Journal of Environmental Studies
Year:2008 | Volume:33 | Issue:44|Papers Count:16

One of the important considerations to establish an air pollution control system is the choice of the location of air pollution monitoring stations. Air quality monitoring sites should be located in somewhere the system represents the real condition of air quality and provides real-time data for decision makers. In the present paper this issue is carried out for great Tehran. The number of stations required for Tehran is estimated 56 sites using the number of stations per population of some development countries (in the area of air quality monitoring). At the moment 12 stations (7 for Department of Environment (DOE) of Iran, 4 for Air Quality Control Company (AQCC) and one for Ministry of Health (MOH)) are available in Tehran for air quality monitoring. Accounting this number of stations, 44 new stations are necessary. Using definition of neighborhood scale, 8 of 44 sites are located in neighborhood area of Tehran. The remained 36 stations are located in dense scale with the aim of the correlation analysis of existing DOE sites data (during 6 years). The analysis illustrates the decrease of correlation coefficients toward west and south respect to central station (Villa station) are greater than that those for east and north direction. Based on this correlation analysis, the sites are located in dense scale so the number of stations in west and south area of the central station is more than the other areas.

Many of unique phenomenon in atmosphere and ocean are deduced by air-sea interaction that one of these is gravity or density current in special semi-enclosed marine environments such as Persian Gulf. This current as a component of sea waters circulation has effective role on some of the marine activities such as military, communications, fishing, and sea waters exchange and pollutions transport. The objective of this study is physical survey of effective meteorological elements such as evaporation, temperature, wind and precipitation and effective non-meteorological elements such as tide and rivers run-off on the outflow gravity currents from Persian Gulf and also estimation of these effective amounts. This study shows that by assumption of non-transport of mass in Persian Gulf, annual evaporation from Persian Gulf is caused annually increase of water salinity about 2.20 (psu) and amplification of gravity current and annual precipitation in Persian Gulf is caused annually decrease of water salinity about 0.07 (psu) and attenuation of outflow gravity current from Persian Gulf. Also tide, temperature, wind and pollutant matters have in order attenuation effect, two opposed and seasonal effects, two opposed effects and two opposed effects depending on their specific weight on outflow gravity current from Persian Gulf. In addition, a mathematical relation between change of temperature and salinity quantity for determining occurrence probability of gravity current appearance in marine environments is obtained.

Due to investigation, the effect of municipal wastewater application on accumulation of heavy metals on soil and plant growth, some municipal wastewater of west Sari, and central of Ghaemshahr, being used for irrigation of rice plant were studied in 2005. In harvesting time, root, shoot and grain of rice and soils (control and treatment) were sampled. Also, after harvesting of rice, the root and shoot of clover, spinach and grass were sampled. The concentration of Cd, Ni, Pb and Cr in soil, root, shoot and grain of rice and root and shoot of spinach, clover and grass were determined. The results indicated that with application of municipal wastewater in irrigation water, the contents of Cd, Ni, Pb and Cr in soil increased. With increasing the amounts of CaCO3 and organic matter, the concentration of total Pb accumulate in soil increased, significantly but other elements have not had correlation, significantly. The accumulations of Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb in root of rice were more than shoot and grain in affected areas and the amounts of these elements enhanced, but were not at toxic level. The concentration of Pb in shoot of spinach and grain of rice increased two times, that needs to be more studied. Transport index of Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr to rice grain increased, respectively. But in shoot of spinach the transport indices of Cd was more than Pb, Ni and Cr, respectively.

Grass is more important coverage plant in world and it's covered most of city's parks of Iran. Grass irrigation water requirement is very high and its irrigation is very difficult under conditions of water scarcity. In arid and semi-arid region of Iran where water scarcity is a high problem, considering of poor quality water is a good option for solving this problem. On the other hand, industrial and densely populated centers in various locations are producing huge amounts of sewage. Poor disposal of these sewages has caused environmental problems in the vicinity of these locations. Getting rid of treated sewage is another matter, because of the health problems. Some researches have shown that the best way for use of wastewater after treatment is in irrigation. With regard to health problems, this is very important to generated minimum contact between the effluent and people. For this purpose, treated secondary municipal wastewater of Isfahan plant was used to five irrigation treatments were design included: furrow irrigation with normal water (evidence), drip irrigation (DI) with wastewater, sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) in 15 cm depth with wastewater, sub-surface drip irrigation in 30 cm depth with wastewater, furrow irrigation with wastewater. Based on results of this research, value of wastewater biological index included BOD5, nematodes, total coliform, total bacterial and fecal coliform were over than permissible level. In these conditions, application of DI (or SDI) sand filters caused to decreased wastewater pollution index included 54% BOD5, 98.9% total bacterial, 99% total coliform, 99% fecal coliform and 57% nematode. Also, application of SDI system caused to decrease moisture of soil surface, so decreased total coliforms and fecal coliforms in soil surface and aril part plant where the value of these parameters is more than standard level. Wherever in surface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation were showed high value of these parameters in soil surface and in grass, Such that the average of these parameters showed significant difference between these treatments and evidence. Finally the results of this research shows that if it's using of SDI which has a sand filter and injects wastewater below of soil, can be solved environmental pollution in condition of using wastewater in grass irrigation.

