JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2000 | Volume:43 | Issue:155|Papers Count:28

The researchwhich has beendone by late scholarMohaddesOrmavi aboutAl -Eyzahandhis correctionof that bookshowshisgreatknowledge. In this article the methodof searchingof researcherwasstudied,that is in sevenchapter,andin everychapterits literarywithnessof Arabicpoemsand proverbswerementioned.Howeverits rhetoricaland eloquentpoints have beenexamined.

Hatef Esfahani is of those poets who wrote three odes in Arabic language. In two of his odes which its subject is lyric, he was influenced with pagan Arab and Islamic lyric, and he imitated UIVah- Ibn Hazam Ozri, Jamil Ibn Ozriand UmarIbn Abirabia.In thirdode whichis in eulogyof prophetis influencedof poets of Fall eraandImam Bursiri.

Iran a country comprisingof widly differnt areas, is one of the 10 superior countries in the field of tourism attractions.On account of geographical and historical reasons, Kerman province is one of the: 5 historical of touristy important provinces in Iran. Thenecessity of recognizingand surveying the tourism capabilities is of paramount importance, secure in knowledge that tourism is one of the deft means of developing of the various areas. In this research the tourism capabilitiesin kerman province are scrutinized of categorized, then regarding its infra structures, some of effects of tourism capabilities which can have impresiverole towards provinces economoic developing - are mentioned. Subsequently the rate of income out of tourism industry and rate of job opportunities is counted in the mentioned province and at the end conclusion and suggestion are presented.

Prayersandpreachesarean importantpart of the rich literatureof Shiite which,from the view of content,arefull of knowledgeand wisdomand, from the view of style, are precious and valuable signsof beauty and eloquence.Approximatelyall thestudiesconductedin prayersandpreaches dealt with the contents,but the aestheticaspectsof themare ignored. Thisstudyis an aestheticglanceat prayersandpreachesof the learned men of love and gnostic axes and everlastingsymbolsof devotion of Innocents(peacebe upon them) whoput the enlightmentof knowledgein the beautifulstructuresof eloquenceandrhetoricandrevealedthe mysteries of perfection to human beings.In this study, first the eloquenceof interpretation and its necessityin prayers and preachesand also the elementsof the eloquenceof interpretationarediscussed. Thenthe 7th dimensionsof the eloquenceof interpretationalong with examplesin prayersare studied,and finally the conclusionwas that the above- mentionedworksare thesignsof knowledgeand rhetoric.

In this article the province of Khozestan has been studied from historical geographical point of view, its importance that being a valuable area and passage in great Islamic empire in early centuries of Islam. This situation has more influence on literature and of this stage) It made Arabic shiit poems to develop. In this article) in addition to study the literary movement in tenth century, poems and its style also have been studied.

The researcherby taking advantage of original resourcesand the major Islamic precepts, i.e, the holy Quran, the tradition, presents a basic for the legitimation of the security and educative measures.He demonstrates that Islamic religion has not been neglected from the social security and dangerousoffenders, and delinquents taken in western nations, the subject matter of the research,come to beperformed under the titel of "securityand educative measures"and the broad complementarypunishments, and that it has had a funcional background in Islam and not only does the punishment of criminals fail to have a clash with their rehabilitation and prevention of crime, but also they are favored religiously. Comparative survey of security measuresand the search that writer has done for finding the principles of legitimacy of this effective constitution of criminal politics and for finding similar constitutions in Quran, tradition and votes and judgments of the jurists show that in Islamic sources, there are useful foundations under pretexts of recommending the lawful and forbidding the sinful acts, repelling corruption, reformation and training measures and so on, that sometimes are in the figure of relgious decrees has modified but most of them are scattered and from day to day one can feel more necessity of codifying and legislating them.

In viewof theirinnovation,simplebut melodiouslanguage,unfetteredby rhymes or rhythms, WaIt Whitman and Sohrab Sepehri manifest many features in common. By juxtaposing images and concepts and by changing the scenes rapidly, they convey their thoughts and feelings-wholeheartedly to the readers.Accordingly most titles chosen by both do not reflect the rich content of their poems. Finally, the Eastern philosophy has made a tremendous impact on both leading them towards gnosticism.

We want to tell in brief the importance of parodys quality and quantity. After saying the meaning of parodys word with a brief consideration we describe the importance, diviatian, equipment and factors. Stylistics and parody in poems also is in our consideratian, then we consider one of poem of Iranian best and famous lyricpoet Baba Faghani Shirazi because his ode has been considered.

