JOURNAL OF PLANT PROCESS AND FUNCTION
Year:2018 | Volume:7 | Issue:26|Papers Count:21

Chamomile (Tanacetum parthenium) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants and its dried flowers contain many terpenoids and flavonoids contributing to its medicinal properties. Salinity is one of the main limiting factors of plants growth in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Currently, biological methods use widely to contrast the soil salinity. To study of the effect of methyl jasmonate on effective gene expression under salt stress in chamomile, factorial experiment in a completely randomized design did in 3 replications. Salinity treatments at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and methyl jasmonate at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 µ M) were applied. Sampling at four times (0, 24, 36 and 72 h) and the interaction between time and salinity and methyl jasmonate treatment were evaluated. In different concentrations of salinity, the results of studied genes expression showed that the highest expression of BADH, SOS, Catalase and P5CS were at 150, 100, 150 and 50 mM concentrations of salinity, respectively. The results of studied genes expression in different methyl jasmonate concentrations and different times showed that the expression of BADH and Catalase genes were increased with increasing concentrations of methyl jasmonate and sampling time. The highest amount of expression of P5CS and SOS genes at 150 µ M methyl jasmonate concentration was observed after 24 and 36h. The results of the interaction between salinity, methyl jasmonate and sampling time showed that the highest levels of gene expression for all genes was in 100 µ M methyl jasmonate and 100 mM NaCl during 36 hours and the lowest level of expression was in the control treatment.

In order to investigate the growth responses of sugar beet plant to drought stress and foliar application of proline at different growth stages, a field experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the field Research Station of Shahrekord University during 2015. Main plot three level of irrigation treatments (100% (control), 75% and 50% of water requirement) and sub plot three level of proline applied (sprayed with water (control), 5 and 10 mM. The result showed that the drought stress reduced membrane stability index (MSI) and SPAD values and 10 mM proline foliar application causes plant resistance and enhanced MSI and SPAD values under drought stress as compared with the control (sprayed with water). The drought stress reduced leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and shoot and root dry weights compared with full irrigation. The reduction rate and time in traits were higher on stress level than full irrigation and foliar application of 10 mM were low. There is highly correlation between LAI, CGR and shoot dry weight with root dry weight. So, proline function as compatible solute in osmotic adjustment for sugar beet with the protective role through physiological reactions under drought stress.

In order to evaluate the symbiotic effects of mycorrhiza-like fungi, Piriformospora indica (Pi), and mycorrhiza fungi, Glomus mosseae (Gm), on improving the chlorophyll pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of maize (Zea mays L. cv. chr('39')SC 704chr('39')) under different levels of irrigation and triple super phosphate (TSP), a field experiment was conducted in a split factorial arrengment based on a randomized complete block design with three resplications. Two regions, Gharakhil (Ghaemshahr) and Bayekola (Neka) were investigated during the growing season of maize in 2015. Three different regimes of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% of crop water requirement) were used as the main plot, four levels of inoculations (control, Pi, Gm and Pi+Gm inoculations) and three levels of TSP (control, 50 and 100% of crop requirement) served as the subplots. The results indiacted that the amount of chlorophyll a, b, a+b and photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were significantly declined by limited irrigation regimes in both stations. The results also indicate a positive effect of fungi inoculation on Fv/Fm ratio resulted in significant increase of maximum fluorescence (Fm), particularly when maize seeds were inoculated with Pi and Gm together. Although, quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical (Y(NPQ)) increased by limited irrigation regimes, it appears that this parameter was significantly decreased by fungi inoculation treatments. This reduction was varied from 22% for Gharakhil to 33% for Bayekola, when applied Pi and Gm inoculation together. In general, the results indicated that these fungi could decrease the negative effects of water deficit stress on leaf chlorophyll pigments content and photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II by reducing damage to reaction centers of photosystem II. .

Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate which derived of glucoraphanin (a kind of glucosinolate) under hydrolysis of myrosinase enzyme, has shown various pharmaceutical properties such as anticancer activity in human. This glucosinolate abundantly found in Lepidium draba L. of Brassicaceae family. The goal of this research was investigation of the variation in sulforaphane, total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents and also investigation of the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in 5-day-old L. draba seedlings in treatment of various concentration of jasmonate. The obtained results showed whereas the sulforaphane content was not changed after 48 hours treatment, its content significantly decreased in 50 and 100 μ M jasmonate treatment after 72 hours. On the other hand, total flavonoid content were increased in the 50 and 100 μ M jasmonate treated seedlings at the both of treatment times and the anthocyanin content was also significantly evaluated in the 72 hours-treated seedlings in compared to the control. Furthermore, activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes reduced at both of treatment times (except peroxidase activity in treated with 50 μ M jasmonat after 72 hours). Overall, it deduced that jasmonate effect depends on its concentration, time of treatment as well as metabolite biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, it seems under jasmonat treatment, the antioxidant system of this plant improved more through phenylpropanoid pathway.

