QOM UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Year:2023 | Volume:17 | Issue:1|Papers Count:53

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic affected physical and mental health of people, including college students. Several studies in Iran have reported high symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in college students during the pandemic; however, few studies have investigated their resilience during the pandemic. This study aims to determine the relationship of resilience with anxiety, depression, and stress of nursing and midwifery students in Qom, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 192 nursing and midwifery students of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2021, who were selected using a simple random sampling method. The instruments included the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, and the 21-item depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical tests of Pearson’s correlation test and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results: The mean score of anxiety, depression, stress, and total DASS-21 score was 14.6±4.4, 14.48±4.29, 15±4.32, and 32.46±9.88, respectively. The mean total resilience score was 53.5±16.5. There was a significant negative correlation between depression, anxiety, stress, and total DASS-21 score with resilience in students during the pandemic (P<0.001). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing and midwifery students’ resilience had a significant relationship with their depression, anxiety, and stress. The lower resilience can increase the stress, depression, and anxiety of nursing and midwifery students.

Background and Objectives: Health indicators such maternal and child mortality rates are social indicators that are used to measure the development of each country. This study aims to investigate the status of maternal and child health indicators and total fertility rate in the last 10 years in Iran compared to the sustainable development goals (SDG) of the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: This is a systematic review study. A search was first conducted to find studies related to the study objectives in Iran from 2012 to 2022 in online databases of SID, IranDoc, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, using the keywords: Health, fertility, mothers, children. The results of the studies were compared with the SDG indicators of the WHO. Results: The initial search yielded 162 articles. After removing duplicates and screening the studies based on the inclusion criteria, finally 20 articles were selected for the review. The status of SDG indicators in Iran, except for neonatal mortality rate and low birth weight, was in accordance with the SDGs of the WHO until 2030. Conclusion: In the last ten years, the status of most SDG indicators in Iran has been favorable. However, the attention should be paid to the factors affecting neonatal mortality rate and low birth weight to reduce their rates and improve the country’s health status.

Background and Objectives: Brucellosis is one of the most common infectious diseases with a global spread. It has a high prevalence in Iran. This study aims to diagnose brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis in the serum of patients by the amplification of omp31 gene, compared to the serological tests. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 200 people suspected of brucellosis. The samples were evaluated by serological tests including Rose Bengal test, Wright test, Coombs-Wright test, gel agglutination test, and 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) test. DNA extraction was done by the phenol/chloroform extraction method. Molecular detection with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was done using the specific primers of the Omp31 gene. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using the analysis of variance. Results: Of 200 patients, 122 were female and 78 were male with a mean age of 45.17±17.43 years. The results of PCR test for the omp31 gene were positive in 14.5% of cases, which was consistent with the results of serological tests (13.8%). The sensitivity of Wright, Coombs-Wright, 2ME, and gel agglutination tests, compared to PCR, was 89.7, 75.9, 55.2 and 55.2%, respectively. Most of the affected people were housekeepers (41.5%) and urban residents (75.5%). Muscle pain (68%) and leg pain (62.3%) were the most common symptoms. Consumption of non-pasteurized dairy products was the highest risk factor (17%). Conclusion: The diagnosis of brucellosis by the omp31 gene amplification has higher sensitivity and accuracy compared to the serological tests. Considering the importance of rapid and timely diagnosis of brucellosis to control its clinical complications, the molecular diagnosis method is recommended as a diagnostic method.

Background and Objectives: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a severe liver disease characterized by excess lipid accumulation (steatosis) and inflammation in the liver. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is considered one of the crucial factors in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathophysiology. Rosmarinic acid is a herbal medicine with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rosmarinic acid on reducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in male Swiss-type mice. Methods: The study animals were grouped into four: Saline, rosmarinic acid, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-rosmarinic acid. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was induced by a diet without methionine-choline for 8 weeks, and rosmarinic acid was injected intraperitoneally daily for 8 weeks in mice. After 8 weeks, the animals were killed, and their liver samples were obtained. Real-time PCR was used for molecular studies. Data analyses were performed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Findings of this study showed that rosmarinic acid alleviated mRNA levels of GRP78, IRE-1, and PERK while increasing the Apo B expression. Conclusion: The results suggest that rosmarinic acid ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress parameters, upregulates Apo B expression as a key factor in triglyceride exit from the liver, and thereby improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in male Swiss-type mice.

Background and Objectives: The death of a loved one is one of the most difficult and stressful life events in the world. The effects of death caused by COVID-19 on the mental health of individuals and families are of great importance. This study aims to elucidate the experience of grief in bereaved women following the death of their husbands due to COVID-19 in Qom, Iran. Methods: In this phenomenological study, 12 bereaved women were selected using a purposive sampling method. The information was collected using semi-structured interviews until reaching data saturation. Results: The data analysis led to the extraction of 3 main themes and 10 sub-themes: Complicated grief (ambiguous loss, farewell with no embrace, grieving alone), unconventional grief (strange death, deviation from religious burial customs, virtual mourning), and grief outcome (spiritual experiences, moral panic, social stigma, distrust in healthcare providers). Conclusion: The grief of bereaved women due to the death of their husbands by COVID-19 differs from their mourning for the death caused by other diseases in two aspects. Firstly, according to the majority of women, the cause of death was unclear. This situation intensified their grieving and mourning. Secondly, due to the specific nature of COVID-19 and the necessity of quarantine, they were restricted from having funeral and religious mourning rituals according to the prevalent culture, which resulted in an incomplete mourning process. Gaining spiritual experiences is one positive aspect of grief in women. It is recommended to provide support and care by the healthcare system during pandemics for families, especially bereaved women, to reduce the negative effects of grief.

Background and Objectives: Many patients with COVID-19 show long-term physical and mental symptoms. This study aims to determine the prevalence of suicidal ideation in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in a hospital in Qazvin, Iran. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The study population consists of all patients with COVID-19 admitted to Bou Ali Sina Hospital in Qazvin city. A two-part questionnaire was used to collect data; the first part surveys demographic characteristics, history of death due to COVID-19 in relatives, history of underlying disease, days of hospitalization, history of intubation, and history of hospitalization in intensive care units. The second part was the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using ANOVA and logistic regression analysis. Results: Participants were 206 patients with COVID-19. The data showed that 12.8% of patients had high suicidal ideation. Younger patients were at a high risk of suicide (Mean age: 31.96±12.59 years) (P<0.001). In addition, patients who were single (P<0.001) and had a history of death due to COVID-19 in relatives or friends had higher suicidal ideation (P=0.005). Conclusion: About 12.8% of patients with Covid-19 admitted to the study hospital had a high suicidal ideation. There is no considerable difference between the prevalence of suicidal ideation reported in this study and the data reported for the general population of Iran before the pandemic.

Background and Objectives: Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) are the first healthcare providers in the time of crisis. They are exposed to many physical and psychological risks, including death anxiety. The present study aims to investigate the death anxiety level and its related factors in EMTs in Qom, Iran, in the post-COVID-19 era. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 185 EMTs from the hospitals affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Sampling was done by simple random method. The data collection tool was Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 23 using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analyses. Results: The mean total score of death anxiety was 6.4±3.05. Based on the results of the multivariate regression analysis, the variables of age, marital status, and work experience could explain 43% of the variance in death anxiety of EMTs (β=0.433, P=0.001). Conclusion: Death anxiety of EMTs in Qom in the post-COVID-19 era is at a moderate level. The factors of age, marital status, and work experience are the predictors of death anxiety in EMTs. It is recommended that older, married, and more experienced EMTs should receive more psychological evaluations and consultations.