Abul-Hareth Jondoh, the son of Hujr, known as.Amrelghys, is one of Yamanian poet of the pre-Islamic period in Arab literature and he is also qne of the innQvatorsof rhetorical devices in Arabic poetry. Critics belive that he is the first who started composing sorrowful odes for ruined monuments and beloved s tent. Also he has employed charming and effictive images which, later, turned out to be used as a famous model by others. The poet haspresented short but meaningful descriptions of hunting sites, horses portraits, camel and night in a special and skilful manner. The most famous piece of his poetry is his Mu allagha. The narratorsof Arab-poetry in pre-Islamic period believe that one can drive the characteristics of Amr elghay,s poetry from his Mu allagha. Since his Mu allagha contains the images language and intentions which themselves present the Facets of the poets era. There are numerous commentries on Mu allagha. The present paper intends to demonstrate Amr s capabilities and skilfulness in describing the nature and its characteristics. The present paper also intends to introduce the causes which have been effective on the poets viewpoint towards nature and its description, and why and how he has looked at nature in sucha way.

Mohammad Ibrahim Ibn Mohammad Ali Sabzewari Khurasani,under the pennameof "Vothugul Hokama" was given the permission ofljtihad by the author of Jawahar and Sheykh Nuh Najafi. Vothughul Hokama works are : the interpretation of Sahife, Sajadie, the interpretation of Komeil the description of the prey of Adile; and Finally the interpretation of Golshan Raz by Sheykh Mahmoud Shabestary. He,under took the interpretation of Golshan by suggestion of one of his friend; and he made use of some of materials, which was believed by his teacher, Mulla Hadi Sabzewari. He has interpreted lines, of Golshan by refering to Quranic verses and Sayings of mystics and suitable verses

The languagesof the world show diversity of strncture. At some underlying level ,however ,the general and universal principle are at work.In this study the resesrcher has tried to reconsiderthe conceptof typologyso that the readercangraspits interplay with universals. Universals can be found at different levelsof language. At semantic level, a kind of gradualhierachyfor colortermsexists.The system of vowelsshows a facinating similarity in supportof postulatinga universalinventory.In morphology and syntax,universals can be observedin regulatingthe basic order of constituentsin phrasesand sentences. By studyinguniversalswe come up with the conclusionthat at all levelsof linguisticstrncture,the mostcommonpatternsarealsothe mostregular. Themain objectiveof thestudyof unversalsis to find an explanation for their existence.Languageuniversalsareoftensaidto bethe reflectionof the fact that how humans perceivethe world around them,thereare alsosome strnctural explanationsthat accountfor the e.tistenceof universalsthat refer to the easeof processing and the speed of acquring.Finally, importantsocial distinttion on the contentsidearesaid to be the basisof universalfeatures of language.

The Caspiansea is the largestlake of the world.It has located with confluence between the CentralAsia, Ghafghaz and Iran with 400/000 kms. This water body is counted as a closed sea and has been s"ounded by Azarbijan, kazaghestan, Torkmanestan, Iran and Russia. Until Soviet union goverment fall down it ruling dominated based on agreemets 1920 and 1941. After collapsing former soviet union, and independedly Azarbijan, Kazagheston and Torkmanestan countries had many economic problems due to along time central rulership.Regardingtosettle economic affairs and growth each of these countries concerend toward the Caspian sea exploitation resources. Thus new geoplotic conditions need determining urgengcylegalityregime. Unfortunatelythe problem still continue because of basic differences between the countries of marjin of the sea. Regarding environmental damagable this sea prefer to the legality region determining all countries beninfits to the Caspian sea.

The Arabic language grammar did not benefit from a versatility and discipline, and was not fully matured before the second century of Lunar Hejira, when scientists such as Ibn Jenni, Hammad Bin Sa/ma, Khalil Bin Ahmad Farahidi and Sybavih came to settle it. We can dare say that no one reviewed the Arabic language grammar and expressed it within a particular framework and c.ategorized it in a comprehensive way before Sybavih. In fact the Arabic language was raw before the Sybavith era, and it was after him and due to his knowledge that it gaineda full maturity.this,article.aimsto,discuss and. delibetate sybovih and his book from various aspects in view of the opinions of the past and present men of letters of the Arab world.

Abuhelal is the First Savant Who mingled the "Criticism" and eloquence" in book of "Assanaatein" in Which he has Spoken about the dependence of discourse of Phantom and Spirit are Criticized. In this article is Paid to two of Literary criticism cases; "Nature and Manufacture" and "Word and meaning". Abuhelal believes in the wordsmust beflowed on language naturaly and believes in the words must be enjoyed stamps with which could influenc on audiences and readers. Wepaid to these stamps.

