Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:2|Papers Count:10

Purpose: Recently, effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in sports as an ergogenic aid is taken into consideration. IPC may have positive effects on the athletic performance of individuals, which leads to increased capacity in exercise. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of IPC on anaerobic performance of female student› s athletes. Methods: For this purpose, in a randomized crossover design, sixteen females with a mean age of 0. 60± 20. 78 years and weight 10. 03± 55. 94 kg assigned into two conditions: Experiment (preconditioning included four set of five-minute occlusion-reperfusion, with five minutes reperfusion, then performing two Wingate tests) and Control (sham preconditioning included four set of five-minutes closing cuff without pressure, then performing two Wingate tests). The rest period between two Wingate tests was two minutes. Borg scale were measured immediately after the last stage of ischemia and Wingate test. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and LSD test significance level was P <0. 05. Results: The results showed that the peak power increased in experimental condition compared to the control, but this increase was not statistically significant (P>0. 05). Also, there was no significant difference in average power, mean power and heart rate between control and experimental condition (P>0. 05). IPC lead to significant decrease in the perceived exertion in experimental condition (p˂ 0. 05). Conclusion: Results showed that the IPC has no effect on power output in female student› s athletes. It seems, IPC before power tasks in female student› s athletes, must be with more intensity and time and in big organs with a larger muscle size to have more effects.

Purpose: In order to understand the effect of sleep disorders on nervous system-related functions, it is important to investigate the neural mechanisms behind these disorders. so the Purpose of this study was to investigate the Effect of 30 hours sleep deprivation on shooting score and corticospinal excitability of Thenar eminence muscle in soldiers. For this purpose, 11 volunteers (male) were selected from a military training center. Methods: In two stages, using Transcranial magnetic stimulation technique by Medtronic device as well as to register the shooting score by air rifle before and after 30 hours of sleep deprivation, the subjects were studied. Obtained data, with descriptive statistics and t-test were analyzed. Results: It was shown that 30 hours of sleep deprivation caused a signifi cant decrease in shooting score(p=0. 003); also signifi cantly increased the range of motor evoked potential amplitude (p=0. 009), no signifi cant reduction of motor evoked potential latency and no signifi cant increase in facilitated motor evoked potential latency (p=0. 98, p=0. 15). Conclusion: According to the results of this study it can be concluded that 30 hours of sleep deprivation, signifi cantly decreased the score of shooting, Since, any signifi cant increase or decrease in the amount of excitability affects the optimal performance of the nervous system, Therefore, it can be said that the decrease in shooting score in subjects of this study is probably related to the disturbance in the observed amount of excitability nervous system, Which can be considered in future research.

Purpose: Among the most important sex hormones that changes in their levels are related to different diseases pathogenesis can mentioned to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and estradiol. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks’ selected resistance training on serum levels of estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and body composition in overweight premenopausal women. Methods: Twenty premenopausal women assigned in two experiment (mean age 44. 3± 2. 11 years) and control (mean age 42. 3± 5. 37 years) groups. Experiment group performed resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions in week by using Thera band. resistance exercise consist of 16 movements for upper body, trunk and lower body. Each movement performed with 10 repetitions, 3 set and two-minute interval rest between sets and one minute’ s rest between exercises. 48 hours after the last exercise session, blood samples collected and desired variables (SHBG and estradiol) were measured by Elisa method. Data analyzed by analyze covariance test. Results: Increase the SHBG and decrease of body fat percent were significant in training group. But, changes in serum levels of estradiol wasn’ t significant statistically. Conclusion: Different type of exercise training play important role in modulation of sex hormones levels. According to present study results, probably resistance training with Thera band have positive effects on modulate of sex hormones levels in women with overweight.