Background and Objectives: Various studies have emphasized the main role of alexithymia and poor in eating disorders. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of alexithymia in predicting eating disorders based on body image in Iranian college students. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). Participants were 369 students of the Islamic Azad University of Qom Branch in 2020-2021, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the eating attitude test, body image concern inventory, and Toronto alexithymia scale. Data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: The results showed that alexithymia increases the path between body image and eating disorders by 14% (β=0.140), indicating its minor mediating role in predicting eating disorders based on body image. Conclusion: Alexithymia has a minor mediating role in the relationship between eating disorders and body image in Iranian college students. For more understanding of the relationship between eating disorders and body image, it is recommended to assess the possible role of other biological and psychological factors.

Background and Objectives: Studies have indicated that the chronic use of morphine can result in physical and psychological dependence. Morphine dependence is associated with several cellular and molecular alterations in the mesocorticolimbic system, and striatal dopamine signaling is involved in this process. In the present study, we aim to investigate possible alterations in the level of dopamine receptors DRD2 and DRD4 in the striatum of male rats following chronic oral administration of morphine and assess the effect of subcutaneous injection of memantine on morphine-induced effects. Methods: In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, morphine, memantine, and morphine+memantine. The morphine group received increasing doses of morphine (0.1-0.4 mg/kg) via their drinking water for 21 consecutive days. The memantine groups, after receiving distilled water without morphine for 21 days, received a subcutaneous injection of 5 mg memantine. The morphine memantine group received 5 mg of memantine subcutaneously on day 21 and 30 minutes after the last oral administration of morphine. After collecting striatum tissue, dopamine receptor levels were evaluated by the western blotting method. Results: The chronic use of morphine increased the levels of DRD2 and DRD4 compared to the controls. Memantine administration also increased the level of these receptors compared to the controls. In addition, the expression of DRD2 and DRD4 increased in the morphine+ memantine group compared to the memantine group. Conclusion: Morphine affects the expression of dopamine receptors in the striatum. Treatment with memantine can increases dopamine receptors’ expression.

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic led to mental health problems in people, including nursing students. People use different coping strategies when faced with unprecedented stress. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived stress and psychological capital components (hope, optimism, resilience, self-efficacy) in nursing and Midwifery students in Ahvaz, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted on 178 third- and fourth-year undergraduate nursing and Midwifery students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, who were selected using a census method. The data were collected from May to July 2022 online using a demographic checklist, Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale 14-item, and Luthans’s Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation test, and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results: A significant and negative correlation was found between perceived stress and psychological capital components (r=-0.5, P<0.001). Regression models showed that optimism (β=-0.36, P<0.001), self-efficacy (β=-0.30, P=0.001), visiting a psychologist (β=-0.17, P=0.005), and resilience (P=0.043, β=0.16) were the predictors of perceived stress in nursing students. These factors were able to predict 32% of the changes in the perceived stress variable. Conclusion: There is a negative relationship between psychological capital and perceived stress in nursing students. It is recommended to make appropriate plans to improve the psychological capital of these students to prevent and control their stress during the pandemic.

Background and Objectives: Brucellosis is one of the shared diseases between humans and animals (Zoonosis) and is considered an occupational disease. The family-centered empowerment model is a prominent model for inspiring patients to correct their high-risk behaviors. Given the complications of brucellosis, we sought to evaluate the effect of this model in changing the high-risk behaviors of patients with brucellosis. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental interventional study that examined 88 patients with brucellosis in Arak County, Iran, in 2021. The study data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the family-centered empowerment model in six constructs: knowledge, attitude, perceived severity, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and behavior. The data were collected at two stages before and two months after the educational intervention. The independent t test, paired t test, and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean patients' age was 42.19±19.79 years. The results of the paired t test indicated that the mean scores of knowledge (P<0.001), attitude (P<0.001), perceived severity (P<0.001), self-esteem (P<0.001), self-efficacy (P<0.001), and behavior (P<0.001) significantly increased in the intervention group after education. However, changes in the mean scores of knowledge (P=0.719), attitude (P=0.533), perceived severity (P=0.262), self-esteem (P=0.183), self-efficacy (P=0.210), and behavior (P=0.412) were not significant in the control group. Conclusion: The results indicated that educational intervention based on the family-centered empowerment model could effectively increase knowledge, thereby improving brucellosis prevention behaviors.

Background and Objectives: The side effects of insecticides are undeniable due to their excessive use by farmers. This study aims to investigate the impact of spirotetramat insecticide on pathological and hormonal alteration in BALB/c mice testes. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult BALB/c male mice, with a body weight range of 25-30 g, were obtained from the Animal House of Uremia University and examined. Mice were randomly divided into three groups of eight: control, experimental group 1, and experimental group 2. The mice of experimental group 1 received 2.5 mg/kg, and experimental group 2 received 10 mg/kg of spirotetramat. The control group received the same amount of distilled water for 21 days through the mouth by gavage. After this period, the mice were anesthetized and evaluated. Data were analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance in SPSS version 19 software. Results: The results of the study showed that spirotetramat increased the thickness of the tunica albuginea, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the differentiation index of the testis tube, and the spermiogenesis index, but it decreased the thickness of the epithelium of the spermatogenic tubules, the replacement index of active spermatogonia, Leydig cells, and FSH, LH, and testosterone hormone levels. The thickness of interstitial tissue, Sertoli, and lymphocyte cells did not change significantly. Conclusion: By inhibiting the activity of acetyl coenzyme A, spirotetramat insecticide disrupts energy production and prevents the synthesis of lipids in the cells, finally decreasing spermatogenesis in mice.

Background and Objectives: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum that is associated with symptoms such as rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and sometimes abdominal pain. Theobromine is an alkaloid which is found in coffee beans, cocoa beans, and tea leaves. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of theobromine, compared to prednisolone, in treating inflammation in female rats with UC. Methods: In this experimental study on 24 female Wistar rats, after induction of UC with injection of acetic acid 4%, rats were divided into four groups: Control, UC, UC+prednisolone (10 mg/kg) and UC+theobromine (100 mg/kg). All rats were evaluated daily for changes in body weight, the existence of blood in the stool, and stool consistency. After 10 days, the rats were killed and were examined in terms of macroscopic lesions and the production of biochemical markers in the intestinal tissue including myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and protein content. Analysis of biochemical data was performed by one-way ANOVA, and the data related to disease severity were analyzed by the Friedman test. Results: The results for the weight factor indicated that the UC group had severe weight loss, and in the groups treated with theobromine and prednisolone, the weight of rats gradually increased. The disease severity increased in the UC group but decreased in the treated groups. Macroscopic examination showed that the tissue wound and bleeding in the treated groups were much lower than in the UC group and were almost similar to those in the control group. In the UC group, the levels of MPO, NO, and MDA increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05), and treatment with theobromine and prednisolone significantly reduced the level of these markers. In contrast, the TAC and protein content decreased in the UC group, compared to the control group, while there was a significant increase in the treated groups compared to the UC group. Conclusion: Treatment with theobromine and prednisolone can reduce tissue wounds and bleeding, as well as the MPO, NO, and MDA levels in female rats with UC.

