JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL STUDIES AT BIOSCIENCES IN SPORT
Year:2019 | Volume:7 | Issue:13|Papers Count:12

Background and Aim: Since stroke increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and affects sleep quality, the effect of Tai Chi training on Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α ) serum levels and sleep quality in women with stroke were studied in this research. Materials and Methods: Twenty women in Qom city with stroke (mean age: 65. 80± 3. 55y, weight: 68. 41± 14. 00kg and body mass index: 26. 33± 5. 15kg. m2) were voluntarily chosen and randomly divided into experimental (10 patients) and control groups (10 patients). Experimental group were trained 6 weeks, three time per week for 60 minutes, but during this period, the control group did not participate in any physical activity. Serum TNF-α was analyzed in pretest and post-testing all subjects, during the fasting state. To measure the serum levels of TNF-α , a TNF-α kit from the China-USA Casabio tech Company, with a sensitivity of 1. 95 pg/ml, was used; Also sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Data were analyzed using the independent samples t-test and paired samples t-test (p≤ 0. 05). Results: Tai Chi group showed a significant improvement in serum TNF-α (p<0. 007). Despite the improvement in sleep quality, no significant differences were observed between the two groups (p>0. 05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Tai Chi can be considered as a useful intervention to improve women inflammatory status with stroke.

Background and Aim: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increases the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while these two factores are affected by exercise and vitamin E. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E succinate supplementation along with continuous and interval exercise trainings on VEGF and H2O2 in rat brain. Material and Methods: Fifty-six Albino Wistar rats (12 years old, 250 to 300 gr) were randomly divided into 7 groups: control (C), vehicle (V), supplements (S), continuous training (CT), continuous training + supplement (CT+S), interval training (IT), interval training + supplementation (IT+S). Rat brain was dissected after 6 weeks of continuous (80% VO2max) and interval exercise training (95 to 100% VO2max) along with vitamin E supplementation (60 mg/kg body weight/day). The content of VEGF and H2O2 were measured using sandwich ELISA and colorimetric assay, respectively. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc comparison at p<0. 05 level. Results: Brain H2O2 (p=0. 01 and p=0. 001, respectively) level and VEGF (p=0. 007 and p=0. 001, respectively) increased significantly in both of CT and IT groups compare to C group; while the IT resulted in a greater increase in H2O2 and VEGF than those of CT (p=0. 02 for both of H2O2 and VEGF). However, vitamin E supplementation had no significant effect on H2O2 (p=0. 59, p=0. 99 and p=0. 51, respectively) and brain VEGF (p=0. 99, p=0. 99 and p=0. 67, respectively) in S, CT + S and IT + S groups. Furthermore, the results showed a positive correlation between BDNF and H2O2 (r=0. 73, p=0. 001). Conclusion: Performing of exercise training with maximal sprint can result in greater increase in some factors involved in angiogenesis than continuous training; however vitamin E succinate supplementation has not effect on these angiogenic gains.

Background and Aims: Some studies have shown the effectiveness of exercise training on the side effects of MS patinas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training on balance, body fat percentage, muscle strength and endurance in men and women with MS disease. Materials and Methods: 18 MS patients with (mean of age: 29. 4± 7. 9 years, weight: 69. 7± 14. 4 kg) were selected by targeted sampling and then randomly assigned into two groups as experimental (n=10) and control (n=8). The experimental group performed resistance exercise for 12 weeks, three sessions per week, each session for 70 minutes with 50-80% of 1RM, while, the control group did not perform any regular exercise during course of the study. The stork test was used to evaluate the static balance. For measuring body fat percentage, muscle strength and muscular endurance, the Yuhasz test, one repetition maximum test and dynamic muscular endurance test were used, respectively. For statistical analysis, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measure and Bonferroni post hoc test at level of p≤ 0. 05 were used. Results: The results showed that after 12 weeks of resistance training, there were significant increase in muscle strength (p=0. 0001), balance (p=0. 002), muscular endurance (p=0. 0001) in experimental group, while, body fat percentage significantly decreased (P=0. 02). Moreover, there was also a significant difference between the two for 1RM after post test measurements based on experimental group. Conclusion: The finding of present study indicated that 12 weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training can improve the physical fitness indices of multiple sclerosis patients and provide a suitable prescription for improving the physical fitness of these patients.