Purpose: The use of nutritional interventions such as dietary supplements is recommended to prevent early onset of fatigue, physical activity stresses, and improved performance during the race. The aim of this study was to examine The effect of four weeks HIIT training with ginseng supplementation on aerobic, anaerobic powers and body composition of Overweight and obese females. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 overweight-obese women with mean and standard deviation were weight 77. 30 ± 9. 97 kg, age 33. 01 ± 3. 5 years old, and Body fat percent %36. 39± 3. 7, which is purposefully, grouped in four supplements, supplement-training, training and control groups. The HIIT training protocol lasted for four weeks and three sessions a week, and each session was 4-6 sets and each set was 30 seconds, fast paced with 80% MHR and 270 seconds fast walking for the training groups. Each participant in supplement and supplement-training groups has taken one 500 mg ginseng supplement capsule for four weeks each day. The fat percentage was measured by the Jackson-Pollack three-point method and peak power output (PPO), maximum power point (MPP), and fatigue index (FI) measured by the 30-Seconds Wingate test and Vo2max by Queen’ s test method. The data were analyzed with covariance analysis with using SPSS22 software at a significance level of 0. 05. Results: As the results of covariance analysis showed that Ginseng supplementation with HIIT training on maximum aerobic power, Peak anaerobic power, average anaerobic power, minimum anaerobic power, weight, fat percentage, WHR, there is significant difference between four groups (p<0. 05); but there is no significant difference between four groups in LBM (p>0. 05). Conclusion: Intense interval training with ginseng supplementation improves aerobic and anaerobic capacity and body composition (body fat percentage, weight, WHR and BMI) of women with overweight and obesity.

Purpose: Adult cardiac stem cells have ability to regenerate and repair cardiac cells through proper stimulation. Cardiac regeneration capacity decreases with ageing, while physical activities play a positive role in this case. The aim of this study was the effect of high intensity interval and continues training on cardiac stem cells function and myocardial regeneration capacity in male rats. Methods: Twenty-four Vistar male rats (365. 6± 13. 3 g, 6-8 month) were divided into three groups HIIT (high intensity) continuous and control. The training protocol was performed 5 sessions per week for 6 weeks. The heart rats were extracted and c-Kit and Ki67 values were analyzed by Immunohistochemistry and Nkx2. 5 gene expression for cardiac stem cells was measured by Real Time-PCR. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (P≤ 0. 05). Results: According to the results of this study, there was a significant increase in c-Kit cells in the HIIT (P=0. 001) and in the continuous group (P=0. 018) and Significant increase in positive Ki67 cells in the HIIT group (P=0. 001) and continuous group (P=0. 05). This increase was greater in the HIIT group. As well as a significant increase was observed in the Nkx2. 5 gene expression in the HIIT training group (P=0. 015) and in the continuous group (P=0. 03) which increased in the continuous group was grater. Conclusion: The results showed that the intensity of training is more effective for cardiac regeneration adaptation and HIIT have more positive effects on differentiation of cardiac stem cells.

Purpose: The nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) is one of the strongest carcinogens in tobacco that involved in induction of lung cancer by changing the stimulation of tumor associated macrophages. The aim of this study was to effect of swimming training and exposure to nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) on the immunohistochemical response of tumor-associated macrophages in wistar rats. Methods: For this purpose, 46 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups consist of training, training + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12/5 mg per kg body weight and the training groups performed submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks. Levels of CD68-Tumor associated macrophages in homogenized lung tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry. To analyze the data; ANOVA and tukey’ s test were used at a significance level of p≤ 0. 05. Results: The results showed that immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the training group was significantly lower than the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). Immunohistochemical expression of TAM was also significantly lower in the NNK + training group than in the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). In addition, the immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the NNK group was significantly higher than the solvent group (P = 0. 001) (766%). Conclusion: Generally, it could be confirmed that regular submaximal swimming training plays an important role in inhibition of the effects of lung inflammation induced by NNK via decreased of Tumor associated macrophages activity.

Purpose: The nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) is one of the strongest carcinogens in tobacco that involved in induction of lung cancer by changing the stimulation of tumor associated macrophages. The aim of this study was to effect of swimming training and exposure to nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) on the immunohistochemical response of tumor-associated macrophages in wistar rats. Methods: For this purpose, 46 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups consist of training, training + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12/5 mg per kg body weight and the training groups performed submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks. Levels of CD68-Tumor associated macrophages in homogenized lung tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry. To analyze the data; ANOVA and tukey’ s test were used at a significance level of p≤ 0. 05. Results: The results showed that immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the training group was significantly lower than the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). Immunohistochemical expression of TAM was also significantly lower in the NNK + training group than in the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). In addition, the immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the NNK group was significantly higher than the solvent group (P = 0. 001) (766%). Conclusion: Generally, it could be confirmed that regular submaximal swimming training plays an important role in inhibition of the effects of lung inflammation induced by NNK via decreased of Tumor associated macrophages activity.

