Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:8|Papers Count:10

Distance education is a modern education mode which is used by different countries in different courses and levels according to their local, cultural and social situations. The qualityof eductional function of distance learners in comparison with conventional mode is an important subject among the authorities of this educational mode. This paper studies the educational function of physical education students in conventional and distance education modes in Iran.This is a semi-empirical study whose statistical population was physical education majors in 1999.The data were collected through eight close - ended questionnaires (240 questions) and a questionnaire on educational self-concept. Educational background of the subjects were gathered through Organization of Assessment. In addition to, correlation and effect of entry requirements with educational behavior have been considered by three variables: theoretical and practical score the National University Entrance Examination of high school GPA and also education self-concept. The research findings indicated that in the first intake of the physical education program, the per capita cost in distance education mode was 5.2 times that of conventional education. The cost of distance education is affected by the number of student, and as the number increases the per capita cost decreases with the same intensity. With the admission of 455 students, the per capita cost of both systemsis the same, but it decreases for more enrollment. The ultimate results of the study indicated that despite the superiority of conventional students entry requirements, they had poorer functions as compared with distance students in theoretical courses of humanities and basic sciences. In practical courses no meaningful statistical difference was observed between the two groups.

The purpose of this stady was to determine the effect of selected physical aerobic exercise on some cardiovascular risk factors of smokers and nonsmoker professors in Mashhad University, Fifty male professors 40-55 years of age participated in this study. The participants were then assigned to two groups: Smokers and nonsmokers. These two main groups were randomely divided to two subgroups. (experimental (N= 15)) and control (N= 15) groups, respectively. The two experimental groups carried out the selected aerobic physical exercise program, 3 days a week for 10 weeks, while the control groups did not participate in any training activity. The dependent variables in this stady consisted of body weight, percent body fat, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C levels which were measured before (pretest) and after(post test) exercise program (independent variable) in both groups, by the same manner. The statistical package for social science (SPSS) using T-Test on a control computer was employed for analyses of each independent group(P<0.05). The only significant difference observed among variables were systolic blood pressure and HDL-C in nonsmokers, and also heart rate in smokers between pre-Test and post-Test.

In this study, the investigator has considered resting Sa02 and reduction of vo2 max values at altitude as two criteria of decrease in cardiorespiratory efficiency at altitude. For this purpose; 11 young men volunteers were selected as subjects and their physical characteristics, pulmonary factors (VC, FVC, FEV1,FEV3,MVV), vo2 max, breach holding time and also Sa02 values (at rest and during test) were measured in kermanshah (1330 m). Two days later, after climbing to Mount Parau (3150 m), the resting Sa02 values and AMS symptoms scores were recorded in different times of the stay at altitude. And after 22 hours stay at altitude, vo2max, breach holding time and Sa02 values (during tests) were measured. Statistical analysis yields the following results: Resting Sa02 and vo2 max values were decreased significantly at altitude. Neither the mean resting Sa02 at altitude correlated with breach holding time and vo2max values in the city. But the mean resting Sa02 at altitude has significant negative correlation with the percent of decrease in vo2 max at altitude. Also, the resting Sa02 was increased significantly by prolonging stay time at altitude. But, the most important findings of this study was that all of the pulmonary factors had significant negative correlation with percent of decrease in vo2 max at altitude and significant positive correlation with the mean resting Sa02 at altitude (except FEV1). This result can probably clarify the individual differences in physiological responses to altitude, and also be a factor to distinguish those whose cardiorespiratory efficiency at altitude (compare with others) reduce less.

The main purpose of this study was to apply a simple method for investigating muscle and vaction forces, work and power dissipated at take - off in elite Iranian men jumpers. We have also studied the correlation between anthropometrical measures such as height, weight, thigh and tibia lengths and the data extracted from video filming. From the video data, we could extract the touch - down (T.D), take - off (T.L) time, and time of flight (T.F) and also we could measure the height of the center of gravity (CG) in differeat positions at take - off (T.D, MKF and T.O). In order to achieve the mechanieal parameters, we had to obtain the velocity at T.D and its vertical component and also T.O acceleration and its vertical component, the CG angle at T.D, the velocity at T.D and its vertical and horizontal components and finally the acceleration at T.O and its vertical component. For our purpose, the top elite jumpers at the olympiad student games 2000, have been selected. Data analysis was performed by partial correlation coefficients.

