Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2008 | Volume:62 | Issue:6|Papers Count:23

Antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella and E. coli isolated from chickens against several antibiotics was determined. A total of 150 samples from chickens were isolated and identified using various enrichment and special media. Disc diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test was performed and MIC and MBC of doxycycline were also determined using serial dilution method. Sixty nine bacterial isolates were obtained from which 58 isolates were E. coli and 11 isolates were Salmonella. The percentage of resistance against tylosin and erythromycin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol were 100, 79.7, 69.5, 76.8 and 24.6, respectively.MIC values for E. coli and Salmonella were obtained to be 8-64 and 1-64 µg/ml, respectively. The lowest resistance obtained belongs to chloramphenicol (24.6%). One should expect a higher degree of resistance against chloramphenicol, as this antibiotic is used in human medicine and cross resistance may also occur between chloramphenicol/tetracyclines and chloramphenicol/erythromycin. Doxcycline is also used in chicken production. Considering the fact that cross resistance may occur among members of tetracyclines, the result obtained in this respect, is not far from expectation.

On the rabies and a rabid dog, Iranian physicians have said and written much and they have introduced their innovations now and then. Kharazmi in his Mafatih al-Olum (Keys to Sciences, written in 980 A.D.), writes on rabid dog: "A mad dog is called a rabid dog which bites, avoids eating and fears water and dies in deep thirst. If such a dog bites a human being, he will be inflicted with a dangerous disease which makes him fear water (Hydrophobia). Rhazes says: "It does not recognize its owner, and attacks whatever on his way. Its mouth is always open with its tong hanging out. Eyes are red and other dogs run from it." (Al-Havi). Avicenna, Jorjani, Youssef ibn Muhammad Heravi and other grand physicians of Iran have written intresting points about the symptoms, incubation period and treatment of rabies in man and dog, differences between a rabid dog and a biting dog, rabies in wild beasts, and the like. Avicenna wrote in canon: "It is said and approved by many physicians that the liver of a rabid dog if is kept on the wound of the bitten person will be helpful". Also he said clearly: "The blood of the rabid dog is antitoxin for rabies." This is a kind of serotherapy or vaccination. The liver of a rabid dog contains various antibodies against rabies, and if it is applied to a recent bite wound, some antibodies may enter the wound. Therefore, the procedure might conceivably be effective in preventing rabies. This is a matter of serotherapy and immunology that was introduced more than 900 years ago.

Three hundred and fifteen day -old chickens were used to test the relationship between oxygen-derived free radicals and the biochemical, hematological and pathological alterations (associtd with ascites). They were randomly divided into three experimental groups and ascites were developed in two groups of animals by exposing them to low temperature or administration of triiodothyronine (T3,), and the third group was used as control. Different hematological, biochemical and pathological tests were used to determine the incidence of ascites in birds. These include total red blood cell (RBC), hematochrit (PCV), activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) and the ratio of right ventricular weight to total ventricular weight (RV/TV). Two hydroxylated salicylic acid (SA) metabolites, 2, 3- and 2, 5-dihydroxy benzoic acids (2, 3- and 2, 5-DHBA), were measured by HPLC system to detect the generation of hydroxyl (OH.) radicals. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the differences between different experimental groups. Ascites syndrome was observed in T3 and low temperature treated groups as shown by necropsy changes and significant increases (p<0.05) in the amount of RBC, PCV, ALT, AST and the ratio of RV/TV. While the significant increase was shown in the amounts of 2,3- and 2,5-DHBA from day 11, the alteration in the values of enzymes and hematoloic parameters and ratio of RV/TV occurred from days 18, 25 and 32 respectively. It can be concluded that OH._ radicals may be involved in the initiation of ascites syndrome, but the biochemical, hematological and pathological changes induced by these agents, can cause ascites and other alterations.

Razi mouse is originally established from native Iranian mice at Razi institute and is susceptible to spontaneous mammary tumor. In this study, incidence, age and predisposing factors of tumor and some of biological characteristics of this strain were studied. There were significant differences in incidence of mammary tumor in Razi virgin females as compared with normally breeding and hormone treated breeding females in p<0.05 but was the same with virgin NMRI females foster-nursed on Razi dams. However incidence in virgin Razi females foster-nursed on NMRI dams was very lesser than three mentioned groups. All mammary tumor tissues were histopathologically diagnosed adenocarcinoma. No significant differences were found in the levels of biological factors studied in tumor bearing and nonbearing Razi mice (p<0.05). Our results showed that milk factor may play the most important role in compare with genetic background and hormonal stimulation for development of mammary tumor in Razi mouse. Razi strain may represent a unique model to study of mammary tumor etiology and anticancer therapy.