Background and Objectives: Melanoma is the most aggressive and fatal type of skin cancer caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes. The ineffectiveness of existing therapies has encouraged researchers to use herbal medicines. Amygdalin is a natural cyanogenic glycoside that is found in fruits and seeds of different plants and has antiproliferative, antioxidant, and immune-regulating activities. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effect of amygdalin against murine melanoma cancer cell line and normal human fibroblast cells. Methods: The murine melanoma cancer cell line (B16F10) and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cells were exposed to different concentrations of amygdalin and dacarbazine (a standard anticancer drug) for 24 and 48 hours. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of amygdalin was obtained using the MTT assay and analyzed in GraphPad Prism and Excel applications. Results: Amygdalin had a high cytotoxic effect on the melanoma cell line within 48 hours of exposure, which is comparable to the cytotoxicity of dacarbazine at the same time. Amygdalin had no cytotoxic effect on HFF cells, while dacarbazine caused a high toxicity on HFF cells. Conclusion: Amygdalin, by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, may prevent the adverse effects of chemical drugs on healthy cells and can be an appropriate treatment option for melanoma.

Background and Objectives: The dandelion plant (Taraxacum officinale) is one of the plants with beneficial effects. In this study, we evaluated the growth inhibition of different extracts of Iranian dandelion (Taraxacum peregrinum) on breast cancer cells. Methods: Ethanolic, methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts and juice of dandelion leaves were first prepared by the Maceration method. Seven concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 mg/mL) were prepared from different extracts. Cisplatin was used as a standard anticancer drug. Their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were evaluated by the MTT assay. Data analysis was done in Excel and GraphPad Prism 8.0.2 software. Results: By increasing the concentration of different extracts, the growth inhibitory effect on cancerous cells increased after 72 hours of exposure. The greatest growth inhibition effect was shown by ethanolic extract (IC50=0.75±0.31 mg/mL) after 72 hours of exposure followed by methanolic extract (IC50=6.25±0.76 mg/mL) and aqueous extract (IC50=6.59±0.94 mg/mL). Their effects were much more significant and better than Cisplatin (IC50=42.57±1.73 mg/mL). However, hydroalcoholic extract and juice of dandelion leaf did not show a significant growth inhibition effect. Conclusion: Given the significant effects of ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of Taraxacum peregrinum leaves on inhibiting the growth of the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line, this plant can be used as an herbal supplement for the treatment of breast cancer.

Background and Objectives: COVID-19 can spread from human to human primarily through respiratory secretions. In this regard, dental procedures can pose a high risk of COVID-19 transmission. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of office employees in Qom, Iran regarding dental treatment during COVID-19 pandemic based on health belief model (HBM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 510 office employees in Qom Province. Data collection tools included a demographic form and a KAP questionnaire based on the HBM constructs. Results: The mean age of participants was 36.7±9.1 and 252(52%) were female. The practice variable had a statistically significant relationship with perceived susceptibility (P<0.001), perceived barriers (P<0.001), history of vaccination (P<0.001), and history of chronic diseases (P<0.001). Age had a significant relationship with perceived severity (P<0.001) and perceived benefits (P<0.001). Gender had a significant relationship only with perceived severity (P<0.001). Marital status had a significant relationship with knowledge (P<0.001), perceived severity (P<0.001) and perceived barriers (P=0.03). Educational level had a significant relationship with knowledge (P=0.01), perceived severity (P<0.001), perceived benefits (P<0.001), perceived barriers (P<0.001). History of vaccination had a significant relationship with knowledge (P<0.001), perceived susceptibility (P<0.001), perceived severity (P=0.02), and perceived benefits (P=0.02). History of chronic disease had a significant relationship with perceived susceptibility (P<0.001), perceived severity (P<0.001), perceived benefits (P<0.001), and perceived barriers (P<0.001). Conclusion: knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers of office employees in Qom regarding dental treatment during COVID-19 pandemic are at moderate level. Their perceived susceptibility and severity have a positive relationship with visiting dental clinics.

Background and Objectives: Internet addiction is one of the challenges of students that may affect their academic performance and cause stress. One of the metabolic changes related to stress is the salivary cortisol level. This study aims to evaluate the relationship of internet addiction with perceived stress, salivary cortisol level, and academic failure in dental students. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design, 123 dental students from Qom University of Medical Sciences participated. They were selected by a census sampling method. A demographic form, the internet addiction test, and the perceived stress scale were completed by them. Their academic failure was assessed and their salivary cortisol level was measured by the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation test, and regression analysis. Results: Internet addiction had a positive and significant relationship with perceived stress (r=0.21, P=0.003) and its two domains of negative perception (r=0.301, P=0.005) and positive perception (r=0.279, P=0.009). However, it had no significant relationship with salivary cortisol level (P=0.123) or academic failure (P=0.614). Conclusion: It seems that decreasing internet addiction can reduce the perceived stress of dental students.

Background and Objectives: According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO), almost one-third of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis (TB). The delay in TB diagnosis, in addition to increasing mortality, can increase the duration of disease transmission. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the early detection of smear-positive pulmonary TB in Patients in Qom Province, Iran. Methods: In this case-control study, 120 patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB (60 with a diagnosis delayed for more than three months and 60 with a timely diagnosis) diagnosed from 2018 to 2021 in Qom Province participated. To determine the factors effective in early diagnosis of pulmonary TB, the odds ratio of each factor was calculated, and logistic regression analysis was used for data analysis. Results: The prescription of the sputum test at the first visit had the most significant effect on the early diagnosis of pulmonary TB (odds ratio=161, P<0.001). The TB in patients who visited the clinics and those visited by general practitioners was diagnosed with a higher delay. The lack of knowledge of existing TB diagnosis and treatment services in health centers had increased the diagnosis delay by 2.3. Occupation, gender, and place of residence were not found to be effective factors. Conclusion: It seems that most doctors in Iran neglect to prescribe a sputum test for patients suspected of pulmonary TB and only prescribe chest x-rays. Training and informing doctors, private medical centers, and pharmacies in referring patients suspected of pulmonary TB to the health centers where the patients live can cause timely diagnosis of pulmonary TB.

Background and Objectives: Background and Aim: Validity Scale Validation can help identify coronavirus disease patients; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the validation of the electronic form of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in patients with COVID-19. Methods: This study is instrumental psychometrics that the statistical population includes all patients in 19 cases in Tehran. The number of samples was determined based on psychometric criteria to be 100 for the predictive validity section and 251 for the convergence validity section. Samples were selected by cluster sampling. Research data were collected electronically through two questionnaires of happiness (Oxford) and happiness of positive psychological characteristics by sending the questionnaire link to the participants' mobile phones. To evaluate the validity of the scale, content validity, convergence, and factor analysis methods were used. The reliability of the scale was assessed by internal consistency methods and class reliability. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the researcher-made questionnaire consists of three factors and has good validity and reliability. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the three-factor model. This questionnaire was administered along with the short form of the Oxford Happiness Scale, which had 13 items of good reliability and validity. Conclusion: The Oxford Happiness Scale in COVID-19 patients can be used to assess happiness in COVID-19 patients.