The purpose of this stady was to determine of the effects of mental practice upon accuracy on vollyball serves. Statistical and samples volume were all the 45 volleyball players with 15 to 20 years old of Ham city who were divided to three group. At the beginning they were tested for primary examination and then the groups were gat for 24 session in order to operationd practice, operational/mental practice and operatoinal/mental practice with using feedback. Standard vollyball accuracy were used for measuring accuracy and Hickmom" mental training method for mental practice-(T) velated, Variance analysis and tooky test have used to examine the hypothess. Following results were obtained: The difference between results of control and experimental. 1st wasn"t meaningfull.The difference between results at experimental 1st and experimental 2nd were not meaningfull. The difference between results of control and experimental 2nd groups was meaningfull. According to obtained results we are able to conclude operational and mental practice using feedback has had most influence on increasing skill"s accuracy of volleyball serves.

The purpose of this research is to compare two selected exercise methods of mixed and aerobic, and to select the better method for application in General Physical Education classes. In this research, 342 female students participated, who were divided into two groups: One group was placed under aerobic and the other under mixed (aerobic-Anarobic)tests. The pre-test in which both groups participatedincludedmusclestrength;shouldergirdle strength (flexed-armhang); local strength of abdomen muscles (sit up - flexed leg); agility (shuttle run); cardiovascular strength (600 meters and semi - copper); anarobic power and muscular strength (verticaljump) and circuit test. After ten sessions of exercise,the final test which constituted re-measurement of initial test was repeated. The pre-test and final test results were analyzed by dependent and in dependent T-test. The statistical calculations and comparison of pre-test and final test results showed that there are significant difference between agility final test, anarobic power and cardiovascularstrength (semi - copper) of the mixed exercise as compared with aerobic power exercise; and that there also exists significant difference in terms of final test of muscular strength; shoulder girdle strength, local strength of abdomen muscles and cardiovasular strength (600 meter run) in the aerobic exercise, compared with mixed exercise method. This is while there exists no significant difference between the circuit test of the two groups.

To examine the effects two types of single - session aerobic training on LDL-C, HDL-C, and subcutaneous fat, twenty college non - athlete males were selected non-randomly. Their average age, weight and height were (21.8±2.29) years, (64.65±5.63) kilograms, and (174±5.49) centimeters for group one with Interval Running Training (IRT), and (23.2±1.32) years, (64.4±10.29) kilograms, (179.8±5.39) centimeters for group two with circuit weight training (CWT), respectively.The subjects of group one were engagedin a training program including one session of aerobic IRT for 40 mins, (walking 1 min.) with 60-80 percent of maximal heart rate (MHR), ending with 10 mins of cool down. The second group was involved in one session of aerobic CWT using 10 stations. It, lasted 40 mins started with 10 mins of warm -up, 20 mins for CWTwith 60-80 percent of MHR ending with,10 mins of cool - down. Statistical analysiswith (P<0.05) reveals that: a) one session of IRT had no significant effect on the amount of HDL-C, LDL-C, and subcutaneous fat and b) one session of CWT had a significant effect on the amount of HDL-C but not on the amount of LDL-C and subqltaneous fat. Conclusion: Experiments reveal that the level of plasma fats is affected,more by a single session of aerobic circuit weight training (CWT) as compared to a single session of aerobic Interval Running Training (IRT).

The purpose of this investigation was to compile the physical fitness norm of Birjandi female students in grade one of modern educational system and compare it with other available norms. The physical fitness standard norms of Birjandi female students in their 14th and 15th have been compiled and in addition, the acquired norms have been compared with other ones at provincial and national levels. The research method is descriptive as well as sports field based; and the statical population under consideration comprises 1959 people; among whom 226 people have been chosen randomly through clustering method. To evaluate the general body fitness of the subjects, the" AAHPERD" physical fitness test was applied. In the data analysis, the results obtained and hypotheses assesments, the statisfic especially the "t" test in independent groups for the comparison of the obtained averages have been used. As a result, the following outcomes have been found: 1. No significant difference with 95% percent certainty has been observed concerning the sit up test avarage of female Birjandi students in their 14th and 15th, compared with the provincial and national record averages. 2. Between the 45 meter run record of Birjandi girl students in their 14th and 15th and that of national and provincial records a significant differencewas observed. 3. Between the 49 meter run record average of Birgandi students in their 14th and 15th, and the provincial one, a significant difference is evident. 4. A significant difference in 540 meter run record average was observed between Birjandi female students of 14th and 15the years of age and provincial and national ones with 95% percent certainty. 5. There is no significant relationship between height, weight, fat percentage, sit up test, long jump, 4 by 9 run, 45 meter run, 540 meter run, 540 meter run around the volleyball ground sit and reach test.