Background and Aim: There is contradiction information about the effect of different kinds of sports activities on coagulation factors. The Purpose of this Study was to find out the effect of training with revoflex xtreme for 8 weeks on some coagulation indices in adult women. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study was the females in the age range of 25-40 years living in Azadshahr city; which 30 of these volunteer women were selected randomly. These people were randomly divided into two groups as control and experimental groups. The experimental group performed stretching and resistance training protocol by using Revoflex Xtreme device for 8 weeks, 3 times per week. The exercises of each session were done for 60 minutes (15 minutes warming, 40 minutes main exercises, and 5 minutes cooling). Blood samples of the subjects were taken 24 hours before the first session of training and 24 hours after the last session of training protocols (after 8 weeks). Activated partial The rmoblastin time and Prothrombin time variables were measured by Stago device, moreover the plasma fibrinogen levels also were measured by coagulation method. The independent t-test was used to evaluate the differentiation between groups and dependent t-test also was used to identify these changes within groups; the significant level was considered at (p≤ 0. 05). Results: Revoflex xtreme trainings decreased the amount of Fibrinogen level in experimental group compared to control group (p=0. 02). But there was no significant difference in the amount of APTT (p=0. 76) and PT (p=0. 24) between two groups. Conclusion: Stretching and resistant exercises with Revoflex Xtreme, is an effective factor for the improvement of blood variables associated with cardiovascular risk factors especially, the reduction of blood clots in adult women.

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic disorders which is associated with a prolonged increase in blood glucose. Although, regular exercise usually improves some diseases, however, exercise ceasing may result in a reversal of these diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of detraining after 8 weeks of aerobic training on fasting glucose, insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin, in serum of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty white healthy Albino-Wistar rats were selected, then the rats prediabetic based on streptozotocin – inducedinjection. They divided into two groups as: control (N=30), and exercise groups (N=30). Before the start of the training protocol, from each group, 10 rats were dissect for pre-test values; 10 other did after 8 weeks of training and 10 ones after 4 weeks of training were dissected. Exercise groups perform aerobic exercise 3 session of week with 3 intensive and progressive periods completed the aerobic exercise with the principle of overload and after 8 weeks of aerobic training, they remained untrained for 4 weeks. For statistical analysis, two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test was used. Results: The results showed that fasting glucose (p=0. 001), insulin (p=0. 001) and glycosylated hemoglobin (p=0. 001) significantly improved after 8 weeks of aerobic training, but after4 weeks of detraining they significantly increased. Conclusion: It can be concluded that patients with type 2 diabetes have suggested performing aerobic exercises, such as walking and running, at least 3 days a week and with no stopping their activity.

Background and Aim: The management of proper tools and scientific approaches in sport talent identification will lead to rapid detection of sport talents for championships. These methods may lengthen the duration of athlete success as well as providing their maximum efficacy in worldwide competitions. The investigations in this field are mostly based on defining effective parameters in talent identification or determining the gold standards of brilliants. The aim of this study was to design a smart pattern in soccer talent identification based on main and weighted criteria resulted from analytic hierarchy process of biomechanics, psychologies, physiologies and skill variables via fuzzy logic. Materials and Methods: the important criteria were selected based on analytic hierarchy process of biomechanics, psychologies, physiologies and skill variables and also the gold standards of the talented Iranian soccer players in the range of 14-16 years old in these variables. Thereafter, a smart model was designed due to fuzzy logic using MATLAB software. Results: the input data were considered as the 14-16 years old soccer player records in the previously mentioned variables, further, the output data based on the standards of talented players were categorized the players into following categories as: Unmatched, Semi-matched, Matched, Brilliant and Rare. Conclusion: The parameters including agility and flexibility (biomechanics), motivation, concentration and self-confidence (psychology), respiratory/cardiac capacities (physiology), dribble and ball control (skill) were shown to be main and weighted by hierarchy process and our smart model of soccer talent identification analyzed these variable in comparison with gold standards and makes a specific result of player’ s talent. This model of talent identification could be a reliable and useful method for selection of future soccer stars in young population.

