CROP PHYSIOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:1 (41)|Papers Count:8

In order to investigate the response of Zinc-efficient and Zinc-inefficient of bread wheat cultivars to soil Zinc (Zn) deficiency, the present factorial experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors of the experiment were including Zinc levels at two conditions Zinc-adequate (five milligram Zincper kilogram soil) and no Zinc application, Zinc-efficient cultivars (Bayat and Niknejad) and Zinc-inefficient (Hirmand and Karaj1), sampled tissues (root and leaf) and growth stage (28 days after germination and 30 percent of heading as vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively). In the present research the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes and also the content of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, prolin, phenol compounds and total antioxidantswere measured. The results of variance analysis and mean comparisons for main and interaction effects revealed that under Zinc deficiency conditions, the activity rate of ascorbate peroxidase enzymes, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase increased while the activity of superoxide dismutaseenzymes significantly (P≤ 0. 01) declined. The content of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, phenol and proline significantly (P≤ 0. 01) increased under Zinc deficiency conditions. Also, the enzymes activity superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and prolin content in Zinc-efficient cultivars were higher and whereas the amount of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were minimum in these cultivars. The rate of Catalase enzyme activity in Bayat Zinc-efficientcultivar under Zinc deficiency conditions was significantly more than that of other cultivars. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated the enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzymes in bread wheat under zinc deficiency conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and selenium foliar application on physiological characteristics and yield and yield components of safflower under drought tension conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included irrigation in three levels, complete irrigation during growing season (control), cutting irrigation at 50 percent flowering stage and cutting irrigation at 50 percent head forming stage. Sub factor was considered foliar application of safflower plants including nonspraying (control), foliar application by salicylic acid, selenium and salicylic acid with selenium. Drought tension reduced biologic yield, yield components and grain yield, but it increased protein percentage, the superoxide dismutase activity and proline concentration. Also, the highest negative effect of drought tension was observed in flowering stage, so that tension at flowering stage reduced 49 percent grain yield and 33 percent biomass of safflower. Foliar application improved yield, yield components and superoxide dismutase activity compared to non-spraying( control). However, between foliar application treatments in grain yield and superoxide dismutase activity, no significant difference was observed, but foliar application of salicylic acid with 7198 kg ha-1 showed the highest biomass. The foliar application in tension and non-tension conditions increased grain oil percentage, so that in complete irrigation and flowering stage tension, the highest grain oil percentage was belonged to salicylic acid foliar application with 24 percent and salicylic acid foliar application with selenium 28 percent. The foliar application treatments increased proline concentration in tension conditions compared to control and at flowering tension stage, salicylic acid and selenium foliar application with 11 micro Mol per gram fresh plant weigh showed the highest proline concentration.

One of the most intensive fertilizers in our country is Potassium and Glauconite sand stone may be one of the alternatives established of potassium. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigation the effects of glauconitic sandstone used as potassium fertilizer for canola plants and potential of potassium release and iron toxicity. The plants cultivation was carried out as an completely randomized experiment based on factorial design in growth chamber in the form of pot cultivation in sand culture. The first factor was potassium and in three levels including Hoagland without potassium + glauconitic sandstone powder, Hoagland with potassium and Hoagland without potassium and the second factor was pH of culture medium at two levels of 6 and 5. 7. Potassium was used as potassium nitrate and glauconitic sandstone powder was mixed with washed sand before planting. The results indicated that potassium deficiency in treatment without potassium caused severe reduction in growth traits, content of potassium, soluble protein in aerial organs, soluble sugars, starch and chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll and increased total amino acids. Application of glauconitic by releasing potassium could compensate potassium shortage at plant growth environment so that the plants treated with Hoagland without potassium + glauconite sand stone powder did not indicated any significant difference in potassium content and many growth traits such as total fresh and dry mass with Hoagland treated with potassium. Iron content of canola root in Hoagland treatment was higher than to two other potassium treatments however, pH reduction from 5. 7 to 6 did not increase iron content of the plants. The reduction of pH of Hoagland and glauconite treatments decrease of protein, starch and chlorophyll contents and led to plants growth. The results indicated that glauconitic sandstone powder has certain potential to release potassium. Without considering pH of nutrient solution, no toxicity symptom was observed in canola plants following glauconite sand stone application.

In order to investigate the effect of phosphorous and potassium bio mass fertilizers on some important morphological traits, agronomic characteristics and yield of red bean, the present experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Arak, in the summer of 2013-2014in two years. The research treatments were conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experimental treatments included the use of bio fertilizers at four levels of non-use, application of phosphorus bio fertilizer, potassium bio fertilizer and phosphorus bio fertilizer + potassium bio fertilizer and four red bean genotypes, by the names of Goli, D81083, Derakhshan, and KS31169/3. The application of bio fertilizers was carried out early in the vegetative period and also in the pre-flowering stage. The results showed that application of biological fertilizers could significantly affect the yield of single plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per meter square, number of sub branches, chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio, the shell weight to the weight of the entire pod ratio and potassium to seed phosphorus ratio. In this investigation, Goli cultivar produced the highest seed yield of 71/8 gram per plant Also, on average the grain yield of beans increased by 25. 5%. from 56. 6 gram per plant in the absence of bio fertilizers to 80. 8 gram per plant in combined fertilizer application. The investigated genotypes showed significant difference in all of the studied traits, but the interaction between application of fertilizers and genotype was significant only in number of seeds per plant, number of pods per square meter. Thus, using bio fertilizers, in addition to quantitative increase and absorption of essential elements by stimulating growth, can improve quality characteristics of red beans.

