SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:59|Papers Count:12

The goal of this research was designing the marketing model for women's professional leagues with a sustainable competitive advantage approach. The method of research is qualitative and based on grounded theory. Theoretical sampling and Semi-structured interviews with experts (18 people) were used in order to collect information. To this end, the Premier League was studied in five sports (handball, volleyball, basketball, futsal and soccer). Data analysis was done using grounded theory in tree step: open, axial and selective coding. Based on the results of data analysis, the marketing model for women's professional leagues with a sustainable competitive advantage approach was designed with four levels. The fourth level includes resources, capabilities, demographic characteristics and segmentation, environment, environmental uncertainty. While human resource management, marketing mix, comprehensive quality management, competitive strategies, and marketing innovation as factors of third level interconnect with each other, they lead to sustainable competitive advantage. The second level consists of the sustainable competitive advantage factor that leads to the marketing performance, or level one. Therefore, having in mind both the detected factors in women sport marketing model and the fact that almost half of the country’ s population is made of women, long term benefits can be achieved by investing in this major part of the society that has always been neglected as a potential source of making profits.

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of professional football players on the obedience of the Iran Sport Media to journalistic ethical codes. This study was based on feedback received from 138 professional football players whose ages ranged from 20≤ (n=30), 21-30 (n=53) and 31≥ (n=55) years, representing teams participating in Iran’ s League. Each participant evaluated a series of five statements related to the media’ s news gathering techniques, treatment of their personal lives, prevalence of gossip, general accuracy of news stories, as well as the tendency of the media to stimulate and encourage violence. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis Non-Parametric test were used to Analyze the data. It was determined that the ethical codes, namely gossip, private life and honesty are frequently violated, and the ethical codes, namely newsgathering and violence are sometimes violated. According to these results, Turkish sport media outlets are plagued with significant ethical code difficulties.

The aim of this study is Evaluating Efficiency of the Teams Basketball that Presence in Olympic 2016 Brazil. The study is descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection is attributive and libraries. The statistical population consisted of all teams participating in the Men's Olympic Basketball in Brazil (2016). Because of limitation in amount of population, the sample size was considered equal to the population size (N=12). The data refer to the site of the World Federation of Association basketball (FIBA) and classified in two offensive and defensive phases and for analyzed with using SPSS19 and DEA software. The results showed that two teams in offensive phase include Nigeria and USA has full efficiency were equal to 1. Croatia, France, Lithuania, Argentina and Nigeria also the most efficient teams as well as teams in the tournament were the defensive phase. Also, there was no relationship between ranked teams’ performance and position. As a result, the coaches of the basketball team of Iran and other countries can recognize the opponents' offensive and defensive status by choosing more effective plans and exercises and choosing a more appropriate strategy to confront their rivals and reduce their distance with the titular countries.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of government financial costs, including current expenditures, government capital expenditures, and the governmental budget deficit, on private sector investment in sports products manufacturing workshops. This study specifically utilizes EViews software (version 9) and Microfit (4. 1) to apply self-regression and error-correction models on data from the twenty-year period between 1993-2013. The sample population includes all industrial workshops located in the country, in both urban and rural areas. The results of this study indicate that an increase in current government expenditures, by increasing capital expenditures and investment in economic infrastructures, has an inertial effect on private investment in these production units. Consequently, this study supports the position that the adoption of appropriate economic policies by the government and the prevention of budget deficits can stimulate private sector investment in the sports industry and the development of its affiliated businesses.

