OLYMPIC
Year:2009 | Volume:17 | Issue:3 (SERIAL 47)|Papers Count:19

The aim of the study was to consider angular displacement and center of pressure changes with the result of successful and unsuccessful jump shot from two (4.25 and 6.25 meters) distances among male elite basketball players. Six right-hand shooters with average age of 23.3±3.04 years, height of 189.67±2.2cm, weight of (84±5.58 kg) and having playing history 10±2.5 years participated in this study. Eight markers placed on the right side of the subject’s body. The subjects asked perform shooting on the force plate. Two Kodak high speed video based system cameras used for data collection in 4.25 and 6.25 meters distances at 60 Hz. Win software PT used to analysis one successful and unsuccessful shot. Wilcoxon and Logistic models are used for statistical analysis at p³0.05. Significant differences are shown between angle of the wrist, thigh and ankle in 4.25 meter distance, and for thigh and ankle on successful and unsuccessful in 6.25 meters distances and significant difference was found in bending and jumping in two point jump shots. These result indicated that center of pressure changes and angular displacement of the wrist, thigh and ankle are the most effective factors for the successful of jump shot.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the achievement motivation and its subscales (competitiveness, win orientation and goal orientation) between soccer players of high and low ranking teams in super league of Iran. Participants were 115 players that divided in two groups; 57 players from first to third final ranking as high teams and 58 players from last three ranking position as low teams. The sport orientation questionnaire (Gill 1988) that has been validated by Bahram et al (2002) was administered for gathering the data (P£0.05).The independent t-test was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between soccer players of high and low ranking teams on achievement motivation, competitiveness, and goal orientation, but there was significant difference between players of high and low ranking teams on win orientation. In other words, players of high ranking teams scored higher on win orientation than players of low ranking teams (P£0.05).

The aim of this study was to investigate incidence and causes of lower extremity injuries in Prime League Female Futsal players (2006-2007). In total 64 players of 5 teams participated in this study. Athlete's injuries information was registered by physicians of teams using modified questionnaire Descriptive statistics and Chi- square test were used for analyses of data. In total 88 percents of injuries were occurred in lower extremity which most of them were occurred in knee (%54.5) and ankle (%20.5) (χ2=36.4, P<0.05). The most kind of injuries were sprain (%63.6), strain (%13.6) and contusion (%11.4) (χ2= 35.09, P<0.05). The most common knee injuries were anterior cruciate ligament (%58.3). There was no significant difference between contact and non-contact injuries (χ2=2.27, P>0.05). Cutting and bad landing maneuvers were most common mechanisms of injuries (χ2=6.7, P>0.05). The rate of severe injuries were more than moderate and minor injuries (χ2=14.3, P<0.05). It can be concluded that in female professional Futsal players, knee and ankle were most common sites of injuries and also sprain and strain were the most type of injuries. Anterior cruciate ligament injury was one of the most types of knee injuries. Cutting and bad landing were the most dangerous maneuvers. 

In postmenopausal women, changes in body fat distribution related to the loss of ovarian function may contribute to the apparent increase in cardiovascular disease after menopause. So, it is important to recognize low-risk methods of preventing visceral fat accumulation in estrogen deficiency status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on visceral adipose tissue in ovareictomized rats.Thirty two female Wistar rats, 11 weeks old (weight: 168.56±13.36gr; mean±SD) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Ovariectomized+exercise (OVX+EX), Ovariectomized (OVX), sham. After 2 weeks of surjery, one group of ovariectomized rats trained for 8 weeks by running on a treadmill (5 days/week, 60min/day, incline10o, 26m/min). After 8 weeks all animals were killed and all intraabdominal fat depots were dissected out and weighted. Data analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post-hoc and by using paired t test. The differences were considered significant at P<0.05. The finding showed that after 8 weeks, body weight increased significantly in ovariectomized rats than sham-operated group. There aren’t significant differences in body weight between trained rats and control group. Visceral fat were decreased significantly by exercise. Food consumption and height were more in trained rats. These data demonstrate the importance of exercise in the decrease visceral adipose tissue even in estrogen deficiency status.