In order to study the effects of bio fertilizers and zinc application on yield, variations of quantum yield, stomatal conductance and some physiological traits of triticale under water withholding conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors were included water withholding in three levels (normal irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of heading stage, irrigation withholding at 50% of booting stage), four bio fertilizers levels (no bio fertilizer, application of mycorrhiza, Azotobacter chrocoocoum strain 5 + Psedomunas putida strain 186, application of PGPR and mycorrhiza together) and four nano zinc oxide levels (without nano zinc oxide as control, application of 0. 3, 0. 6 and 0. 9 g L-1). Results showed that under water withholding condition, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, relative water content and grain yield decreased. Whereas, electrical conductivity and grain protein were increased. Means comparison showed that the highest of grain yield, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, stomatal conductance, relative water content and chlorophyll index were obtained at application of PGPR+mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0. 9 g L-1 nano zinc oxide and full irrigation. The highest of grain protein was belonged at application of PGPR+mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0. 9 g L-1 nano zinc oxide and irrigation to 50% of booting stage. The highest of grain yield (663. 26 g m-2) was obtained at application of PGPR+mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0. 9 g L-1 nano zinc oxide and full irrigation and the lowest of it (198. 46 g m-2) was belonged at irrigation to 50% of booting stage, no biofertilizers and without nano zinc oxide. Irrigation withholding in heading and booting stages reduced 22% and 42% respectively from grain yield and using of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide compensated 52% and 53% respectively from yield reduction. It seems that application of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide due to the improvement of some physiological traits such as photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and relative water content can be recommended for profitable triticale production under water withholding condition.

Hyoscyamus reticulatus is an important medicinal plant belonging to Solanaceae family. This herb has antispasmodic, antichlorogenic and analgesic characteristics due to tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Mechanical vibration is one of abiotic stresses which could affect on growth and development of plant cells. In this research, effect of high-frequency mechanical vibration were studied on some growth parameters, total phenolic and alkaloid contents and free radical scavenging activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in H. reticulatus calli. Mechanical vibrations were applied at 0, 50, 100 and 150 Hz for 15, 30 and 45 min on the H. reticulatus calli. Response of callus tissue was different on growth, antioxidant activity, phenolic and alkaloid content in various times, and optimum time was observed for 30 min. Mechanical vibration at 50 and 100 Hz increased significantly growth, protein, proline, phenolic and alkaloid contents, and the highest content of these parameters were observed at 50 Hz for 30 min. Carbohydrate content decreased significantly, and the lowest content was identified at 100 Hz for 45 min. Mechanical vibration also decreased lipid peroxidation, and increased radical scavenging activity with decrease of IC50 content especially especially at 50 Hz in 30 min. It seems that mechanical vibration at a proper frequency and time could be a tool for induction of growth and secondary metabolite in plant cells.

Plants deal with various stresses like salt stress in their life. Henbane is one of the important plants of potato family with numerous pharmaceutical effects. To assess the effects of salinity on growth responses of Henbane plant, experiment performed in growth chamber as pot culture based on a randomized complete design (CRD) with three replications. Seed germination percentage has been studied in salinity levels as 0, 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 NaCl. After seed germination and transferring the seedlings to the pot media in 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness, salinity in four levels as 2. 9 (control without salt), 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 has been treated. Two weeks after stress treatment, features including factors of seed germination, root fresh and dry weight, aerial organ fresh and dry weight, organs length, leaf RWC, plant element content, proline, soluble sugars, photosynthetic pigments, total protein and alkaloid content have been measured. Statistical analyses have been carried out with SAS software ver. 9. 1. The results of this research showed that some parameters including percentage and rate of seed germination, hypocotyle and radicle fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, aerial organs length, leaf RWC, root and aerial organs K, Mg and Ca content and K/Nain salinity conditions relative to control treatment represented significant decrease. Against, proline, total proteins, alkaloids and Na content relative to control treatment showed significant increase. Soluble sugars and photosynthetic pigments content did not showed significant difference. In conclusion, application of salinity stress resulted in enhanced synthesis of osmolytes such as proline and alkaloids as defensive compounds.