Histomorphologic and histomorphometric studies on the pancreas of Mehraban male sheep were done in four age groups: fetus, neonate, young adult and old age In this respect, we used special stainings, light microscope and ocular micrometer. The results showed that the smooth muscles were absent in capsule. The tubular portion of exocrine pancreas was more prominent. Neuroinsular complex and beta unicellular islets were observed. The islet diameters were found between 51.01 to 96.09 microns. The capsule had not role in the secretion of pancreatic juice, The islet diameters increased by age.

This prospective longitudinal study deals with the associations between digital disorders and reproduction indices in dairy cattle on a farm in the vicinity of Tehran. It was carried out on 225 postparturient Holstein heifers. The evaluation of lameness due to digital disorders on postpartum period of heifers were done and after diagnosis of lameness (based on a 5 points lameness scoring system), the digital lesions and reproduction data of lame cows were recorded in a pre-established questionnaire and comparison with reproduction indices of other healthy heifers were made statistically using Chi Square and Student “t” tests and the relative risk “R.R.” for each of indices was calculated and 95% confidence interval was made. Seventy-six cows among 225 cows were diagnosed lame in the period of study (30 months). Digital dermatitis (28.9%) and Sole ulcer (21.2%) were the most prevalent lesions. All reproduction indices in this study including Projected minimum average days open, Days to first service, Projected minimum calving interval, Days in milk, Services per pregnancy for all cows, Services per pregnancy for pregnant cows, Conception rate at first service and Overall conception rate were found significantly different between lame and control groups (p<0.0005). 95% confidence interval for R.R. indicated that in lame cows the relative risk of negative rates of reproduction indices are significantly higher than non lame cows. It was concluded that pain and stress due to digital lesions play a key role in suppressing observable behavioral estrus which follows to negative changes of reproduction indices and other undesired consequences. On the other hand, pain may also suppress feeding and ruminating functions, leading to negative energy and protein balances and a low Body Condition Score (BCS) specifically in postpartum period. Thus, in order to mitigate the undesired effects of lameness on reproductive system and reproduction performance, early diagnosis and treatment of digital lesions is needed to be established.

This study was carried out to investigate the association between infection to Giardia sp. and occurrence of diarrhea in Urmia, Iran. Fecal samples were collected from 246 calves (34 diarrheic and 212 non-diarrheic) and examined for the presence of Giardia spp. cysts using a quantitative centrifugation concentration zinc sulfate flotation technique. Analysis of data showed that the relative frequency of infection to Giardia cysts is significantly (p<0.001) more in diarrheic calves (35.3%) than in non-diarrheic ones (8%). Epidemiologic measures of association, i.e., odds ratio, population odds ratio, attributable risk, attributable fraction, population attributable rate, population attributable fraction were 6.26, 1.42, 31.2, 3.7, and 0.27, respectively. The results would suggest that there is a significant association between infection Giardia spp. and occurrence of diarrhea in Urmia district. However, more studies are required to establish a cause-effect relationship.

Three hundred and sixty male day- old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in order to evaluate the effect of propolis as growth promoter on the performance and the immune response of the broiler chicks to the ND vaccine. Each treatment contained three replicates of 30 chicks. Dietary treatments were as follow: A corn - soy meal diet (control diet).Control diet + 3000 ppm (starter) and 2000 ppm (grower and finisher) propolis.Control diet + 6000 ppm (starter) and 4000 ppm (grower and finisher) propolis. Control diet + 100 ppm virginiamycine.The chick performance was evaluated by recording the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conservation ratio, and productive efficiency index at 21 and 42 days of age. Prior to the administration of ND vaccine (day 17) and 10 days post-vaccination, the blood sample was taken for HI test. The chicks fed diet supplemented with virginiamycin showed higher BWG, FI, PEI when compared with other treatments. However, those chick provided with dietary treatment 2 (3000 and 2000 ppm) had lower FCR. Propolis had no effect on antibody titer against ND vaccine. In this experiment propolis don't act as an immunostimulant, but appeared to be promising a potential growth promoter.

