Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:35|Papers Count:16

The Purpose of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks aerobic and yoga training on the level of depression in non-athlete females aged over 40 years in Ahvaz Oil Industry. The method of this investigation in field-quasi-experimental. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) whose reliability and validity were confirmed, was used. The relevant questionnaire was distributed among 317 females who enrolled in Shahrak Naft club and Koye Fadaian Eslam as the research population. 60 subjects showing high depression level according to BDI were divided into three groups of yoga, aerobic and control. Aerobic and Yoga groups took part in training protocol consisting of 8 weeks, 3 days a week and 60 minutes a day. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Spearman correlation and follow up Tukey test at a=0.05 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that aerobic and yoga training significantly reduced the level of depression, but aerobic training was more effective than yoga. The findings also showed a significant negative relationship between depression and the level of education in females. Significant relationship was seen between age, weight and the level of depression but aerobic training was more effective in reducing the weight. The results of the present study indicated that different kinds of physical activity had a positive effect on depression symptoms. Therefore, it can be suggested that physical activity can be used as a cheap and suitable methods to reduce depression symptoms in non-athlete females

The aim of this study was to make a skill profile of elite Iranian Greco-Roman wrestlers. For this purpose, five relevant techniques in 141 wrestlers in two separate groups were assessed (junior n=71 & senior n=70). Scoring method for each technique was filmed and reviewed in a non-competitive situation. The results showed that Iranian Greco-Roman wrestlers earned high scores in all five techniques in both junior and senior groups.

To examine the psychometric properties of Farsi version of the Hardiness Scale including reliability, validity, and exploratory factor analysis, 283 students from University of Tehran in two sample groups of 124 athletes and 159 nonathletes were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete the Hardiness Scale (HS), the Mental Health Inventory (MHI), and the Farsi version of the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (FPANPS). Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the HS were examined at satisfactory levels. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported three factors for the HS as well as a single general factor of hardiness. Concurrent validity of the HS was calculated according to correlation coefficients between the scores of the HS and those of the MHI and FPANPS. Most correlations were statistically significant.

Sport marketing mix management is planning & deciding strategic mix of factors that are making clear sport marketing mix. It is very important because of its role in fixing sport trade; and due to its sensitive role in marketing management, managers have spent a lot of time to analyze it. This article proposes modeling the marketing mix in sport industry by path analysis. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 45 components & 92 reliability was prepared (P<0.01).For collecting the data, 108 subjects as the sample of sport marketing clubs at super league matches of 9 sport fields were asked to complete the questionnaire. 98 questionnaires were completed. Lysrel software Ver.8.52 for modeling SPSS software Ver.14 and  a-Kronbakh were used. After collecting the data, concealment factors among 45 components, found in background study, were identified. Results showed that there were 8 factors as the most important factors at the sport marketing mix in industry of IRI. Then the model of the sport marketing mix was made. Due to this model, sponsorship, promotion management, pricing management and powers of market are the independent variables & public relation, process management, place management & brand management are the dependent ones.

The oxygen pulse as an indicator of O2 conveyance in circulatory system has recently been subject to clinical investigations, and there is not much information about this cardiovascular variable. The purpose of this study was the prediction and comparison of maximal O2 pulse in male adolescents. For this purpose, 60 adolescents with a mean (S.D) age, weight and height of 16±0.81 years, 59.92±10.39 Kg and 168±8.17 cm respectively, and were selected randomly, participated in this research. To predict the maximal O2 pulse, the subjects performed 4 exercise tests: GXT Treadmill test, pwc 195, pwc 212 ergometer tests and one mile running test. Then, to select an optimum exercise test, the values obtained from 4 exercise tests were compared with Cooper predictive protocol (criterion protocol). GXT test, in comparison with pwc 195, pwc 212 and 1 mile running test, revealed that objective prediction of maximal O2 pulse (14.40 ml.beat) did not show any significant difference from Cooper protocol (P=0.519). The pwc 195 (P=0.001), pwc 212 (P=0.001) and 1 significant different (from the viewpoint of overestimation, underestimation) from Cooper protocol. The results suggest that maximal O2 pulse, as an indicator of cardiopulmonary efficiency, is predicted more objectively by GXT test rather than other exercise tests, so the value of maximal O2 pulse resulted from this protocol, is very close to Cooper values.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of a positional role on sport injuries in professional soccer players. Thirty-eight matches from Zobe-Ahan and Sepahan teams were analyzed. All incidents were recorded with regard to position and time of injuries. Total 121 injuries in 38 matches were observed. Midfield players received significantly more injuries (40.4%) than other positions (P<0.05). Also a significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between different periods of game. Considering different parts of body most injuries were located at lower extremity and occurred due to player to player contact (87.6%) . So, present study suggests that player position and periods of games have an effect on injury rate. Greater risk in midfield position and final periods of halftime should be more considered by team physicians, coaches and fitness trainers to prevent injury