Nowadays, although a lot of people know that Olympic Movement is a global ideology with human goals, less information exist among them. This is the case in both common and academics. The main goal of present study was comparison between athlete and non-athlete students’ opinions about the Olympic Games. Questionnaires of the study were sent to 2000 students in universities of Iran. Data were analysed by X2, Kulmogrof- Smirnoff, and t-student tests.Results showed that athletes have more study and knowledge about the Olympic Games than Non-athletes. Students didn’t believe any distinction between the Olympic Games and other phenomena. 80.6 percent of athletes and 68.8 percent of non-athletes believed that the Olympic Games bring friendship and unity for nations. Only 28.2 percent of athletes and 17.1 percent of non-athletes knew the exact origin of modern Olympic Games; however 69.8 percent of athletes and 54.7 percent of non-athletes knew the host city of 2004 Olympic Games. We found that although in some cases, viewpoints and athletes’ knowledge were more than non-athletes’ there were no significant difference in above-mentioned areas among them. According to findings, universities failed to give some information about Olympic Movement and its philosophy to students. Therefore, we suggest that N.O.C of Iran, in a mutual effort with universities can increase students’ knowledge about the Olympic Movement through publishing books, CDs, Posters, and Brochures. These publications can be distributed in large scale among students.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of carrying three different ergonomics models including backpack, shoulder bag and hand bag on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, energy expenditure (EE) and minute ventilation (VE) in male students aged 12-13 years. 15 Subjects (mean height and weight of the 164.7±1.8 cm and 55±1.6 kg, respectively) were carried bags with 10% of their body weights, on treadmill at 3.9 km/h for 15 min. The HR, EE and VE were measured by Gas Analyzer System, and the SBP and DBP were measured by Digital BP Meter. The analysis of data by repeated ANOVA, LSD post-hoc test and paired t-test, indicated that SBP, EE and VE in hand bag carriage condition, were significantly higher than in backpack carriage condition (p=0.000). Also, SBP in shoulder bag carriage was significantly higher than backpack carriage condition (p<0.02). There were no significant differences between backpack carriage and walking without bag. Thus, using backpack for carrying educational objects is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of contextual interference on tracking task under the conditions of implicit and explicit learning. The subjects were 36 right-handed male students of physical education (age 18-26) who had been randomly divided into four experimental groups. The subjects, after getting familiar with tracking task, tried 15 trail during the pre-test and exercised 4 blocks of nine-try each day during 4 consecutive days in the formats of random and blocked practice. The two explicit learning groups did just the tracking tasks while the two implicit learning groups did a secondary task as well. The collected data was analyzed by a one-way variance and the results showed that implicit learning practice was as effective as explicit learning practice, the result also confirmed the theory that random practice is more effective than blocked practice. Also, Result showed that although the performance in blocked practice was not better than that in random practice in the learning phase, the random practice group performed far better than the blocked practice group in the retrieval phase.

The prevalence of obesity, high blood pressure (high BP) and related risk factors, and lifestyle physical activities were evaluated in 1218 Public Transport Drivers (Taxi drivers) of Tehran (age and weight were 42.5±12.3 yrs, and 78.9±14.6 kg, respectively). Degree of obesity evaluated by self reported on body mass index (BMI); lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors by a questionnaire administrated by Adami and Corderra in 2003 that based on Mediterranean eating style that adopted with Iranian population lifestyle. Blood pressure measured with a handy sphygmomanometer. Range of age was between 21 to 71 years. Individuals under 35 years of age were classified as young, from 36 to 50 as middle aged and over 50 as old. Overweight was defined as BMI=25 to 29.9 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI >30 kg/m2. Hypertension was defined according to the WHO criteria. Independent sample t test, kruskal-Wallis for analyses of variance, c2, and multivariate and single regression models have been used for analysis of data. Prevalence of obesity, overweight and both of them and high blood pressure were 40.6%, 26.6%, 67.2%, and 35.4%, respectively. Prevalence of obesity, overweight and high blood pressure significantly increase with aging, monthly income, number of family members, and low level of education and physical activity (p<0.05). Therefore, in all age groups, there was significant relationship between obesity and high blood pressure (p<0.0001).Highest prevalence of obesity (50.3%) and high BP (71.1%) were in older group. Obese persons in all groups had high BP (p<0.05). Furthermore, significant relationship was observed between body mass index and many food consumption habits instance usage of high-fat foods, sweetish, have a snack, have a dessert, and negative relationship with spending work and leisure time physical activities and careful about what and how much is eaten. According to this findings, it seems is necessity to avoid from obesity as a main general health risk factor and also reinforcing cognitive patterns and promoting Iranian lifestyle behaviors instance increase of leisure time physical activities and reformation in eating habits may be effective in the fight against hypertension and obesity.