The negative effects of water stress, reduced water use and nutritional disorders in plants. So in order to study the effects of foliar application of iron and manganese on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Mungbean (cultivar beam) under water deficit stress, this experiment was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University as randomized complete block design arrangement in split plot with three replications. Treatment of water difficit stress, is irrigation regims in three levels: [optimal irrigation, withholding irrigation from vegetative growth (stage of Primary growth to the fast formation of leaves) and withholding irrigation from flowering stage to the first pod formation stage] As main plot and and foliar application of micronutrients included were (no foliar application, water foliar application, iron sulfate 1%, iron sulfate 1. 5%, manganese sulfate 0. 5%, manganese sulfate 1%, iron sulfate 1%+ manganese sulfate 0. 5% and iron sulfate 1. 5%+ manganese sulfate 1%) Were considered as sub plot. The results showed that foliar application of iron and manganese could prevent the devastating effects of drought stress And the effect of combined treatment of iron and manganese were higher than other treatments of foliar application. Foliar application of 1. 5% Fe+ 1% Mn Reduced proline content in the vegetative and reproductive stress conditions, respectively 62 and 64 percent and total chlorophyll content in the vegetative and reproductive stage increased respectively 43. 5 and 45. 8 percent.

This study investigated the effect of salinity (control, 8 and 24 ds/m) and light intensity (complete light equal to 1109 × 102 Lux, intermediate light equal to 454 × 102 Lux and weak light equal to 175 × 102 Lux) on some physiological characteristics and ion uptake in Haloxylon ammodendron. The experiment conducted in completely randomizes design in split plot form with 10 replicates. Results showed that the amounts of Prolin in intermediate and weak light intensity was significantly lower than in complete light intensity. The amount of prolin in complete light intensity was equal to 0. 42 mg/gfw and in weak light intensity was equal to 0. 17 mg/gfw. Salinity also increased the amounts of prolin and soluble sugar. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and the amount of K+ was observed in intermediate and weak light intensity and the lowest was in complete light intensity. The amount of phosphorous was significantly higher in complete light intensity compared to control and in intermediate light intensity. In contrast to other ions, the amount of Na+ in complete light intensity was significantly high compared to intermediate and weak light intensity. Increasing salinity increased the amounts of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll. The amount of Nitrogen and K+ also increased with increasing salinity. The amount of K+ in salinity of 24 ds/m was equal to 48. 8 mg/gdw and in control was equal to 71 mg/gdw. In contrast to K+, the amount of Na+ increased with increasing salinity. K/Na decreased with increasing salinity. The results of light and salinity interaction showed that decreasing light intensity increased the amount of relative water content in salinity of 8 and 24 ds/m. Light and salinity interaction also ameliorate the calcium uptake in salinity of 24 ds/m. Intermediate light intensity also ameliorate mg++ uptake in salinity of 8 and 24 ds/m. Therefore under condition of this experiment decreasing light intensity provided better condition for producing H. ammodendron plant.

Light is one of the main limiting factors, specialy in warm regions, for growth and development in plants and shade levels play an important role in the cultivation of medicinal plants. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of shade levels (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to find the best environmental option with maximum flowering in Rosa damascena. The plants were evaluated after eight mounths of treatments for morphological characteristics, macroelements contents, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, peroxidase activity and flower numbers. The results showed that 0% shade induced stress on plant growth and reduced morphology parameters including plant height, fresh and dry weight; chlorophyll content; nitrogen content; soluble carbohydrates and flower numbers were decreased compared to those grown in shade levels. Root length, ion lekage, cartenoides content, potassium and phosphorus contents and peroxidase activity were highest in Rosa damascena under 0% shade after 8 months of growth cycle. Numbers of flower was greatest in Rosa damascena grown under 50% shade. In conclusion, Rosa damascena is a semi shade loving plant suitable to grow under 50% shading forhigh yield, in warm regions.