Sesame is one of the oldest crops in the world, due to its high oil content, is one of the most important oilseed plants in arid and semi-arid regions. This experiment was conducted in the form of statistical design in randomized complete blocks with split plots with three levels of irrigation after 55, 75 and 85 percent of drainage in the main plots and four genotypes of sesame Varamin, Naztakshakheh, Olahtan and Yekta in sub plots with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, was conducted in 2015. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the genotypes of sesame and irrigation regimes in terms of physiological characteristics and grain yield. The interaction of irrigation in genotype was significant in electrolyte leakage traits, membrane stability and yield. Increasing irrigation intervals from 55 to 85 percent of allowable drainage resulted in significant reduction in leaf relative water content (13 percent), stomata conductance (42 percent) and grain yield (53 percent ) in genotypes examined. In addition, canopy temperature (10 percent ) and electrolyte leakage (94 percent) increased significantly in all genotypes due to increased moisture discharge. The highest grain yield (1459 kilogram per hectare) of Yekta genotype under irrigation conditions 55 percent and the lowest grain yield (537 kilogram per hectare) was obtained from Naztakshakheh genotypes under 85 percent permitted soil water discharge. Overall, the results showed that reducing the irrigation interval due to improved leaf relative content, stomata conductance, electrolyte leakage and plant canopy temperature in the investigated genotypes increased the yield of sesame seeds.

In order to investigate the reaction of sunflower Iroflor cultivar to water deficit tension in different stages of growth and methods of biophosphate fertilizer consumption, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Water deficit tension in four levels including control (lack of water deficit tension ), tension in vegetative stage, tension in reproduction stage and tension in both vegetative and reproductive stages and application of bio phosphate in four levels including nonuse of biofertilizer, seed coated, topdress and and combined application of seed coated and topdress. The simple effect of water deficit tension and bio fertilizer on head diameter, grain number per head, one-thousand seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield were significant and their interaction was significant only on number of seeds per head, grain yield and oil percentage. The highest amount of traits among the levels of water tension was belonged to the control treatment (non-tension of water deficit) and among the application of biofertilizer to seed coated and top dress application simultaneously, which was observed in the weight of one thousand seed weight 42. 47 and 25. 67 grams, head diameter 67. 17 and 74. 16 centimeters, biological yield 43. 10165 and 74. 10596 kilogram per hectare and oil yield was 55. 1318 and 73. 1216 kilogram per hectare, respectively. The highest amount of traits in the number of seeds per head (51/950 ), grain yield (23/3451 kilogram per hectare) and oil percentage (68/47 percent) was obtained in combination treatment without water deficit tension and simultaneous application of bio fertilizer as coated seed and top dress. The effect of water deficit tension on the traits at the reproductive stage was significantly higher than the vegetative stage. Biofertilizer application treatment did not show significant difference in coated seed and top dress simultaneous application with application treatment in the form of coated seed. The resultof the experiment showed that the use of biophosphate fertilizer as coated seed in sunflower cultivar of Iroflor under normal and water deficit tension conditions has improved yield and studied traits.

In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation by cycocel and biofertilizers on yield, antioxidant enzymes activity of wheat and some biochemical traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) under soil salinity conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2016 cropping year. Treatments were included salinity in four levels (no salinity application as control and salinity application 25, 50 and 75 milliMolar) by NaCl and seed inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel in six levels (no inoculation with cycocel and bio fertilizers as control, seed inoculation by Pseudomonas, Azosprilium and simultaneous application of Azosprilium and Pseudomonas, seed inoculation by cycocel in two concentrations 10 and 10-5-6 milliMolar). The results showed that 75 milliMolar salinity treatment, increased protein content and antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase 39. 43, 9. 103, 83. 97 and 143 percent, respectivelyin comparison with no salinity application. The lowest electrical conductivity (8. 65 microsiemens per centimeter) and the highest relative water content in flowering stage (86. 87 percent), protein content (17. 7 percent) and grain yield (2. 83 gram per plant) were obtained in no salinity application and simultaneous seed inoculation with Azosprilium and Pseudomonas. The highest electrical conductivity (111. 83 micro Siemens per centimeter)) and the lowest relative water content was obtained in grain filling period (6. 49 percent ), protein content (57. 10 percent) and grain yield per plant (0. 98 gram per plant) in 75 milli Molar salinity and no seed inoculation with cycocel and biofertilizers.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza fungus on the quantitative etraitsand protein of cowpea in different irrigation intervals, the present research was carried out in 2017 in Khorramshahr as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The experiment treatments consisted of irrigation intervals at four levels of 55 (control), 80, 105 and 130 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plots and mycorrhiza fungi in two levels including non-application of mycorrhiza (control) and mycorrhizal application in sub plots. The results showed that the effect of irrigation intervals and mycorrhiza fungi on number of seeds per pod, one thousand grain weight and protein yield and their interaction on grain yield was significant. The highest grain yield was allocated to 80 millimeter evaporation treatment from pan (with an average of 3/233 gram per square meter), and the lowest grain yield (with an average of 7. 168gram per square meter) was allocated to 130 millimeter pan evaporation. The results showed by using mycorrhizal fungus, grain yield and protein yield increased 16. 9 and 12 percent, respectively, compared to control treatment. The interaction of irrigation intervals and mycorrhiza fungus had a significant effect on grain yield( 25 percent increasing compared to control treatment). Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative yield, planting of cowpea plant with irrigation intervals 80 millimeter evaporation from pan and application of mycorrhiza in areas where plants confronting drought tension are recommended.