An important part of every nation"s literature consists of tales and fictions. Also, The Arabs, like many nations, had tales and legends which had been narrated with enthusiasm and had been enjoyablefor them, during old age. Without any doubt, these fictions depict the habits, thoughts and ideas of the people narrating them and sometime have certain delicacies. In the fourth century, a technique became common in Arabic prose which is said to originate from the tales and fictions. Its distinctive characteristics was that the authors expressedit in a complicated framework. Thesetechniques consist of tales, comics and some historical philosophical and literary aspect. This new technique, called "MAGHAMA TI, has special place in Arabic literature. later on, many writers have written on this tchnique in Arabic and Persian languages. Tn this article, writer is going to examine the social and cultural factors which have provided the background for the appearance of this literary genre. I will also take in to account applied MAGHAMEH for this writings.

Zoroastrianism like other sonnetic religions believe in a person who will come in future and will save people. His name is suoshyance. He had appeared two thousound years before his third appearance while called Hoshidar and Hoshidarmah. During his appearance some interesting events happened before and after that. But what is important is the occurance of resurrection with Suoshyance At that day the real resurection of bodies and judgement wil occure too. Also the battle between Asher and During will end too.

Geoffrey Chaucer with his vast experience and studies, as the father of English poetry, in the turn of the century, between Middle and Modern English, played a great role. The style of poetry that he started, such as rhyme royal or heroic couplet and used them in his best works, became a model to the great writers after him. Chaucers style of poetry was used by Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden, Pope and a big number of the other writers. His school education and twenty five years of service in the court and royal family, his missions to France, Italy and Spain, his meetings with such great writers as Boccaccio and Petrarch, his knowledge of Latin, French and Italian languages were good reasons for his promo.tion to the highest positions in the civil services and the Royal Court. His knowledge, originality,position and works have made him an eternal figure so that his works after six hundred years are still in print and studied today. His masterpiece The CanterburyTales,which is not complete, was written within the last fourteen years of his life. The subject of some of the tales are second hand but the generalprologue is original and the style belongs to Chaucer himself. The prologue is a portrait gallery which gives very close and insightful pictures from the life and activities of the people from every step of life. Canterbury is a city in the southeast of England, dominated by its huge cathedral. The shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket is in the same cathedral where people go on pilgrimage. Chaucer took his pilgrims to the sameplace in 14th century. He arranged a storytelling contest among the pilgrims on their round trip and collected their tales which are kept as treasures for today.

It sureis that taught dependson the factors that affect on the styleand languageof author,poet, etc,whichthesecasesaredistinguishedfactorsfor them. In Masnavi there is also some different factors result the mystically subjects,sensationalythat theyareconsiderablein Molavis workspeciallyin thefields of stylistic. For example,we can seein Masnavi characterof prophetp.b.u.h. and Hazrat Ali (A.S),Hosamoddin, Shams- i - Tabrizi, Light, love, sun, fire, etc,... that have affected on the styleof Masnavi In Persianliteraturestylisticwecan namethis styleas "exitingstyle".

Pineered by Amr-uI Ghais, Mujun .(vulgar) narrative sonnets appeared in the pre-Islamic period. Although the Arabic poetic and literary traditions were later influenced by Islam which encoragedmoral and ethical approach to poetry, only one of the non-Arab poets from Ethiopea " named Sohaim Abd Bani-al Hassadlhass, continued the Mujun tradition, He was a follower of Amr~al Ghais in his poetic style and the way he employedmeaning in Mujun vulgar poetry. He was murdered becauseof his insistenceon adapting Mujun tradition. After him, .the tradition was preserved by Amir ibn"eAbi Rabi-ah. These three poets of the Mujun vulgar narrative sonnets (Amr-al Ghais, Sohaim and amr) are identified by their unique impressions of body organs, love affairs, explicitness of language, vulgar images, and the way they communicate with old agesthrough words and phrases. The present article presents numerous examples from their poetry to illustrate the similarities between their works in Mujun sonnets.

In This articale the author, tries to consider the first verse of every elegy. fragment multiple poem and scattered poems of this eloquent speaker in prosodical meter and remind the meter of the poems. Beside the assigning of rhythm of poems and rhythmical harmony with subjects, I tried to show the surprising and wonderful mind of poet and reveal the quality of composing the music of his speech with subject in his artistic creative view. The author tries to represent the reflection of the poet from the musical aspect of his poems.

It is to the point to start my speech with a beautiful statement of "Javahar Lal Nehro" , Indian former prime ministry that: Among many people and races who had relations with India, and have penetrated their life and culture, the oldest and most stable were Iranians. The discoveries of the archeology in HARAPA and MOHANJODARO and IRAN plateau prove that the background of their relations is more than five thousand years. Since the imigration of ARYANs to Iran and India they had common religion and language for long centuries which it has been mentioned in RIGVEDA about Iran and A VESTA about India. This relation had been continued in all fields from the time Hakhamaneshian until Susanian dynsty including architecture, painting, music and also the translation of Kelilieh - 0 -Demneh to Pahlvi In the period of Islamic it was not the Arab fighters who spread Islam in India but the prous suphis could relate mutual relation with the people of India based on their common old culture. Ebrahim Adham and other suphists (Mystics) of KHORASAN were influenced BODAISM. HOSSEIN-E-MANSUR-E-HALAJ was enthusiastic in MONISM during his jurney to India.