Background and Objectives: Fleas are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites of humans and animals, and their importance in general human health is mostly related to their ability to transmit infectious pathogens. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of rural households in Bojnourd, North Khorasan Province of Iran, regarding the fleas. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted from May to November 2020. The study population consisted of rural household members from 11 villages in Bojnourd City. The data were collected using a researcher-made KAP questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 20 using t-test and ANOVA. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Of 408 participants, 209 (51.23%) were female and 199 (48.77%) were male. Most of them were in the age group of 21-30 years (37.01%), and less in the age group above 41 years (11.27%)., and were employed (n=109, 26.71%). A significant difference was observed in KAP score based on gender, age, educational level, and occupation (P<0.05). The mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice were 75.38%, 53.6% and 49.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The rural households in Bojnourd has a high knowledge of fleas, but their attitude and practice are low. Therefore, appropriate training programs are necessary to improve their attitude and practice

Background and Objectives: Investigating the level of anxiety and suicidal thoughts in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic can play an important role in helping them clinically to prevent the development of psychological symptoms in them. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and suicidal ideation in nurses working in COVID-19 wards compared to nurses from other departments. Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, participants were 347 nurses from two hospitals (Shahid Beheshti and Kamkar) in Qom, Iran in 2021. Nurses were divided into two groups working in COVID-19 and non-COVID wards. The data collection tools were a demographic form, Beck’s anxiety inventory, and the Beck scale for suicidal ideation. The data was analyzed in SPSS software version 22 using independent t-test or ANOVA for quantitative data and chi-square test for qualitative data. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Among participants, 139(40.1%) were in the COVID group and 208(59.9%) were in the non-COVID group. Nurses in the COVID group had significantly higher anxiety scores than nurses in the non-COVID group (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between COVID and non-COVID groups in suicidal ideation (P=0.979). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of anxiety among nurses working in COVID-19 wards compared to nurses from other wards. Therefore, it is recommended to use psychological treatments to reduce the anxiety and suicidal thoughts of these nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background and Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which spread from China, had a high prevalence and mortality rates and affected all age groups. Pregnant women were among the affected people. This study aims to design and evaluate the validity and reliability of a tool for measuring the preventive behaviors of pregnant women in Iran against COVID-19 based on the health belief model (HBM). Methods: This descriptive-applied study was performed on 20 pregnant women in Qom, Iran in 2021. The questionnaire was sent to the participants electronically using the prepared link. The validity was assessed based on the opinions of 9 faculty members, and reliability was assessed using the test re-test method (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) and Cronbach’s α. Results: The final draft had 44 questions; 5 items related to perceived sensitivity, 6 items related to perceived severity, 8 items related to perceived benefits, 8 items related to perceived barriers, 8 items related to cues of action, and 9 items related to self-efficacy. Cronbach’s α for the overall scale was 0.87, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.86. Conclusion: The designed HBM-based tool has acceptable validity and reliability for measuring preventive behaviors against COVID-19 in pregnant women in Iran. It can be used in other relevant studies. Further similar studies in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic are needed.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to measure the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Heidelberg form for emotion regulation strategies (HFERST). Methods: In this study conducted from November to December 2022, participants were 333 people aged 18-60 years in Iran who were selected by a convenience sampling method. To evaluate the convergent and divergent validity of the Persian HFERST, the acceptance and action questionnaire-second edition, the difficulty in emotion regulation scale, and the depression, anxiety and stress scale were used. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest method. The data analysis was done in SPSSsoftware, version 25 and LISREL version 8.8. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 8-factor solution of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the subscales of rumination, reappraisal, acceptance, problem solving, suppression of emotional expression, suppression of emotional experiences, avoidance and social support were 0.88, 0.87, 0.90, 0.91, 0.84, 0.89, 0.92, and 0.90, respectively. In addition, the four-week test-retest reliability for the mentioned subscales were 0.83, 0.80, 0.85, 0.89, 0.80, 0.82, 0.86, and 0.91, respectively. Conclusion: The Persian HFERST is a reliable and valid scale for measuring emotion regulation strategies in Iranian samples.

Background and Objectives: Rumination is defined as a set of repeated thoughts Related to negative moods or events and is effective as a maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy in various disorders such as depression. Considering that the Mistake Rumination Scale (MRS) has not been validated for Iranian population, this study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of MRS in the Iranian population. Methods: The study population includes all people aged 18-60 years in Iran. The study samples were 270 people who were selected by a convenience sampling method after an online invitation from November to December 2022. To evaluate the convergent and divergent validity, the 16-item difficulties in emotion regulation scale, the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale, and the multidimensional perfectionism cognitions inventory were used. The factor structure of the questionnaire was examined through confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the test-retest method. The data was analyzed in SPSS software, version 25 and LISREL software, version 8.8. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed Four factors: Psychological, psychological, economic and social. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was equal to 0.93 and the four-week test-retest reliability was equal to 0.89. The correlation coefficients indicated favorable convergent and divergent validity of the Persian MRS (P<0.001). Conclusion: The Persian MRS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring mistake rumination in the Iranian population.

Background and Objectives: Torque teno virus (TTV) infection can be seen in different types of leukemia and may affect clinical outcomes. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of TTV, hepatitis B and C virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Iranian patients with different types of leukemia. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 95 patients with different types of leukemia participated. The molecular prevalence of TTV infection was evaluated using the semi-nested PCR method. The prevalence of HBs-Ag and HCV-Ab viruses was measured by the ELISA method. Also, the prevalence of active CMV infection was investigated by the semi-quantitative antigenemia test. The data analysis was done in SPSS software version 12 using logistic regression analysis, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The TTV infection was found in 40 out of 95 patients (42.1%). The presence of HBs-Ag was reported in 27 out of 95 patients (28.4%). HCV-Ab was found in 18 out of 69 patients (26.1%), and active CMV infection was found in 11 out of 69 (15.9%). Among 40 leukemia patients with TTV infection, 15 (37.5%) had hepatitis B, 14 (35%) had hepatitis C, and 7 (17.5%) had CMV infection. Conclusion: The high prevalence of single or comorbid TTV infection among Iranian patients with leukemia emphasizes the importance of this virus in causing or aggravating the clinical complications observed in these patients.

Background and Objectives: Postpartum is one of the most critical and dangerous periods in the life of a mother and a newborn. The health behaviors of mothers are influenced by their attitudes. Some attitudes act like dams against receiving health care. The health behaviors of mothers can be improved through education, increasing public awareness, and correcting attitudes. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of educational intervention on the attitudes and behaviors of mothers referring to health and treatment centers in Qom Province, Iran. Methods: This qualitative study investigates the attitudes and behaviors of mothers during the postpartum period. It is an educational intervention conducted on 110 mothers during their postpartum period. The mothers were selected by available sampling from the health and treatment centers of Qom Province and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The intervention took four months, and the education was conducted in four sessions using educational clips, lectures, posters, and pamphlets. The follow-up feedback was accomplished until 42 days after delivery. Results: After the educational intervention, significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups in the components of health attitudes and behaviors, including maternal behaviors, nutritional behaviors, and infant-related behaviors of mothers in the postpartum period (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that multimedia educational intervention, along with individual counseling and continuous communication with mothers, has a positive effect on their health attitudes and behaviors in the postpartum period.

Background and Objectives: Antibiotic treatment is used to reduce the bioburden of wounds. Medicinal plants can be an alternative method for wound treatment. This study aims to investigate the effects of Myrtus communis (Mord) leaf extract combined with olive oil on the wound healing process and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes in BALB/c mice. Methods: The Mord leaf extract was mixed with olive oil in a volume ratio of 1:1. Thirty-six BALB/c male mice were divided into three groups of 12, including control, saline, and experimental. Then a 1×1 cm incision was made in their skin. On days 5, 10, 15, four mice from each group were randomly sacrificed and their skin samples were collected from the wound site. The real-time PCR method was used to measure the expression of four genes in the wound site. Statistical analysis was done by the analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The Mord leaf extract combined with olive oil increased the expression of VEGF, EGF, FGF-1, and IGF-1 genes (P<0.05). The effect was higher on the 15th day of the experiment. Conclusion: The increase in the expression of VEGF, EGF, FGF-1, and IGF-1 genes due to the treatment using the combination of Mord leaf extract and olive oil can accelerate the wound healing process.