Air pollution is the result of human activities in twentieth century which has direct and indirect effects on human being and its environment. Environmental researchers and human ecologists have studied air pollution quantitave analysis and forecasting. Time series analysis is a method to study time fluctuation in natural events. The importance of time study of air pollution is its effect on human health. In this study time series of daily concentration of SO2, O3, TSP, NO2, NO, CO, CH4 and NMVOC from Isfahan petrochemical industry is studied. Autocorrelation functions of the series showed that SO2, O3 and NO2 are independent from time and are purely random. The result of regression also showed non linear dynamic of pollutants through time which can be the result of seasonal impacts. Spectral density function and cumulative normal plot also indicate non linear and seasonal fluctuations.

The collected data of ozone layer between 1979 to 1993 by TOMS sensor on board of NIMBUS-7, that have covered the earth atmosphere repeatedly, have made investigation of the change in the atmospheric ozone all over the world possible. The data used for this research have been confined into region between 47.5 E and 56.5 E longitude and 26.5 N and 38.5 N latitude. This region is from Macu in the north-east to the East of Bandar-Abbass in the south-east of Iran. The annual mean of the ozone has some fluctuations which can be explained by atmospheric circulation and industrial regions. This fluctuation tends to uniformity. The rate of the occurrence of this uniformity is noticeable in summer and fall. This uniformity also can more or less be seen in the industrial regions. The amount of ozone reduces in these two seasons. In the regions such as Alborz mountain, Ardabil province and the southern slopes of the Alborz, some anomaly in the amount of ozone can be detected but, it has not gone under the standard. As a case study, by Using MODIS images, the variation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere of Isfahan was evaluated by which, the aforementioned findings was approved.

Miankaleh Wildlife refuge is situated in Mazandaran and Golestan province and it contains two sections, water area that is (68880 ha) called Miankaleh wetland (Gorgan Bay) and land area, which is called Miankaleh. The scope of research study in Miankaleh wetland is located between 530 24’8” to 540 2’2” eastern length and 360 46’36” to 36057’26” northern width. Now days, there are a lot of obstacle on the way of protection of the base resources and management and programming in the Miankaleh wetland. One of them is lack of consideration of responsible persons and absence of environmental management specialist. In the theory of this proposal is grounded that the non-point source pollutant has more pollution load than point source pollutants, but this is necessary to note that point sources will enter their pollutions in water source definitely. In order to define a protective buffer zone we must establish a GIS for pollutant and generate land use map from ETM+ satellite images. In the next step with given results the buffer zone for given regions was determined. Finally critical regions were recognized with overlaying of maps and analysis of information. Base on specific findings in abroad, the best way to prevent non-point source pollutant is the development of buffer zone in the rivers or other water source bank, which are more vulnerable. At the end of this research barren land and farming land are determined as most important land use to transfer the pollution in the study area. Practical solution is presented to control of those land uses.

In order to minimize environmental impacts and to achieve sustainable development in route construction projects, environmental parameters must be considered. To achieve this goal, use of geographic information system for route selection was proposed. This research was undertaken for Rasht- Anzali railway in north of Iran as a case study. At first, environmental parameters that affect railway route selection were identified. These parameters include slope, geology, soil, land cover, rivers, roads and cultural heritage. Data related to these parameters were gathered or in some cases produced. Slope, rivers and road map produced from digital topographical map, at the scale of 1:25000. Landover map was produced from landsat7 ETM+ data dated on May 2000. Rectification of satellite data was implemented using ground control points method. To achieve a better resolution the multispectral bands were fused with ETM- Pan. Image classification was performed using a new approach (digital and visual). Maps such as geology, soil and cultural heritage were digitized. In order to determine the relative importance of these parameters in route selection, environmental and civil experts views collected from a questionnaire that has been designed for this aim. These views were used in pair wise comparison method to determine weight of map layers that related to these parameters. These weighted layers overlaid and a friction map was produced and automatically 4 routs resulted in GIS. Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to determine optimum routes in comparison with that produced in traditional method. Results indicate that the routes, which were designed using GIS method, are more environmentally sound than traditional one and represent a significant benefit for the decision maker. According to results of this investigation, applying GIS technology and inclusion of environmental experts views are recommended to minimize environmental liabilities.