The branches of external carotid artery were dissected and studied in six one humped camels. These specimens were preparated from slaughterhouse and fixed in10% formaline. The common carotid artery in one humped camel is divided into three branches, including, occipital artery, internal carotid artery and external carotid artery which in this respect it was similar to that of equine. External carotid artery was the main branch of common carotid artery. Lingual artery in one humped camel was similar to that of the small ruminants and separated from external carotid artery. External carotid artery under the temporomandibular joint was divided into two branches; the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. In one humped camel similar to that of the small ruminants, transverse facial artery was separated from the superficial temporal artery and was the major source of blood supply to the facial region. Direction and the course of this artery in camal was slightly different from that of the small ruminants. Maxillary artery had an extraosseous position in one humped camel. There was only one rete branch in camel, similar to rostral rete branches of the ruminants. The branch entered through the orbitorotundum foramen to form extradural rete mirabile.

Doppler ultrasound can provide important information about vascular problems through the analysis of blood flow wave-form. The purpose of this study was obtaining the normal images of color Doppler and estimation of blood flow velocity parameters of femoral artery in rabbits. Left and right femoral arteries of 8 healthy adult New Zealand rabbits were evaluated. Color and spectral doppler images of the artery were obtained. Values of peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured. Color doppler showed a laminar flow with aliasing artifact in the center of flow due to higher velocity. Moderate to high resistance flow pattern with diphasic flow velocity and blunted profile were observed in spectral wave-form analysis of pulsed doppler. Results of this study may be useful as baseline in haemodynamic evaluation of femoral artery and evaluation of diseases such as thromboembolism and arterial stenosis in rabbits as an animal model.

Broiler carcasses are considered to be the major source of salmonella detection and enumeration of salmonella in this product are two criteria for evaluation of hygienic quality of the slaughterhouses and the product itself. In this study, contamination of broiler carcasses produced in poultry Industrial slaughterhouses in Tehran province was assessed using three tube MPN methods. According to our results 69 percent of the samples were salmonella positive while not detected the salmonella in the rest of samples. Enumeration of salmonella per carcass indicated that the average number of salmonella in 62/72 of salmonella positive carcasses was 49/5 and in 7/6 percent 2605 and in 16/48 percent 279/5 and in 2/3 percent upper 3300. Our results also showed that number of salmonella per per gram and cm2 of positive carcasses in 93/42 percent were 0/054 MPN /gr and 0/047 MPN/cm2 and in 4/38 percent 1/695 MPN/gr and 1/4 MPN/cm2 and in 1/5 percent upper 1/7 MPN/gr and 1/5 MPN /cm2. The statistical analysis in this study results and calculates the ratio and average indicates that the mean contamination of carcasses exanimate was low although frequency contamination was high.

Evaluation of autogenous fibrinogen extracted from horse blood in fibrin glue and it's effects on horse's fibroblast and keratinocyte cells were preformed. Fibrinogen has been obtained by glycine precipitation technique from horse's blood. Fibroblast cells were separated by explant culture method from neck skin and keratinocytes were separated by enzyme digestion from lib samples. Autologous fibrinogen, horse`s fibroblast and keratinocyte cells separately mixed with bovine thrombin, calcium gluconate and tranexamic acid. This mixture was uniformly spread on cell culture plate and evaluated for six days. After one day of culture the thickness of fibrin glue were observed by invert microscope, fibroblast cells in elongated shape were observed in the fibrin glue in all thickness and keratinocyte cells were flattened and adherent on surface of plate. Both of them proliferated after 3 days. Fibrinogen that was obtained from horse blood by glycin precipitation technique can support horse fibroblasts as a scaffold and support horse keratinocyte proliferation in vitro.

The effect of intracerebroventricular injections of prostaglandins E2 and F2a was studied on the rectal temperature of sheep. PGE2 but not PGF2a at the same dose of 50mg elevated the 1h post-injection of rectal temperature. PGE2 but not PGF2a at the same dose of 100mg increased 3.5 and 2h post-injection of rectal temperature, respectively. Elavation of rectal temperature following PGE2 and PGF2a injections at the same dose of 200mg lasted to 5 and 3h after injection, respectively. Significant differences between PGE2 and PGF2a at the doses of 100 and 200 mg observed from 2nd and 3rdh after injection. It is concluded that prostaglandins E2 and F2a increase the body temperature but the hyperthermic effect of PGE2 is stronger and longer than that of PGF2a.