Background and Objectives: According to the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), category 4 breast lesions have a 2-95% probability of malignancy. Such estimation can cause challenges in planning for the treatment of women with breast cancer. Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is one of the best imaging modalities in breast cancer detection. In this study, we aim to assess the efficiency of deep learning methods in determining the malignancy degree of BI-RADS 4 breast lesions using CESM images. Methods: In this study, 1408 CESM images of BI-RADS 4 breast lesions were used. The image pre-processing step was first done to remove noises and improve image quality. Then, segmentation was done for the region of interest extraction. Feature extraction was done using three different conventional classifiers. Finally, the classification of images was done using deep learning methods. Results: Among the applied methods, the Densenet-201 network used for feature extraction and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) used for Classification showed the best results with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of 98.57%, 99.20%, 97.50% and 0.987 respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method (Densenet-201 and KNN) using CESM images is effective in estimating the malignancy of BI-RADS 4 breast lesions and thus in timely treatment of breast cancer.

Background and Objectives: Social participation involves playing a role by expressing opinions, making decisions, and accepting responsibilities in society. The use of online health services can promote people’s perception of health. This study aims to determine the relationship of social participation with the ability to use online health services in middle-aged people of Kashan, Iran. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 280 middle-aged people referred to comprehensive health service centers in Kashan City in 2020-2021. A social participation questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire of the ability to use online health services were used for data collection. chi-square and Fisher’s exact test, independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test were used. Results: Of 280 participants, 154(55%) were female and 243(86.8%) were married. The mean score of social participation was 43.8±57.21 (on a scale from 14 to 70), indicating a moderate level. The mean score of ability to use online health services was 65.73±16.20 (on a scale from 20 to 100). Social participation had a positive significant correlation with the ability to use online health services (r=0.14, P=0.024) and attitude towards technology (r=0.26, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in social participation based on age and work experience (P>0.05). Conclusion: Social participation of middle-aged people in Kashan City is correlated with their ability to use online health services. This result can help the health system policymakers in designing educational programs for maintaining or improving the health and social participation of middle-aged people in society.

Background and Objectives: Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites found in foods. After eating foods containing aflatoxin B1, the ruminants metabolize the toxin and excrete aflatoxin M1 in their milk. The permissible level of aflatoxin in milk is not more than 50 ng/L. This study aims to investigate the amount of aflatoxin M1 in the collected raw, traditional, and synthetic milk using the ELISA method. We also intend to determine the adulteration of raw milk in Qom City, Iran. Methods: From the supply centers, 180 samples of raw, milk, and pasteurized were prepared in Qom and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The chi-square test was performed using SPSS software, version 26. The level of significance was set at <0. 005. Results: Investigations showed that all sampled milk was contaminated with aflatoxin, but the contamination was not beyond the standard limit. However, the level of microbial contamination was high. Regarding milk adulteration, we found 4, 0, and 2 cases of adulteration in raw, traditional, and industrial milk samples, respectively. Conclusion: The milk tested in this study is safe for consumption regarding aflatoxin M1 contamination. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of aflatoxin B1 levels in livestock diets and aflatoxin M1 in dairy milk is necessary, especially for countries at high risk for aflatoxin M1 contamination.

Background and Objectives: Nasal obstruction is a common complaint in menopausal women. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of intranasal estrogen on nasal obstruction in menopausal women. Methods: This study is a three-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial that was conducted on menopausal women with nasal obstruction in Taleghani Hospital, Tehran in 1400. The patients were selected as available and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group was treated with intranasal estrogen ointment and the control group was treated with intranasal lanolin (placebo) daily for three months. The data were analyzed using t-test with SPSS software, version 21. Results: 46 menopausal patients with nasal obstruction,an average age of 52.58±0.667 years, and an average body mass index of 23.33±3.42 kg/m2 were included in the study.then, the patients were randomly divided into two groups,an intervention group (23 people) and the control group (23 people). No significant difference was observed in the demographic data between the groups. All patients showed a significant improvement in the severity of symptoms and rhinomanometry results after three months. In post-intervention visits , the mean severity of nasal obstruction and rhinomanometry results in the intranasal estrogen group were significantly higher than the placebo group.(P<0.05) Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is suggested to use intranasal estrogen ointment to treat nasal obstruction in menopausal women with out anatomical or functional nasal disorders.

Background and Objectives: Sea cucumber has antibacterial, fungal, anti-viral, and anti-cancer compounds that can be used for medicinal purposes. This research investigates the effect of gold nanoparticles and sea cucumber alcoholic extract on liver cancer cells. Methods: Sea cucumber samples were collected from the tidal zone of Owli village, Dayyer county, Bushehr City, southern Iran. Initial identification was done by extracting spicules using the FAO identification key. The anticancer effects of the prepared alcoholic extract (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µg/mL) and gold nanoparticles (0.5, 2, 4, 8, 10, 16 nM) were studied on the liver cancer cell line (Hep-G2) using the MTT assay, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS software, version 21. Results: The best effect of sea cucumber alcoholic extract and gold nanoparticles on the Hep-G2 was seen 72 hours after exposure. The highest cytotoxic effect of sea cucumber alcoholic extract on the cell line was seen at a dose of 100 μg/mL with 89.2% growth inhibition. The highest cytotoxic effect of gold nanoparticles was seen at a dose of 16 nM with 87.3% growth inhibition. The 100-μg/mL alcoholic extract and 16-nM nanoparticles together showed 95.4% growth inhibition. Conclusion: Due to the significant cytotoxic effect of sea cucumber alcoholic extract and gold nanoparticles on liver cancer cells, these compounds can be used as suitable candidates for producing anti-cancer drugs.

Background and Objectives: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) plays an essential role in developing resistance to quinolones. This study aimed to investigate the presence and effect of PMQR genes in clinical isolates of Citrobacter from urinary tract infections. Methods: Fifty-one citrobacter isolates were found in urinary samples of patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah City, Iran, in 2019. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac (6 ')-Ib, and qepA genes of isolates were detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Then, the PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) method was used to differentiate the aac (6')-Ib gene from its aac (6')-Ib-cr variant. The obtained data were analyzed using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney statistical methods. Results: The highest resistance of isolates was seen against cefazolin (74.5%), ciprofloxacin (41.2%), and cotrimoxazole (35.3%). More than 80% of isolates were susceptible to carbapenems, gentamicin, and piperacillin/tazobactam. The frequency of qnr genes in isolates was 41.5%. The qnrB gene was the most frequent (43.2%), followed by qnrS (5.9%) and qnrA (1.9%). The aac (6') -Ib gene was found in 27.5% of the isolates; all were aac (6')-Ib-cr. The qepA gene was not found in any isolate. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the importance of Citrobacter freundii as an agent of urinary tract infection and its high resistance to ciprofloxacin. PMQR genes are highly prevalent in Citrobacter isolates, and there is a significant correlation between the qnrB and qnrS genes with the increased minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin. Therefore, antibiotic susceptibility should be performed before treating Citrobacter urinary tract infections.