During the year 1802\1215, Russian troops, following thier unsuccesful attempts to conquer caucasus erea, begun their attack to the erea. whoevers their invasions were started since peter the Great regin. After massacer of Ganje, Russians continued their advance to the south, meanwhille the local notables were divided into two groups according their attitued to the Russians. Some of them decided to resiste against them and the others liked to accompany with the russians. The Qajar ruler, Fath Ali Shah, by the reciving the news of the Russian invasion, send the forces to the Azarbayjan to defate them. The commander of chief of the expeditionaryforces was Abbas Mirza (Nayeb al -Saltane) and his minster was Mirza Buzurg of Farahan. The war between two sides took some years but the Russians could not acces to their aims. At the same time the Qajar ruler signed an agreement with the France, known as finkenstein agreement, decided to use the Franch military officers and their experiences against the Russians, At the head of this French officers was a Genral namely general gardan. But soon after the Finkenstein agreement, Russia and France had signed a secret agreemont. The Qajar court had some difficulties in the battlefiled erea especially amongst the local noteables. Therefore by the attempts of the MirzaBuzurg (Qaem Magame Awwal) they decided to resolve the crisis of the legetimacy and to draw the support of the Muslim people through the declaration of the war as a holy war. Therefore,Mulla muchammad Bagir kalbasi who was an eminent religious leader, went to Atabat (shiit holy shrine in modem Iraq) and the major cities in Iran and requested the great mujtaheds to issue their fatwa for lehad or holy war. Regarding the importance of the defate of the Russian enemy and to prevent their patronageon the Muslim lands,the ulama helpedthe Qajar court throughthe issuingthefatwa for lehad, and askedthe Muslim people to loine the Qajar army.for them, Thewar war not .onlywar between two court,but also was the war between the Islam and kufr (Blasphemy). After the returenof the late kalbasi,Mina Buzurgcollectedthefatwas and thereforefor thefirst time in ~hemodernhistoryof Iran, hepublished the.detailedworkof lehad literature.The title of this work was Ahkam al - lehadva Asbab al - reshad or lehadiyeye kabir". These fatwas issued by the great ulama who were the famous religious leaders during their life, the name of these ulama are as follow: 1- Shaykh Mohammad Hassanof Najaf, knownsaskashefal - qeta (shaykhal - Mujtadeddin) 2- Mina Abulqasem of QumknownasMuhaqqiqof Qum. (Allamat al -Ulama) 3- Aqa Sayyed Ali Tabatabaii.known as SahebeReyaz(Sayyedal - Mushaheddin) 4- Sayyed Mhannad ibn SayyedAli Tab(ltabaii.known as Mujahed (Aqa SayyedMohammad) 5- Shaykh Mohammad Hassan(Qazvini) 6- Hajj Mina Mohammad Hussain Isfahani (Sultan al - Mujtahaddin) 7-MullaAli Akbar Isfahani 8-Aqa Shaykh Hasheme kabi. 9-Mulla Muhammad Reza Hamedani. 10-Akhund Mulla Ahmade Naraqi.

This article intruduces methodof teaching ,through comparing different live languages of the world,in orderto encourage the studetsto learn Arabic grammer rhetoric sciences. There are many complexities and exceptionsin the rules of Arabic grammer with regard to i lal non - mutasarrif verbs, verbs which are called naqic,qulub verbs,non - monsarif nouns and etc. These complexities and exceptions discourage students from learningit. Also there are some problems like those in other languages,for example in Persian:irregularity of conjugation of verbs from past to present tense ,different pronounciation of a letter in different places and etc.In English: Irregularity in some plural nouns,difficulty of pronounciation of some words,difficulty of rules of irregular verbs and etc. In German:The division of nounsto male,female and neutral and etc.Avd in Torkish:The ways of usage of nouns,verbs,numbers and pronouns and etc.Also these difficulties wich existin above languages make them difficult to leam Therefore,if a teacherknowsor at least is acquainted with the above mentioned languages,he will be able to compare difficulties of them to Arabic ones.And also he can encourage the Arabic students of literature which is the languageof Holy Qoran and the prophet descendants (P.B.UT.). In fact the Arabic language is a great vehiecle for commumication of millions of Muslims through out the world.