The purpose of this study is to compare the factors affecting the development of sport tourism (pulling, pushing and inhibiting factors) from the viewpoint of Iranian and Australian sport managers. For this purpose, 25 managers in national Olympic committee and physical education organization from Iran and 25 managers from Australia were selected. Due to the lacd of standard instruments, a questionnaire was developed on the basis of Likert five rank scales distributed among subjects. After collecting, the data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS, and t-student test. The results demonstrated that the Australian managers believed pulling factors to be more important than the other factors while Iranian managers believed that inhibiting factors are very important compared to other two factors.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate prevalent sport injuries and related factors in athlete female students who participated in sport festival of Iranian female schools in Kashan City in 2005. This research is a cross-sectional and analytic study. Sampling method is simple random and data collection is by questionnaires. The results show prevalent injuries in different type of sports; 35% in volleyball, 33% in basketball, 17.5% in handball and badminton, 10% in swimming, 5% in mini-volleyball and 2.5% in mini-basketball. The severity of injuries was mild in 80%, mild in 11.6 and severe in 8.5%. Type of injuries in 43.3% is musculotendinous, joint and skeletal and in 13.3% spine. The reason of injuries in 46.6% of injured persons is incorrect exercise movement, in 30% ball beating, in 13.3% being hit by another athlete and in 5% is falling. The prevalent of injuries in different kinds of sports in the festival is as follows: 10% in volleyball athletes, 8.7% in basketball, 1% in handball, 2% in badminton and 1% in swimming. The comparison of the data with the same research in other countries shows that the sport injuries due to incorrect exercise movement in our country is much more than other countries. Therefore it is necessary to train school instructors and athlete students.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two weight training methods (Oxford, Pyramid) on improving pectoral muscles in novice athletes aged 18-22 years old (n=30). They were divided into two groups. The group A trained with oxford method, and the group B trained with pyramid method. Each group completed training for 8 weeks. Each week consisted of 3 sessions and each session consisted of 45-60 minutes. Maximum strength of pectoral muscles was measured before and after training period. Data analysis showed: pectoral muscle strength increased in two groups significantly (P=0.000). There was no significant difference between two groups in developing pectoral muscle strength (P=0.703).

The present study explores the relationship between organizational culture and managers' productivity in physical education offices of East and West Azerbaijan. The study is based on the principles of correlational descriptive method carried out as a field study. The population (N=80) included all managers in the physical education offices in the above mentioned regions. The population was reduced to a sample of 64 managers who filled out the questionnaires and sent them back to the researcher. For data collection, two valid and highly reliable (r=0.86, Organizational Culture) and (r=0.82, Productivity) questionnaires were applied. The findings of Spearman Correlation Analysis implied that there was a significant relationship between organizational culture and its indicators and productivity (P<0.05).

In this study, we examined the effects of noise on acquisition and retention of a spatial memory task in equal and unequal context in mature male rats. Subjects consisted of 22 mature male rats placed in 3 groups randomly (group A: 8, group B: 7 and group C: 7). The natural noise acquired in Azadi football stadium was used in surface of water maze system and was regulated in 2 intensities: High intensity (86 db) and Middle intensity (64 db) using SLM instrument. At first, we examined visual and memory systems of rats by visual and probe tests respectively. In the experiment, rats practiced a spatial memory task (water maze) in 4 trials, 2 blocks and 3 days of training program. Evaluation of acquisition was in the end of practice, and for retention was after 72 hours in equal and unequal situations. Then we recorded data about delay time and used ANOVA test for analyzing data in SPSS12. We showed a significant decrease in acquisition and retention among groups with an increase in intensity of noise. Also delay time increased with an increase in intensity of noise. Furthermore, the group trained in middle intensity had better delay time rather than the group trained in silence (group A) in transmission test with high intensity.

The aim of this study was to estimate one maximum repetition through repeating lighter weights up to fatigue in bench press. The sample including 99 male bodybuilders with at least one year of experience in weight training, Participated in this research. The instrument included bench press on bench to collect the data. Any subject chose a weight he could press once. One maximum repetition was measured with adding and removing weights. Then, 5 Kilograms were omitted from the weights when athletes performed bench press after 3 minutes. In every set, 5 kilograms were omitted until the repetition reached 20 maximum repetitions. Based on high correlation coefficient and possibility of drawing estimation equivalence in the research, 4 equivalences were obtained from 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 15, 16 to 20 repetitions, 2 equivalences from 10 sub repetitions and over-repetitions to estimate one maximum repetition, 19 equivalences were suggested to estimate one maximum repetition from every 2 to 20 maximum repetitions. 1 equivalence of estimation of one maximum repetition was obtained from body weight and weight repetition equivalence to body weight. A table was obtained to estimate one maximum repetition from 2-20 maximum repetitions. Low and high correlation coefficients were (r=0.93) to (r= 0.99). One maximum repetition can estimate both fewer than 10 maximum repetitions and 10 to 20maximum repetitions. But the more maximum repetitions are closer to one, the more accurate it is estimated. But for accurate estimation of one maximum repetition, we can use separate equivalences 2 to 20 maximum repetition.