In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on mineral content and some physiological traits of soybean genotypes (Glycine max L. ) a greenhouse experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in Mohaghegh Ardabil University in 2014. The first factor consisted of three levels of water deficit (85%, 65% and 45% field capacity), the second factor consisted of three concentration of salicylic acid (0 or distilled water, 0. 4 and 0. 8 mM) and the third included soybean genotypes (Williams, L17 and D42X19). The results showed that water deficit increased the amount of sodium, sodium to potassium ratio, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and glycine betaine and decreased leaf relative water content and leaf area per plant. Soybean genotypes responded differently to water deficit. Williams and L17 had the highest and lowest concentrations of calcium, potassium, relative water content and leaf area per plant, respectively. Salicylic acid decreases the amount of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and increased concentrations of glycine betaine and leaf area per plant. Interaction of salicylic acid and genotype on traits was significant. Application of 0. 4 mM salicylic acid exhibited afavorable effects on the accumulation of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and increasing the relative water content and maintaining the integrity of cell membranes and ameliorated the inhibitory effects of water deficit in soybean genotypes especially in Williams. Foliar application with 0. 4 mM salicylic acid reduced adverse impact of water deficit stress in Williams cultivar.

Jasmonic acid and its methylated ester (Methyl jasmonate) are widely found in plants, as a natural plant growth regulators. Research results show that the use of exogenous jasmonates, change physiological responses to stress in plants. Chlorid (Cl-) is considered as an essential element in plant growth. A small amount of this substance improves the performance and quality of tobacco leaf, while higher levels of Cl-is have revise effect. In this study, the effect of the Methyl jasmonate (30μ m) in the form of spray on the leaves at the early growth stages and the different Cl-concentration (50, 150 and 300 mgL-1) was studied. The experiment was performed with 4 replications, during 2012 crop year at Guilan Tobacco Research Center. Results show, by increasing the Cl-concentration to 300 mgL-1, the Cl-content of leaves increased. By increasing the Cl-concentration to 300 mgL-1, the amount of starch significantly increased, Furthermore, were reducted the content of total protein and α-amylase activity of the middle leaves significantly, while there is no change in content of carotenoids and nicotine. External application of Methyl jasmonate will result in significant reduction of starch and Cl-content of leaves especially in 150 and 300 mgL-1 chlorid-concentration, whereas amounts of nicotine, total protein and carotenoids significantly increased. Moreover, there will be no change in the amount of α-amylase activity.

Roselle )Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ) is a new medicinal plants can be used as a suitable plant in cropping pattern. Recently, due to different uses has been considered by farmers. In order to evaluate the effects of sowing date and intra-row on leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and physiological characteristics of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L (. the field experiment was conducted split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in agricultural research field of Jiroft university during 2013 and 2014 growing season. Main plots were sowing date at five levels of 11th and 30th March, 14th April, 5th and 22th May and intra-rows were spaced of 100, 75 and 50 cm as sub plot. Based on two years data combined analysis, the results indicated that delayed sowing date reduced leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, sepal yield, seed yield and biomass yield. The highest sepal yield and seed yield was obtained at 11th March, with 990 and 1338 kg/ha, respectively. The lowest sepal yield and seed yield was obtained at 22th May, with 594 and 766 kg/ha respectively. Sepals yield increased at 50 cm intra-row space to 75 and 100 cm intra-row space 24% and 61% respectively, also seed yield increased 9. 5% and 20% respectively. Sowing date had significant effect on sepal antioxidant, acidity, vitamin C, seed protein and seed oil. The percentage highest of antioxidant activity sepals (90. 17%) belonged to the 5th May. Intra-rows space had not a significant effect on physiological characteristics. Roselle sowing date date in the first half of March to mid of May with intra-row space of 50 cm, seems to be appropriate by the good climatic conditions of Jiroft region.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that causes oxidative stress in plants. In this study toxicity effect of Cd on Silybum marianum was investigated. Four treatments of CdCl2 (0, 300, 600, 400 and 900 μ M) were evaluated in five replications using complete random design. Results of tolerance stress index severity of Cd stress on plants under various levels of treatments. Shoot dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a content, and total chlorophyll content were significantly reduced in 900 μ M of Cd. Chlorophyll b decreased in all levels of Cd stress in comparison with control. Meanwhile, Carotenoid content did not show significant change in different concentrations of cadmium. Malon De Aldehyde content, Antocyanin content, total Phenol and Flavonoid significantly increased under 900 μ M cadmium concentration. Total protein content was significantly decreased in 900 μ M Cd concentration while, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, Glutathione reductase and Ascorbate peroxidases activity enzyme were significantly increased in this level. Results confirmed that this medical plant have different physiological and biochemical mechanisms to reduce toxicity damage of cadmium. Evaluation of cadmium ion concentration in leaves and root showed that most cadmium was concentrated in leaves while; small amount of Cd was in the roots. These results showed that silybum marianum could be an appropriate plant for phytoremediation purposes.