The purpose of this study was modeling the factors affecting the intention to use and practical use of smart phones for accessing to sports services. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical sample was selected amongst the country’ s Sport management professors and BA Students in the field of physical education and sport sciences of Azad Universities of Khuzestan Province that included 1000 persons. Statistical sample in the first part (n = 24) was selected by a purposeful and snowball method and in the second part was selected by random method (n = 660). A researchermade questionnaire was used to collect data. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by construct validity method and its validity was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. This coefficient was obtained in all dimensions above 0. 7 According to the findings, 65. 7 percent of the variance of intention to use, by independent variables for perceptual, technological, demographic, social and sports aspects was determined. Technological and perceptual dimensions showed the highest and social dimension showed the lowest coefficient of effect in the model. Generally, accepting smart phone in the field of sport is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that paying attention to it can help providers of sport services in satisfying of customers and their loyalty.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of enduring involvement in adventure tourism on women’ s empowerment. The methodology of the present research has been applied in terms of purpose, and from the perspective of the method, descriptive-Correlation was specifically based on structural equation modeling using Smart PLS 3 software. The research population consisted of all Iranian women involved in adventure tourism, out of whom 223 were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using Beckman’ s (2013) Enduring Involvement in an Adventure Tourism Questionnaire and researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the women’ s empowerment. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed by the opinions of Sociology and Sport Management professors, and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’ s alpha and composite reliability. The results indicated that Iranian women can be empowered in social, economic, physical, and political aspects by being involved in adventure. Furthermore, as adventure tourism involves outdoor physical activity, this type of empowerment gives Iranian women the opportunity to make important decisions which favorably influence their personal life. It is suggested that organizations in charge of women affairs give women the opportunity to participate in physical activities, especially adventure sports, as a new empowerment strategy.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of toxic leadership style on organizational cynicism and job alienation among the staff in the Sports and Youth Ministry of Iran with a mediating role of Machiavellianism. The methodology was descriptive and applied research. The population of the study consisted of all members of the official staff in the Sports and Youth Ministry (335 people). The sample was 180 individuals who were randomly selected using Morgan's table. The instruments used for the research were four standard questionnaires: Schmidt toxic leadership (2008), Ruth Klaus Machiavellian questionnaire (2009), Kalagan organizational cynicism questionnaire (2009) and Bani and Rissel job alienation questionnaire (2007). The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by six faculty members from Razi University. The reliability of the questionnaires was 89. 8, 0. 87, 0. 88 and 0. 84, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis model were used to analyze the data in SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that toxic leadership has a positive effect on organizational cynicism and job alienation, with 0. 53 and 0. 50 impact factors, respectively. It can be argued that Machiavellianism played a mediating role with a 0. 32 and 0. 34 impact factor for toxic leadership on organizational cynicism and job alienation, respectively. The results suggest that managers should minimize poisonous behavior as much as possible in their leadership style, because the existence and continuation of such negative behavior ultimately distracts the attention from the organization and its human resources and provides conditions for pessimism and alienation of employees of the organization.

The purpose of this study was to identify dimension of social responsibility of Celebrity athletes. This research was done with qualitative way and with a survey approach (crosssectional), which in terms of purpose, was applied and in terms of Nature, was exploratory. The population was composed of all experts in the field of social responsibility in sport, in three academic, executive and sports groups. Access to subjects were selected in a purposive sampling method, Interviewed with 12 people. These people included faculty members in the social sciences (2 people), and sports management (5 people), knowledgeable sport Managers (2 people) and Celebrity athletes (3 people). Data analysis was done by open, axial and selective coding. From the analysis of qualitative data, 100 primary codes were obtained that were classified in 18 subsidiary categories. Finally, were identified eight major categories of political, economic, legal, social, philanthropic, environmental, MediaNews and educational Sports. Results can be used to complete the theoretical foundations of social responsibility in sport. Also, recommended the relevant organizations carry out the necessary measures to extend these responsibilities among athletes, clubs and all relevant organizations.