Background and Objectives: Nanoparticles and nanocomposites in low concentrations can be a suitable alternative to antibiotics. In this study, for the first time, silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites were synthesized from the cellulose of Barhi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds. Methods: In this study, the chemical compounds of Berhi date palm seed extract (such as phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid) were first assessed, and silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites were synthesized. The properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were evaluated using different spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. The antibacterial activity of the extract and silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites was investigated against standard strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The cytotoxicity of the extract and nanocomposites against breast cancer cells MCF-7 and normal cells MCF-10A were finally evaluated. Results: In the extract, there were high concentrations of flavonoids and phenols. Based on scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the size of synthesized nanocomposites was 20±5 nm with a spherical shape. The diameter of the inhibition zones was 21.3±0.5 mm and 19.4±0.7 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, respectively. According to the MTT assay results, the nanocomposites were more cytotoxic to MCF-7 breast cancer cells than normal cells MCF-10A. Conclusion: The synthesized zinc oxide-silver nanocomposites have antibacterial and anticancer properties with fewer side effects and significant efficacy, which can be used as a potential therapy in the future.

Background and Objectives: Nursing care is considered a compassionate act, and compassion and empathy for others in any form requires compassion for oneself. This study was done to clarify the concept of self-compassion in nursing. Methods: This study was conducted according to Walker and Avant's concept analysis approach. An extensive search and review of texts was conducted in the Scopus, Medline, ProQuest, Web of Science, PubMed, Magiran, SID, and Google Scholar databases, as well as the Oxford medical dictionary, with the help of the keywords "self-compassion," "compassion," "compassionate care," "self-forgiveness," and "self-perception" between 2010 and 2022. Based on the inclusion criteria, 10 texts containing the defining features of the concept were extracted from it. Results: Self-compassion comprises being open, going along with one's sufferings, experiencing a sense of care and kindness towards oneself, adopting a non-judgmental attitude with understanding one's inadequacies and failures, and recognizing that one's experience is a part of human experience. Conclusion: The results of the concept analysis in this study can provide an objective and comprehensible picture of self-compassion in nursing and be used as a practical step for training, strengthening, measuring, and finally developing this concept to provide quality and safe nursing services by nurses.

Background and Objectives: In this research, the effect of vitamin C as an antioxidant was investigated on in vitro fertilization and fetal growth in oocytes obtained from small laboratory mice with experimentally-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using estradiol valerate. Methods: A number of 8-week-old Swiss-type adult mice were randomly selected and categorized into control (fed only with water and food) and PCOS (using estradiol valerate by intraperitoneal injection) groups. After a 2-month treatment period, hCG and Folligan drugs were injected intraperitoneally to stimulate ovulation. The oocytes were dissected, washed, and cultured in an HTF medium containing BSA (4 mg/mL). Oocytes obtained from mice were divided into different groups using culture media containing different doses of vitamin C. Then, the quality of the developed embryos, the percentage of cleavage, the number of arrested embryos, and the percentage of blastocysts created during 120 hours in each group were evaluated using an inverse microscope. Results: The results of examining the percentage of fertilization, blastocyst, and other stages of fetal development showed that the induction of polycystic ovary syndrome caused a significant reduction in the stages of development and growth of the fetus compared to the control group. It has also caused an increase in type I and type II embryos. Conclusion: Overall, using antioxidant vitamin C with the proper dose can positively affect fertility and fetal growth in the culture medium of in vitro fertilization.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to assess the effect of olive leaf smoke inhalation on the blood Biochemical factors, activity of liver enzymes, and the changes in liver, lung and kidney tissues in male Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats were put in three groups of 7, including control, olive smoke for one hour per day, and olive smoke for two hours per day. The levels of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and the activity of liver enzymes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured. Histological changes in liver, kidney, and lung tissues were also investigated. Finally, the data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance. The significant level was set at P<0.05. Results: Treatment with olive leaf smoke for two hours significantly increased blood glucose level, but it did not cause significant changes in triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, HDL, and LDL levels and ALT enzyme activity (P>0.05). However, it significantly increased the activity of AST and GGT enzymes compared to two other groups (P<0.001). Treatment with olive leaf smoke for one hour did not cause significant changes in these factors. Conclusion: Treatments with olive leaf smoke for 1 or 2 hours do not cause significant changes in blood biochemical factors. However, the 2-hour treatment can affect the activity of liver enzymes AST, ALP and GGT. The olive leaf smoke has pathological effects on liver, lung and kidney tissues.

Volume 17-Qom Univ Med Sci J 2023, 17-: 451-461 | Back to browse issues page ‎ 10. 32598/qums. 17. 2821. 1 XML Persian Abstract Print Download citation: BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks Send citation to: Mendeley Zotero RefWorks Hadi Zade Bazaz M, Vaezi G, Khaksari M, Hojati V. Effect of Curcumin on Hippocampal Cell Death in Rats With Methamphetamine-induced Neurotoxicity. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2023,17: 2821. 1 URL: http: //journal. muq. ac. ir/article-1-3667-en. html Effect of Curcumin on Hippocampal Cell Death in Rats With Methamphetamine-induced Neurotoxicity Mahbobe Hadi Zade Bazaz1, Gholamhassan Vaezi * 2, Mehdi Khaksari1, Vida Hojati1 1-Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran 2-Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran., gh. vaezi@yahoo. com Abstract: (219 Views) Background and Objectives: Methamphetamine (METH) is widely used as a psychostimulant. Neurotoxicity is one of the side effects of METH. Curcumin is effective against nerve damage due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aim to assess the effects of curcumin on cognitive memory and cell death in the hippocampus of rats with neurotoxicity induced by METH. Methods: In this study, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: Control (n=12), negative control (n=12, received dimethyl sulfoxide), positive control (n=12, received METH), METH+100 mg/kg curcumin (n=12), and METH+200 mg/kg curcumin (n=12). Neurotoxicity was induced by 40 mg/kg METH injected intraperitoneally 4 times (once per two hours). Curcumin treatment was done for 7 consecutive days after the last injection of METH. One day after the last curcumin injection, cognitive memory in the hippocampus of rats was assessed using the object recognition test. Nissl staining was used to assess cell death. The data analysis was done in GraphPad Prism software, version 6. Results: Administration of curcumin with a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the cognitive impairment and increased necrotic cell death. Conclusion: Curcumin can improve cognitive memory and increase cell death in the hippocampus of rats with METH-induced neurotoxicity.

Background and Objectives: Male infertility is a complex disorder that affects a large portion of the male population. However, the causes of infertility are mainly unknown. Proper and complete implementation of spermatogenesis requires the expression of many genes. So, stopping or disrupting the expression of any of them may lead to blocking or upsetting the process of spermatogenesis. Identification of such genes and evaluation of their function provides valuable information about the role of these genes in adult spermatogenesis. The present study investigated the expression of PRMT1 and MAPK14 genes in healthy and oligospermic individuals. Methods: Semen samples of normal sperm and oligospermia were collected according to WHO standards from individuals referring to Qom University, Jihad Infertility Treatment Center, after obtaining their consent. Semen samples were assessed regarding the expression of PRMT1 and MAPK14 genes in normal and oligospermic groups using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data obtained were analyzed with the independent t test using PRISM software. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The study on cDNA from normal sperm and oligospermic individuals showed that the expression of the PRMT1 gene in oligospermic individuals increased 3.989 times compared to the control group, but the MAPK14 gene did not change significantly. Conclusion: Increased expression of the PRMT1 gene in oligospermic individuals increases the process of apoptosis and ultimately reduces the number of healthy sperms.