Considering low vigor of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) seeds and difficulty of its germination, the purpose of this experiment was to evaluating the effect of different priming types on germination and seedling growth of Stevia in the presence of gibberellic acid. A factorial experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (G1=0, G2 =25 and G3=50 mg L-1) and seed priming as hydro, hormone (gibberellic acid, 0. 2 mg L-1) and Osmo (3% potassium nitrate) for 18 hours. The essential oil constituents were measured by gas chromatography (GC). The activity of hydrolytic and antioxidant enzymes in seedlings also were measured. The highest germination percentage (67. 26 %) observed in the hormone priming and the concentration of 50 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid. Osmopriming had the highest germination rate. The highest levels of SOD activity and MDA content observed in osmopriming and catalase and peroxidase achieved in hydro priming without application of gibberellic acid. The highest level of alpha-amylase enzyme activity was related to hormone priming with 50 mg L-1 gibberellic acid. The highest levels of alphacadinol, methyl salicylate and Safranal and also carbohydrates and protein observed in hormone priming and 50 mg L-1 gibberellic acid. In conclusion, to achieve the highest essential oil contents in Stevia using hormone priming and application of 50 mg L-1 gibberellic acid was suitable.

In order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress on yield and physiological characteristics of some Iranian melon accessions, an experiment was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in research filed of university of Zanjan during 2015. Treatments consisted arrangement of three irrigation levels (100, 70 and 40% ETc) and 7 Iranian melon accessions (Ghalam Ghash, Roshe, Zerke, Rish Baba, Ghobadloo, Garake and Kalyar). In this experiment, antioxidant enzyme activity, stomatal conductance, proline content, leaf relative water content, cell membrane stability index, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde was measured. The results showed that water deficit stress reduced cell membrane stability index, leaf relative water content and stomatal conductance) and yield. The highest proline content in “ Garake” , and maximum catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity was observed in “ Zerke” and “ Gobadloo” respectively under deficit irrigation 40% ETc. Hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents significantly increased under water deficit stress. According to the results, the highest (65. 17%) and lowest (41. 16 %) yield reduction was observed in “ Zerke” and “ Rish Baba” accessions respectively under irrigation 40% ETc compared to irrigation 100% ETc, thah were sensitive and tolerance accession to the water deficit stress, respectively.

In order to evalution of antioxidant enzymes activity and yield of flower of chamomile genotypes under drought stress condition and foliar application of nano iron chelated, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at greenhouse research farm of the University of Zabol in 2014. Experimental treatments included drought stress at 2 levels (control or 90% of field capacity and 70% field capacity) and nano iron chelate application at 2 levels (control and 2 mg/l) and chamomile genotypes (Ardestan, Gachsaran, Nain, Khozestan, Kazeroon, Germany and Hungary). In this study the antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and total protein) and the yeild of flower in plant of information about the resistance to drought stress were evaluated. The results showed that stress caused an increase in the catalase decrease cause of enzyme activity in genotypes in Kazerun, Khuzestan, Nain and Germany, the enzyme ascorbate in every genotypes, guaiacol peroxidase in genotypes, Kazeroon, Khuzestan, Nain and Germany and decreased total protein genotypes in genotypes of ardestan, Gachsaran and Hungary and the yeild flower in plant of in the genotypes in Ardestā n, Khuzestan, Nain and Hungary. Application of nano iron chelated by reducing the damaging effects of stress on the antioxidant enzymes in some of genotypes was influenced that, this effects some of genotypes was positive and negative in others genotypes. In generally, the use of genotypes in Khuzestan and Germany are sufferest for planting in the drought stress conditions.

In order to investigate the response different of maize hybrids under drought stress in different levels growth stages, a field experiment was done as split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in crop school of Meghan of Agriculture and natural Resources in year 2014. The treatments were included three irrigation regimes (Full irrigation, deficit irrigation at flowering and grain filling stage irrigation) in the main plots and seven commercial hybrids (single cross such as 260, 301, 302, 400, 500, 704 and 370 double-cross) the subplots assigned. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress levels, hybrids and interaction of drought stress level and hybrids were significant on protein content, carbohydrates, lysine, methionine, proline and activity of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Grain yield was significantly influenced only by the main effect of stress and hybrids. The stress enhanced in most hybrids in protein, proline, carbohydrate and activity of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase contents and reduction in the amount lysine and methionine contents. The highest enzyme activity and grain yield were observed in drought stress conditions of single cross 704 and the highest compatibility of metabolites were in stress of single cross hybrid 400 and 500. The highest grain yield of hybrid single cross 704 with an average 11. 49 t/ha was obtained. The regression results also showed that in non-stress condition carbohydrates, highest contribution in predicting the yield and in stress conditions amount lysine and proline highest share of in determining yield to own devoted.