Recently, site selection studies for the purpose of industrial development have become very prevalent. Specifically, thermal power plant site selection studies have attracted a lot of attention. In these studies, several different parameters are included. In the first phase of the current study, different types of thermal power plants and their configuration functions are explicated. In the second phase, the current status of Iran’s thermal power plants and their environmental impacts are explored. In the next phase, important site selection parameters influencing thermal power plant operation and the environment are categorized as: a) Environmental Parameters (Slope, Water, Fault, Meteorology, Soil, Geology and Land use), b) Socioeconomic Parameters (Fuel, Access Road, and Population Centers), c) Technical Parameters (Power Transmition Lines, Power Consumption Load and Elevation). Finally, a thermal power plant environmental model is developed. Based on this model, potential sites for the construction of a thermal power plant are categorized as suitable, Quantitative suitable and unsuitable area.

This article is dedicated to recognition of the consequences of environmental-visual pollutions with behavioral-pollutions (anomies) in urban spaces. Primary surveys in this regard focused on the coincidence of the fact that visual and environmental pollutions happen simultaneously with social diversions and abnormalities. However, in this study the most important visual and environmental pollutants are considered separately. For Tehran urban spaces, a frame work of a research plan was arranged and analyzed comparatively with previous studies. Then, a checklist was arranged according to desk studies and later filled within field works Field and paper information on the most potential places to commit crimes were collected and compared to the report of Tehran Police Office. Results show a more probability and possibility relationship between these two phenomenons (in comparison to healthier spots). The findings revealed that through better management and planning, even emergence of behavioral pollution can be prevented.

Todays, we cannot imagine cities without green space in different kinds. Development of the cities cause to intensify unusual and unstable problem of urban development which environmental pollution is one of the most important problems and it will cause destroying the green space of the cities and changing the usage of these lands. Development of technology has such a bad effect on the 21st human's feeling and emotions and separates him from nature and turns them to tired and nervous people who seem moving. The only relationship between human and nature is when they go to the parks and public gardens. Urban public gardens are too important so that today they are one of the development Indexes. The aim of this research is qualitative accessing of available position green land use (parks and urban public space) in Shahrekord city to make the urban sustainability development from this aspect that analyzed Melat and Lale Park in classical way. It was gathered mainly of data by distribution of questionnaire way between park goner and methods of this are documentary, analytical and measurement methods and required analysis have been done about it. This research achievements indicates that green spaces usually are as main elements in forming to socials sustainability and urban correlation but the factors example city's difficulty, green spaces and park security, unsafety and unproportionally of necessity needs for sexual and age different groups in this places are as mainly effected factor in reduction of citizen dizzier in use of this places.

Kavir National Park (KNP) is located in a vast area of central desert of Iran, south of Alborz Mountain Ranges and southeast of Tehran. KNP has been studied for its geology, hydrology and biodiversity but little information is available regarding its plant communities and soil factors. In this investigation, relationship between distribution of plant species and mycorrhizae with soil factors is investigated. Plant specimens and soil samples were collected from 12 stations in plains and mountains (893 up to 1600 m above sea level, respectively). Eighteen dominant plant species were identified 14 of which had mycorrhizal symbiosis. Endomycorrhizal spore abundances did not vary significantly in spring and fall but there were significant differences in the spore abundance between plant communities in plains and mountains. The highest spore abundance was observed in the rhizospheres of Artemisia aucheri and A. sieberi. Mycorrhizal spore abundance is correlated with salinity in spring and P, K and Mg concentrations in fall. Any change in concentration of these ions affected mycorrhizal distribution and other soil factors. Presence of mycorrhizae in 78% of KNP plant species indicated importance of symbiotic relationships in steppic and semi-arid regions. Prevalent mycoorhizal glycophytes and few non-mycorrhizal, halophyte plant species showed the adaptive capability of plants to drought and salinity stresses. Mycorrhiza influences vegetation distribution and community composition. Determining the degree of influence and selection of appropriate management practices for sustainable development and preservation of KNP needs to be investigated further.