Background and Objectives: Silibinin, an antioxidant, is used to prevent and treat skin inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to develop a liposomal silibinin formulation to increase its bioavailability and water solubility and control its kinetic release to improve the healing process of skin wounds. Methods: liposomes carrying silibinin were prepared using the thin film method. The loading capacity and drug release kinetics were evaluated using the reading drug absorption in the suitable wavelength. The particle size and surface potential (ζ-potential) of nanosystems were determined using dynamic light scattering technique. Lipid nanoparticle morphology was determined using a scanning electron microscope. An MTT assay was then used to determine the cytotoxicity on human skin fibroblasts. The obtained data were analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 18. Results: The particle size and ζ-potential of liposomal nanoparticles with silibinin optimized liposomal silibinin are 112±9. 07 nm and-14. 5±2. 2 mV, respectively. The encapsulation of silibinin in liposome was 84%±5. 3%, and the total drug release at 37°C during 24 h was 67. 3%±4. 98%. In addition, the results of cellular toxicity showed that silibinin alone or liposomes containing silibinin do not have cytotoxicity on healthy human fibroblasts. Further, encapsulated silibinin versus its free form promotes the growth of fibroblast healthy cells. Conclusion: The results show that a nanoliposomal silibinin formulation can be used as a nanodrug containing an effective herbal agent for speeding up the healing of skin wounds.

Background and Objectives: The extensive spread of COVID-19 and the increasing number of hospitalized patients have made the educational role of nurses more prominent. This study was conducted to identify the barriers to patient education in the coronavirus ward from the perspective of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in this ward of 22 Bahman Hospital in Khaf City, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from December 22, 2020 to March 20, 2021. A total of 82 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in the general ward of Coronavirus were selected by census method and then investigated. The study data were collected with an electronic questionnaire of obstacles to patient education (with confirmed validity and reliability) and analyzed using the chi-square, Friedman test, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests in SPSS software, version 22. P<0.05 was statistically significant. Results: The highest mean score of the nurses' point of view regarding the barriers to patient education was related to management factors (2.4±0.3), and the lowest was related to educational skills (1.8±0.3). The mean score of the nurses' opinion regarding the barriers to teaching patients was significantly higher in the management field than in other fields and the field of working conditions than in the fields of nurses' attitudes and educational skills (P<0.05). Conclusion: Since the highest mean score of the nurses' view of the barriers to patient education was related to management factors, managers should encourage nurses to conduct this vital task by continuous monitoring and control, considering educational activities in periodic evaluations, and issuing organizational notices for patient education.

Background and Objectives: Musculoskeletal diseases have a high prevalence among dentists. Various risk factors, including unfavorable body position, are influential in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on adopting proper body position at work in dental students of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom City, Iran, in 2022. Methods: In this educational intervention, 80 clinical dental students in two groups of intervention and control were evaluated by a demographic questionnaire, the constructs of the theory of planned behavior, and a rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) worksheet. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and percentage, and inferential statistics, including the Chi-square, t test, paired t test, and McNemar Test (marginal homogeneity test). Results: No significant difference was reported in subjective norm constructs (P=0.790) and behavior constructs (P= 0.635) in the intervention group after the educational intervention. However, significant differences were observed in the attitude constructs (P=0.025), perceived behavioral control (P=0.031), and behavior intention (P=0.021). There was also a significant difference in the RULA score between the intervention and control groups after the intervention (P=0.001). Conclusion: Educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior can effectively improve working posture. We saw an improvement in the RULA score and working posture in the intervention group. It is suggested that necessary engineering controls besides education in future educational programs are considered.

Background and Objectives: Health literacy generally refers to the ability of individuals to access health information and use it to make appropriate decisions in maintaining and promoting health. This study was the first attempt to design a psychometric tool for measuring the coronavirus health literacy for adults in Iran in 2021. Methods: The items related to the questionnaire were designed using the existing documents, articles, and questionnaires. The initial version of the questionnaire consisted of 30 items. Content validity and face validity of the introductory tool were evaluated by a group of experts and interviews with adults. After reviewing the content validity, the number of tool items was reduced to 22. Then, the reliability and structural analysis of the tool was evaluated by a descriptive-correlation study conducted on 400 respondents who were selected via sequential non-probability sampling from adults in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, 22 items were loaded in 4 factors, representing 59.31% of the observed changes. The Cronbach α coefficient was acceptable for each factor. The retest of the questionnaire at a two-week interval also confirmed the constancy of the questionnaire. The final questionnaire with 22 items in 4 areas of access, understanding, evaluation, and use of information and health services was approved as a valid and reliable tool. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed the competence of the mentioned tool to measure the coronavirus health literacy of adults in Sistan and Baluchestan Province.

Background and Objectives: Most of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (even those with mild degrees) experience various sexual disorders, which can affect their different aspects of life. Therefore, it is important to find treatments for them. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention and neurofeedback on the sexual function of women with MS. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. The study population includes all married women with MS in Karaj, Iran in 2020, 16 of whom were selected using a purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups of neurofeedback (n=8) and mindfulness (n=8). To collect data, the female sexual dysfunctional inventory by Naderi et al. (2011) was used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 26 using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: According to the results, both mindfulness-based intervention and neurofeedback were effective in improving the sexual functions of women with MS, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both Mindfulness-based intervention and neurofeedback can improve the sexual functions of women with MS. They can be used as an effective complementary treatment in MS women.

Background and Objectives: Hypertension is one of the most important but modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. However, treatment adherence is an important factor in controlling hypertension and preventing its complications. This study examined the relationship between beliefs about medicines and drug regimen adherence among hypertensive patients living in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2019. Methods: A total of 570 patients with hypertension covered by comprehensive centers of urban health services in Hamadan from non-privileged, semi-privileged, and privileged areas were selected by multi-stage sampling method. Patients' treatment adherence was assessed with the Morisky medication scale and beliefs about medicines questionnaire (BMQ). The findings were analyzed using the Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: Of 570 patients, 45.7% had poor, 33.2% had moderate, and 21% had good drug adherence. Their mean score of medication belief was 57.99±7.40. Low medication adherence was significantly related to being divorced and widowed, low economic status, low physical activity, and coexistence of other diseases. However, better adherence was associated with blood pressure complications and shorter disease duration (P<0.05). A significant relationship was observed between medication adherence score and treatment harm belief (P=0.022) and drug-specific final belief (P=0.012). Conclusion: Most patients with hypertension lack good medication compliance. Beliefs related to drug therapy are effective only in the area of treatment harm and drug-specific beliefs on drug compliance of hypertensive patients

Background and Objectives: Health-promoting lifestyle is one of the most important ways to control hypertension. It is a way by which people try to prevent diseases and disabilities and improve their health. This study aims to investigate the health-promoting lifestyle and its effective factors in patients with hypertension in Hamadan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 310 patients with hypertension referred to comprehensive urban health services centers in Hamadan in 2020, who were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire including a demographic form and the health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP). The findings were analyzed using the chi-square test, t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, analysis of variance, and Spearman correlation test. Results: The mean score of HPLP was 129.8±16.6 (ranged 49-196), indicating a moderate level. The difference in HPLP score in terms of age, sex, marital status, educational level, comorbidity, and family history of hypertension was statistically significant. The HPLP score had a significant negative correlation between age (P<0.001), systolic blood pressure (P= 0.01), and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). Conclusion: The health-promoting lifestyle of hypertensive patients in Hamadan is not at a good level. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize these behaviors in the educational programs for these patients and make them aware of the consequences of a poor health-promoting lifestyle.