The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on the efficiency of rations containing different levels of concentrate in male Holstein calves. 36 male Holstein calves (average body weight of 175.9±5.54 kg) were allocated into six treatments of 60, 70 and 80 percent of concentrate with or without yeast culture based on a 2x3 factorial design. The performance parameters (daily feed intake and gain) were recorded during 150 days of fattening period. At the end of the experimental period, the rumen content of animals were sampled by esophagus tube at 0, 3 and 6 hours after morning feeding and ruminal parameters (pH, VFA and NH3-N) and microbial population (total and cellulolytic bacteria, lactate utilizing bacteria and protozoa) were determined. All data were analyzed based on the complete randomized design in which the performance data were adjusted by covariance before analysis. Yeast supplement resulted the increase of the pH, total volatile fatty acids and population of lactate utilizing bacteria and decrease of the level of NH3-N in the rumen fluid samples (p<0.05). The increase in the total number of rumen bacteria and protozoa was not significant. Feed intake and daily gain were higher in calves with yeast supplemented rations and 80 percent cocentrate (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S.C.47) could have a beneficial effect on the rumen fermentation and microbial populations in fattening calves. This in tum may results in an improvement of the animal performace especially when feeding high concentrate diets.

One hundred and fourteen litter samples from grand parent, and broiler breeder farms were taken, according to five different climate areas, to isolate and determine biological characteristics of Eimeria species. 0.5 Kg of each litter samples was used for oocyte isolation. Then, oocytes sporulated at 28oC؛ for 24-48 hours by oxygenation. The single oocytes were produced and OPG, the time of oocyte excretion and sporulatoin were recorded. Oocytes replicated and isolated from dropping collected on 4th day after oral inoculation of a single oocytes to 4-6 week chicks. Replicated oocytes of different Eimeria species were ingested by 3-6 week oocyte- free chicks ( of necessary quantity) for lesion studies and biometric assay. 25 isolates of oocytes related to different Eimeria species. (E. maxima,E. tenella, E.necatrix, E.acervulina, E.brunette, E.mitis and E.praecox) were categorized based on the following factors: Location of lesions in intestine, Gross lesions condition, Oocyte size, shape and color, Schizont and merozoite size, Parasite locationin tissues, Minimum latent period in experimental infection., Minimum required time for sporulation. The resultes were finally confirmed by"Weibridge reference laboratory". The result were analysed by variance analysis was performed by SX statistical Software.

The increasing processes of body and heart weight, the index changes of heart to body weight ratio and of heart walls thickness (ventricular and inter ventricular) were studied on 160 goat fetuses (2groups male and female) from 7 to 22 week ages (at the first to the end of fetal period). Data analysis in SPSS and by ANOV A showed that the influence of age in all of 6 studied parameters was signified (p<0.01).conclusion: The increasing process of heart weight is followed by ageing and by Body weight. The index of heart to body weight ratio decreases while the body weight increases. The Average of maximum thickness of left ventricle wall is more than, interventricular (septum) and of this is more than of right, frequently. The increasing processes of thickness for left ventricle and septum are similar, while the right has an independence model.

The present study was done from winter 2003 until spring 2004. Faecal Samples (n=400) were collected from calves and cattle in four age groups: 0-6, 7-12, 13-24 months and 2-10 years old. Sample were stained by modified Ziel-Nelson method and oocytes of cryptosporidium were diagnosed on the basis of their sporozoiets. Infection rate was equal amomg animals during all seasons. Adult cattle had the highest infection rate in the healthy ones (23.75%). on the other hand, the highest prevalence rate of infection in the diarrheic animals was seen in the calves. While bovine cryptosporidiosis accompanying is with diarrhea in the <6 months of age, it has not any clinical signs in the adult ones. The present animals in Khorram-Abad (17.5%) were infected.

Thoracic duct is a duct that drains the lymph from the cisterna chily into the venous angle of the cranial vena vava. Thoracic duct in the horse is situated on the right side, but in rare cases the left thoracic duct has been reported. In this report the course and left position of the thoracic duct in an embalmed donkey is described. Regarding many anatomical similarities between horse and donkey it seems that the existence of left thoracic duct in donkey should be considered as a rare condition.