Purpose: Telomeres and their lengths have always been considered important biomarkers in the process of life. Shortening of telomere length and telomerase activity are strongly correlated with psychological stressors and risk factors, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks resistance-interval training on telomere length and telomerase activity in sedentary young men. Methods: Twenty sedentary young male students were selected and randomly assigned in to two groups of training (N=10) and control group (N=10). The mean age, weight and height of the subjects were: training group (21. 9 ± 0. 93, 78. 38 ± 6. 27, and 178. 3 ± 48. 3 cm, respectively) and control group (22. 6 ± 0. 33, Year, 72. 13 ± 13. 9 kg and 97. 9 ± 6. 21 cm). The protocol was running for eight weeks with three sessions a week. The duration of each training session was 80 minutes, the first part of which included a routine exercise routine on the tape, and the second part was a resistance training which determine for the training group. Blood samples 10 ml from the brachial vein of the subjects was taken half hour before the first training session and 24 hours after last training session. To measure the telomere length from Real time-PCR reaction, the TRAP method was used to measure the activity of telomerase enzyme and the ELISA method was used to measure TRF2. Independent and dependent t-test was used for data analysis and significance level in all tests was considered (P≤ 0. 05). Results: Telomere length, telomerase activity, and TRF2 were significantly increased in the exercise group before and after exercise, but in the control group there was no relationship before and after the measurement. Independent t-test results showed a significant difference between the training and control groups in telomere length (t=3. 87, p= 0. 022), telomerase activity (t=5. 10, p= 0. 001), and TRF2 values (t=2. 463, p= 0. 014). Conclusion: Eight weeks of interval resistance training significantly increased the telomere length and telomerase activity of the subjects. Therefore, it seems that eight weeks of interval resistance training can have a beneficial effect on telomere biology and quality of life. The results indicated the importance of regular exercise activity with control aging and reduced the risk of disease associated with age. Regular exercise activity is also a potent inhibitor for telomeres length, telomerase activity, and Telomere Repeat Binding Factor2 (TRF2) protein expression.

Purpose: Blood pressure is one of the causes of cardiovascular disease that affects people’ s health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate aerobic training on blood pressure, nitric oxide and apelin in women with pre-hypertension. Methods: Twenty-four women aged 30-45 years with pre-hypertension (Pressure 139 over 89) were randomly divided in two groups: aerobic and control. Aerobic exercise was three sessions per week. In the first week, the subjects performed a 50% heart rate reserve (HRR) for 30 minutes, and with increasing training intensity in the eighth week, the training lasted 45 minutes and the severity reached 55%. Blood pressure measurement and blood sampling were performed one day before the first and 48 hours after the last exercise. Serum levels of apelin and nitric oxide were measured using commercial kits by ELISA method. Statistical analysis of data was performed using independent and dependent t-test at a significant level p <0. 05. Results: After 8 weeks of aerobic activity, Serum levels of apelin and nitric oxide increased significantly in the training group (p <0. 05). If the blood pressure level decreased significantly (p <0. 05). Conclusion: It seems that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise can reduce blood pressure by increasing Serum levels of nitric oxide and apelin in middle-aged women with pre-hypertension.

Purpose: Aging is associated with systemic dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and chronic inflammatory state which contribute to atherosclerotic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate and high intensity resistance training on micro-RNAs Associated with reverse cholesterol transport in Wistar elderly rats. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats (23 months old) were randomly, based on the weight of rats at the start of the study, divided into two experiment and one control group including moderate intensity resistance training (n = 10), high intensity resistance training (n = 10) and the control group (n = 10). Resistance training included 8 weeks of climbing a ladder with high intensity (80% MVCC) and moderate intensity (60% of MVCC) and 5 days a week. After completing training, expression of mir-33 and miR-144 and ABCA1 were measured RT-PCR technique. The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test with significance level of (P ≤ 0. 05). Results: There was significance decrease in expression of miR-33a and miR-144 and increase in expression of ABCA1 in both high and moderate resistance groups (P ≤ 0. 05). Also, there was significant difference between the mRNA expression of ABCA1 levels in high and moderate resistance training (P>0. 05). However, there was no significant difference expression of miR-33a and miR-144 level between groups. Conclusion: It seems that moderate and high intensity resistance training can cause decrease the expression of miR-33a and miR-144 result to increase in mRNA expression of ABCA1.