To recruit volunteers for sport organizations, it is imperative to understand the motivations that facilitate participation. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the motivations of volunteering in sport. The method which was applied in this research was descriptive-correlation. The statistical populations consist of volunteer students in sport associations of Iran Universities. Three hundred and sixty students from 20 universities were selected as subjects by using random clustered sampling method. Researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data which its content and face validity was confirmed by expert university panel. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (a=0.91). Factor analysis with a varimax rotation was used to analyze the data. Thirty nine variables were selected and classified into seven categories “career, material, egoistic, purposive, social, protective and commitment”. A five-point Likert scale was used to determine items significance. The results showed that the most important motive was “Volunteering experiences will look good on my resume (4.17±0.76; mean±SD)” and the least important motive was “My volunteering services for this association is considered prestigious (2.33±1.14)”. So, organizations have to consider these motives when seeking or selecting volunteers. At the end, some guidelines were suggested to managers in sport organizations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of one series of Karate Like competitions and 24 hours recovery period on immune response system cells (CD4, CD8 and CD4/CD8 ratio) of the karate athletes. Subjects included 12 national members of karate team who voluntarily participated in this research in two categories of -70 and+70 kilograms. They participated in 5 rounds of competitions similar to those conducted in the official tournament. Blood samples were collected before and after the first, third, fifth, competition and 24 hours recovery following the termination of the matches. Blood samples were analyzed using Flosytometry methods .Statistical analysis including analysis of variance- repeated measure, independent and dependent t-test were used to analyze the data using SPSS: pc version 13. The results of analysis showed that there were some differences between the cell counts of CD4, CD8, and CD4 to CD8 ratios before and after the competitions.  The number of CD4 count following the competitions showed a 46 percent increase and after 24 hours recovery, there was a 44 percent decrease comparing to the pretest condition.  The CD8 also showed a 12 percent decrease following the competitions and a 4 percent increase after the 24 hours recovery. In addition, the ration CD4 to CD8 count increased 89 percent increase during the competitions and a 21 percent decrease after 24 hour recover period. It was concluded that the amount of the cell counts of CD4, CD8 and their ratio does not vary significantly following a series of  Karate competitions and 24 hours recover period.

Overtraining syndrome is a chronic situation that results from long periods of high intensity or high volume work without rest periods. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations with psychological overtraining items (by Consensus group on overtraining of the Societe Francaise de Medecine du Sport) in football players. Thirty football players (X-±SD: 24.1±3.79 y; 180±7.29 cm; 75.2±8.09 kg; 22.97±1.21kg/m2; 53.26±2.79 Vo2max) volunteered for the study during a rest day (24 hours without training). They were asked to complete the overtraining questionnaire contains 54 question requiring answers of "yes" or "no". Then three saliva sample were taken immediately after getting up (8 am), before breakfast (11 am) and in the evening (5 pm). These three points enabled us to determine a mean concentration over the day.The results of data analyses showed that the overtraining score from questionnaire correlates with cortisol concentration at 8,11 am and mean cortisol concentration on rest day respectively (r=0.71, r=0.62, r=0.61; p£0.01), testosterone concentration at 8 am (r=0.42; p≤0.05) and testosterone/cortisol ratio at 8 am (r=-0.42; p£0.05).  Result show that, the questionnaire may be a useful tool for monitoring and preventing of overtraining syndrome.

The aim of present study was to compare fat oxidation rates, maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax), in two exercise modes (running and cycling). Ten untrained student girls (aged 23.1±1.90 yr; height 163.3±10 cm; weight 57.3±4.4 kg; body fat percent 28.2±3.1) participated in this study as subjects. Subjects completed maximal graded exercise tests on the cycle ergometer and the treadmill. Gas exchange and heart rate were measured 10 min before and throughout the exercise test. Fat oxidation rates were calculated using stoichiometric equations. Two way analysis variance for repeated measure, bonferroni, t tests were performed to analysis data. The result of this study showed that fat oxidation rates (0.13±0.03 vs. 0.06±0.02 g/min), MFO (0.21±0.06 vs. 0.15±0.05 g/min) and VO2max (28.4±4.5 vs. 23.2±4.4 ml/kg/min) was significantly higher during the treadmill test compared with the cycle ergometer (p£0.05). While, Fatmax rates was not significantly difference between exercise modes (%42.83 VO2max on treadmill vs. %47.87 VO2max on ergometer). From the result of this study it can be concluded that Fat oxidation rates in similar relative intensity of exercise are remarkably different in mode of exercise. Also, maximal fat oxidation is higher in activities which used higher muscle mass.