The purpose of this study was Designing and explaining the Talent Management Process Model of Physical Education Teachers. This is an applied qualitative-quantitative study in two stages. In the qualitative stage, 16 experts of human resources management in sport and physical education experts through purposive sampling were selected to identify the components of talent management of physical education teachers. In the quantitative phase, the model was tested in a survey. The statistical population of this section included all physical education teachers in Iran. According to the research purpose, 384 people were selected in the exploratory factor analysis and 345 people in the confirmatory factor analysis section were selected by Stratified random sampling as a statistical sample. The required data for identifying the components and analyzing the model were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire after obtaining the validity (face, content and structure). To calculate reliability Cronbach’ s alpha and Composite Reliability were used, and to analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation were used. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that 29 finalized items were classified as Components of talent management Process in five dimensions of "Organization Strategy, Identify and Assess, Talent Recruitment, Talent Development & Improvement and Talent Retention ". Finally, examined and tested of structural equation model of the study showed that, overall indices of Structural model were in good condition and the identified factors have a significant relationship with the main structure of the study-the talent management process of the physical education teachers.

Spectator-based sports team reputation can have positive direct and indirect impacts on stakeholders’ behavior. In this regard, researchers are also seeking for a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate this kind of reputation. Therefore, the validity and the reliability of the Spectator-Based Sports Team Reputation Scale (Jang et al., 2015) in Persian were determined in this study. The given scale consists of team performance, team tradition, team social responsibility, spectator orientation, management quality and financial soundness of teams. After obtaining permission from the developer of the scale, content validity and face validity were confirmed by a group of experts. The questionnaire was also translated based on a three-step approach. To determine the reliability of the given scale, a pilot study was carried out on 45 participants in the present study (university students). To assess the construct validity of the given scale, a sample of 219 students with experiences of watching the games of Esteghlal and Persepolis closely were selected. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis technique and the LISREL Software were employed to assess the construct validity of the scale. The findings showed that the agents selected to measure the components of sports team reputation were endowed with the required reliability and they could measure the construct very well (RMSEA≤ 0. 05). Considering these results, it was argued that the adapted Spectator-Based Sports Team Reputation Scale could be applied as a reliable and valid questionnaire for Iranian sport teams.

This research aimed to investigate the role of implementation of positive management on developing the succession processes in sport organizations of Isfahan province, with regards the effect of expert staff’ s job self-efficiency and organizational trust as the mediating variables. This research was survey (correlation) and the total population included all of the 366 expert staff employed at the sport organizations of Isfahan province, which are selected by using the total population sampling method. Four standard instruments were employed in this research for measuring the positive management, job self-efficiency, organizational trust and succession. The data was analyzed by employing the AMOS Graphics software. The results of assumed model of the study indicated that implementation of positive management in sport organizations of Isfahan province directly, with regression weight of 0. 44, affect on developing the succession process in those organizations. Also, implementation of that managing method indirectly, with regards the mediating effect of expert staff’ s job self-efficiency and their organizational trust, with regression weights of 0. 71 and 0. 65 respectively, affect on developing the succession process in those organizations. Hence, emphasizing on implementation of positive management method in sport organization of Isfahan province could affect on developing the succession process in those organizations. Furthermore, with regards the extra effects of implementation of positive management on developing the succession process, with regards the mediating role of expert staff’ s job self-efficiency and their organizational trust, it is recommended to the related responsible to attempt toward developing the staff’ s psychological characteristics, in addition of implementing of this new management method at the organization.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of organizational learning with general self-efficacy and work engagement in employees of Sport and Youth offices of Markazi province. Study method was descriptive and correlative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all employees of Sport and Youth offices of Markazi province (N=289) in 2013. 159 subjects were selected as the sample using simple random sampling method. Data were collected using Gomez Organizational Learning Questionnaire (2005), Bandura General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (2001) and Scaufeli Work Engagement Questionnaire. In this study, Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationships and stepwise regression was applied to predict. The results showed a significant relationship between organizational learning (r=0. 62) and general self-efficacy and also between organizational learning (r=0. 57) and work engagement. Stepwise regression results showed that among the components of organizational learning, knowledge transfer and integration was the strongest variable to predict general selfefficacy and work engagement. All four components of organizational learning were able to explain 45% of the variance in general self-efficacy and three variables (transfer and integration, management commitment, openness) of organizational learning were able to explain 34% of the variance in work engagement.