has been focused by the political sociologists. Naturally, this concept in different countries has been understood in different ways. But the common points of these understandings are the political participation in elections, the quality and also the way of its holding. After the constitutional Revolution, Iran also has been involved in this phenomenon and its political development always has been the subject of the quality and extent of the holding of elections. In the second Pahlavi era, we had different elections and political participation. It seems that after the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the change in the political ruling, the extent of political participation has increased. This paper tries to find the answer to this fundamental question: What is the change and development of the way and the extent of the political participation in Islamic Republic compared to the second Pahlavi era? It is supposed that in case of political participation, regarding the essence, structure and functions of these three decades compared to the second Pahlavi era, Islamic Republic era has developed impressively in a way that it can be called a passage from “sub-dominant political culture” to “participative political culture”. Almond’s theoretical pattern of the political culture and his colleagues and the historical comparative method were the most important research approach of this article to analyze the political participation in two eras.

This article analyzes this question that what is the essence, causes of occurrence and consequences of the constitutionalism movement in Iran. In doing so, we applied Nill Smelser's social strain theory and also analyzed the process of constitutionalism with this theory. Analysis of the data, collected through applying historical sociology and documentary methods and using reliable resources, shows that constitutionalism movement in Iran occurred in a dialectic field and rose from social, political and economic conditions of that era, the effect of revival thought and modernity in eastern countries with an anti-despotic and progressive approach. In fact, this movement is a kind of collective behavior arising from social structure strain. That situation pushed people and other social forces to change social order (norm). Therefore, according to Esmelser’s classification, Iran's constitutionalism movement may be categorized in "Norm-oriented Movement" type. Though this movement ideally could limit absolute power and establish parliament and constitutional law, in practice it could not create deep changes in social, political and economic fields and in its tragic end it resulted in the appearance of Reza Shah's autocracy.

In this paper, the author attempts to consider the causes of underdevelopment in Iran in Qajar period. This is a historical research. Underdevelopment happens due to the lake of coordination between economic and practical technology and the simultaneous use of capital and labor is impossible in society which is in lower level according to the development standards and indicators. Accordingly, our country had all the features of undeveloped country. Factors of underdevelopment in Iran have been studied using three oriental despotism, the global system and dependence theories. In this essay, the economical, political, social and cultural factors of underdevelopments have been studied. The effective factors of underdevelopment in Iran in Qajar periods are: 1- shortage of rainfall and lack of access to water. 2-Unequal trade between domestic and foreign businessmen, especially British and Russian businessmen with Iranian ones. 3- Insecurity and robbing the people’s wage 4- Tribe’s culture. 5- Selling the states’ government and lands. 6- The fundamental problem in Iranian traditional culture.7- the believes of Sufis. 8- lack of regulations and its operation. 9-International relations.10- the structure of monarchy.

To Middle East countries, regional studies is considered a novel field. In other words, the norm transformation process in structural areas at these countries occurs prior to any changes in education environment. In this thesis, it is tried to accomplish the process of regional studies education in Iran and Egypt in a comparative manner and assess its effect on the countries’ diplomatic behavior.The indexes and differences of regional studies education in both middle east countries, Islamic Republic of Iran and Arabic Republic of Egypt, are the object of this thesis which lead to advantages and shortcomings of the present condition. The hypothesis of this thesis is based on the following issues: 1. the course texts available in the regional studies of Egypt are mainly based on functional and geopolitical elements 2. the Iranian course texts in the regional studies of Iran mainly have a subjective and geo-cultural nature.Findings of this research demonstrate that the multiplicity of political sciences faculties and numerous students of regional studies, memory based method of studies, inefficiency and inapplicability of this field which mainly has a theoretical and subjective nature, and lack of employment at the diplomatic system of the country have led to the unemployment of the regional studies graduates and lack of importance. The main purpose of political science is providing the necessary training to the diplomatic staff and other foreign and domestic policy makers. According to the results of the research, we have been unable to obtain proper position in this field and its experts are less employed in the positions related to their field of study. By referring to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry's staff and the authorities, as one of the main places related to political science, we know that this field has been ignored in Iran. This is one of the problems in political science, while in Egypt, due to the lack of political science and political science faculty and students, practical nature of political science in Egyptian universities have provided employment opportunities for graduated students.

The aim of this paper, using comparative historical method, is to make clear that what was the mental and intellectual elite role on political and social developments of this period and what was the effect of populace. During the social changes in our society and in spite of tyranny, tribal and retarded country, elites caused enormous changes in Iran, including creation law and management of Community based on it, the separation of the powers and familiarity of the people with some concepts such as freedom, democracy and parliamentarianism, equality etc. Over the past 150 years ago in Iran, modernism was religious and nationalism was Iranian. To do this, they used traditional and national movements and sometimes the court, colonial and the Islamic one.