Background and Objectives: Emotional intelligence enables nurses to manage their patients effectively. This study aims to assess the relationship between the emotional intelligence of nurses, the quality of care provided by them, and the anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was performed on 150 nurses working in the internal wards of Koosar Hospital (in Semnan), Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital (in Iranshahr), and Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital (in Tehran) in 2020-2021 and their patients with type 2 diabetes who were under their care for at least three consecutive days. A demographic form, Siberia Schering’s emotional intelligence questionnaires, the quality of nursing care scale, and Spielberger’s state-trait anxiety inventory (only the state anxiety subscale) were used for data collection. Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between nurses’ emotional intelligence and patients’ anxiety (r=-0.375, P<0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between the quality of nursing care (and its dimensions) and nurses’ emotional intelligence (P>0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between the quality of nursing care (and its dimensions) and patients’ anxiety (P<0.05). Conclusion: Emotional intelligence educational courses for graduated and undergraduate nurses in universities or hospitals, are recommended to improve their emotional intelligence and consequently, help diabetic patients manage their anxiety and have a better experience of nursing care.

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. High cholesterol level is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Cholesterol production is regulated by the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Statins, as the inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, are often used as cholesterol-lowering drugs to prevent cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to synthesize novel derivatives of atorvastatin and investigate their effect on liver and kidney serum parameters, function, and histology. Methods: Atorvastatin derivatives named S1, S2, and S3 were synthesized by acylation of the benzene ring of atorvastatin. The effect of compound S3 on serum parameters related to liver and kidney function was evaluated in rabbits with a high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. SPSS software, version 20 was used to analyze the data using statistical tests. Results: The compound S3 increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride compared to the standard drug atorvastatin during 30 days of treatment (P<0.05). The liver enzymes were used to evaluate the toxicity of compound S3. In addition, the S3 compound significantly reduced the amount of urea, creatinine, and uric acid compared to the hyperlipidemic group. Histological study results showed that the compound S3 reduces tissue damage in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Conclusion: The S3 compound of atorvastatin can be considered as a cholesterol-lowering agent. This indicates that phenyl rings with higher electron density attached to propargyl show better inhibitory effects against ?? The S3 can be an effective drug for preventing atherosclerosis. However, more research is needed to clarify its exact mechanism.

Background and Objectives: Although pregnancy brings great happiness to most women, it can cause stress and anxiety in many of them. This phenomenon is more severe in primigravida pregnant women, because they face these changes for the first time. This study aims to design and determine the validity and reliability of a stress management scale based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for primigravida pregnant women in Iran. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 20 primigravida pregnant mothers in Qom City in 2022. The initial draft of the questionnaire was prepared and completed by the participants. The validity was assessed based on the opinions of 8 experts, and reliability was assessed using the test re-test method (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) and Cronbach’s α. Results: The final draft had 41 items. The obtained content validity ratio was 0.91 for attitude, 0.95 for perceived behavioral control, 0.91 for subjective norms, 0.81 for behavioral intention, and 0.93 for normative belief. The obtained and content validity index was 0.96 for attitude, 0.95 for perceived behavioral control, 0.99 for subjective norms, 0.97 for behavioral intention, and 0.95 for normative belief. Cronbach’s α calculated for the overall scale was 0.87, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.75. Conclusion: The TPB-based instrument has acceptable validity and reliability for measuring stress management of primigravida pregnant women in Iran.

Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of bone fractures. Osteoporosis can affect the quality of life and lead to depression by causing bone fractures and associated complications such as reduced physical activity, weight gain, and reduced self-care. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression in people with osteoporosis referred to the bone densitometry center of a hospital in Kashan, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 150 people with osteoporosis were selected from among those referred to the bone densitometry center of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan in 2021, who were selected by a systematic sampling method. To collect information, a demographic form and Beck’s depression inventory were used. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using chi-square test and independent t-test. Results: In this study, 86% of people with osteoporosis had depressive symptoms, of whom 42% had severe depression. The prevalence of depressive symptoms in osteoporosis patients with a T score was 37.9%, on average. There was a statistically significant difference in the severity of depression among patients in terms of the family history of depression and the use of psychiatric drugs (P<0.001). Conclusion: The majority of people with osteoporosis in the study center in Kashan have some degree of depression symptoms, which shows the importance of early investigation and treatment of depression in these patients.

Background and Objectives: A good death, as the final part of a good life, has great importance in older adults. The current study aimed to determine the components of a good death for older adults. Methods: This is a systematic review study. A search was first performed in online databases of Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science using the keywords “older adult”, “aging”, “aged”, “good death”, “dying well”, and “successful death” in English on articles published from 1969 to 2022, using the PRISMA Checklist. Observational studies in English with available full texts and those conducted on the elderly population and caregivers and family members of older adults were included in the review. The search yielded 1736 articles, of which 6 articles were finally selected for the review. Results: The quality of the reviewed studies were moderate to high using the STROBE checklist. Ten components were extracted for a good death which included: Physical, psychological, spiritual, social, economic, care, cultural, place of death, time of death, and way of death. Conclusion: Understanding the concept of a good death and paying attention to its dimensions in the elderly is essential, especially for their end-of-life care. Healthcare providers should survey older patients’ perceptions of a good death. Considering the importance of this issue, the lack of a comprehensive definition of a good death for older adults, and the low number of studies conducted in this field, further investigations are recommended.

Background and Objectives: Oral and dental diseases, especially caries and periodontal diseases, are among the most common diseases in the world. This study aimed to determine the factors related to tooth brushing behavior in high school students based on the health belief model. Methods: The present study is of a descriptive cross-sectional type. The sampling was done by random classification in two classes of girls' and boys' schools on 400 ninth-grade students from six cities east of Guilan Province, Iran, in 2022. The study instrument was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, knowledge, constructs of the health belief model, and brushing behavior. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using the chi-square test and Pearson linear correlation coefficient. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted relationship. Results: Direct and weak linear correlations were observed between the state of desirable brushing behavior with knowledge scores (r=0.15), self-efficacy constructs (r=0.25), and perceived benefits (r=0.22). Also, an inverse and significant correlation was observed between behavior and perceived barrier (r=-0.24). Based on logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and socioeconomic status, the variables of knowledge (OR=1.11; 95%CI, 1.02%-1.21%), self-efficacy (OR=1.10; 95%CI, 1.05%-1.51%), and perceived barrier (OR=0.97; 95% CI, 0.95%-0.99%) had independent and significant relationships with desirable tooth brushing behavior. Conclusion: Considering the low level of desirable tooth brushing behavior and the low average knowledge score, it is necessary to take appropriate interventions to provide, maintain, and improve students' oral health.

Background and Objectives: One of the foundations of the health system are nurses. Migration is one of the factors of reducing and losing this valuable capital. Methods: In this systematic review study, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar databases were searched without time limit and based on the Prisma method, and in order to evaluate the quality of the articles, critical evaluation checklists of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) were used. Results: First, 265 articles were extracted. After screening and removing duplicate articles, unrelated, without complete text, the qualitative evaluation stage was performed, and finally 17 articles were included in the study. No intervention was reported in the articles and no study prioritized the identified effective factors. The causes affecting migration were classified into two main categories: Causes related to the country of origin (push factors) and causes related to the destination country (pull factors). The factors in the countries of origin and destination were counted in three areas: individual factors, social factors and cultural factors. Income, job position, job security, continuing education facilities and educational technology, team relations and facilities in the work environment and family status were identified as the most important factors affecting migration. Conclusion: Nurses and especially young nurses from third world countries had a high desire to immigrate. Considering the multi-dimensional causes affecting the migration of nurses, in order to manage this phenomenon effectively, special attention and structural reforms in the social, cultural, political and economic dimensions are needed