Growth regulators play a crucial role during plant growth and development and utilizing of them can a possible approach to improving plants economic yield. In this research, the effects of two elicitors [salicylic acid (SA) and indole acetic acid (IAA)] on the accumulation of essential oils in the shoot cultures of Mentha piperita L. and Melissa officinalis L. were studied. This research was conducted in pot expriment in randomized complete design in factoriel layout with 4 repeatitions in 2016. The following treatments were applied after the plants had 6 and 8 leaves: IAA (0, 1, 1. 5, 2 mg/l), SA (0, 1, 10, 20 mM). Harvesting was done in 3 weeks after of second foliar application in time of plants had 16-22 leaves. Twenty-eight (28) essential oils in Mentha piperita L. were obtained and the most notable (more than 70%) were: menthol, menton and izomenton. Twenty-three (23) essential oils in Melissa officinalis L. were obtained and the greatest notable (more than 65%) were: geranial, neral and menthol and in Mentha piperita L. Results indicated mixed treatment of salicylic acid (10 mM) and indol acetic acid (1. 5 mg/l) was the best treat on essential oil content and composition. It seems that the positive effects of hormones increased yield and then increased essential oil content and composition.

Unsuitable concentrations of herbicides, lack of weed control and the severe damage to the plant will cause. Plant growth regulators can play a role in reducing damage. For this purpose, in shahid Bahonar University research greenhouse two experiment was carried out in 1391. The first experiment in a completely randomized design includes selective herbicides in five level, haloxyfop (0, 3, 4, 5 and 10 per thousand), oxyfluorfen (0, 3, 4, 5 and 10 per thousand) and sethoxydim (0, 6, 8, 10 and 15 per thousand) with three replications. The second experiment was factorial in a completely randomized design with growth regulators and herbicides. Regulators include salicylic acid ( 0, 0. 25 and 5. 0 mM), methyl jasmonate (0, 5 and 10 µ M) and brassinosteroid (0, 1 and 2 µ M) as seed soaking and spray of Herbicides with low concentrations (3 and 4 haloxyfop and oxyfluorfen 6 and 8 sethoxidim) and high concentration (5 haloxyfop and oxyfluorfen and10 sethoxydim) were selected. The results showed that in the first experiment haloxyfop and oxyfluorfen to concentration of 4 and sethoxydim to 8 on growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, ion leakage, oxidative enzymes had no harmful effect. In the second experiment it was revealed high concentrations of herbicides significantly reduced the growth characteristics. The combination of regulators and herbicides significantly reduced the negative effects of herbicide. according to results, Salicylic acid 0. 25 mM, methyl jasmonate1 µ M and brassinosteroid5 µ M were more effective.

Many of microalgae are rich in lipid and are very much considered due to the limitations of nutritional needs and rapid growth. Since the lovastatin inhibits the pathway of mevanolate (the pathway of beta-carotene biosynthesis) and the beta-carotene is a terpenic compound and is a simple lipid types, in this study, the inhibitory effect of lovastatin on two microalgae Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella bardawil was studied in lipid production. Algal cells were cultured in autotrophic conditions under different concentrations of lovastatin. The results showed that the prevention of mevanolate pathway leading to decrease of cell growth, chlorophyll and beta-carotene concentrations, and as well as an increase in lipid production in D. salina, whereas in D. bardawil caused a decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll and beta-carotene, as well as an increase in lipid production with no affect on cell growth. The results showed, twice amount of chlorophyll and beta-carotene content in D. bardawil compared to D. salina and double growth of D. salina than D. bardawil. An increase of 1. 5 times the lipid production in the shortest time (one week) in D. bardawil compared to D. salina showed that D. bardawil algae is more appropriate species for the production of lipid by inhibiting the mevanolate pathway. The results suggest that the mevanolate pathway is the required route for D. salina and D. bardawil algae, and preventing it, leading to change the pathway of acetyl coenzyme A from beta-carotene synthesis to increase of lipid production in the cell.