Background and Aim: Diabetes is a health problem in all societies, and exercise training is one of the best method to control blood glucose levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training on omentin-1 gene expression of visceral adipose tissue in diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Among 19 male rats 6 mice were randomly selected as controls basic group. The remaining rats were given a high-fat diet and free access to food and water and then diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were divided into two groups including endurance training (n=6) and control (n=7) groups. Endurance training exercised on a treadmill up to 50 to 70 percent of maximal oxygen uptake, 5 days per week for 8 weeks based on the overload pattern. After 8 weeks, samples of visceral adipose tissue were collected and omentin-1 gene expression determined using RT-PCR method. It is applied the ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests for extracted of results using SPSS software at the significant level of p<0. 05. Results: There were no significant differences in the weight of rats in baseline and after 8 weeks of endurance training (p>0. 05). However, omentin-1 gene expression significantly increased after continuous endurance training (p<0. 001). Conclusion: Based on omentin-1 gene expression improvement and its role to activation of AKT pathway and glucose uptake elevation by adipose tissue, it seems that this adipokine have an important effect in lowering blood sugar in diabetic patients.

Background and Aim: Obesity and physical inactivity can lead to cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic trainings on Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Endothelin-1 in obese women. Materials and Methods: Nineteen obese women with mean age of 27. 94± 3. 30 yr, weight of 85. 40± 5. 12kg, height of 163± 4. 91 cm, and body mass index of 32. 28± 2. 82kg/m2 were selected voluntarily and then divided randomly into 2 experimental (n=9) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed a 4 weeks training protocol 3 times per week including of 10 to 15 minutes of warm-up, 15 minutes of activityon an ergometer and 45 minutes of aerobic rhythmic movements up to 60-72 percent of the maximal heart rate. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 48 hours after last session of training protocol. ELIZA methods used for analysis of biochemical parameters and ANCOVA and ANOVA tests were applied for extraction of results at the significant level of p<0. 05. Results: Four weeks of aerobic training resulted in significant decreaeses in endothelin-1 (p=0. 007) without significant influences on the ANP (p=0. 14). Conclusion: Regular aerobic training can improve endothelin-1 and body metabolism in obese women.

Background and Aim: Nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y are anti-appetite and the appetite hormones that play and important roles in energy balance and obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 12 weeks resistance training on serum levels of nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y in sedentary obese men. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 men aged between 48 to 60 years with BMI≥ 30 kg/m2, were randomly allocated to the resistance training and control groups. The training program consists of 12 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions a week, 3 sets with 10 to 13 reps per session and with the intensity of 50-75% of one repetition maximum and 60-90 seconds rest. Every four weeks, one repetition maximum was calculated and the weights were adjusted again. Before and 48 hours after the 12 weeks exercise, measurement of nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y were performed. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis at significance level of p<0. 05. Results: results revealed that after 12 weeks resistance training, significant changes were not observed in the levels of nesfatin-1 (p=0. 59) and cortisol (p=0. 60). The levels of neuropeptide Y significantly (p=0. 01). Also, a significant reduction in body mass index (p=0. 02), body fat percent (p=0. 01) and waist circumference (p=0. 001) was observed in training group (p<0. 05). The results showed that nesfatin-1 concentration did not change significantly in obese people after 12 weeks of resistance training. Conclusion: The type, severity and duration of this type of training is not enough to make a difference in these variables. There was also a significant increase in levels of neuropeptide Y, which represents the negative energy balance in subjects in resistance group.

Background and Aim: Exercise training in hypoxic conditions may have different physiological effects on body systems that can be beneficial for athletes. The purpose of this study was the effects of 8 weeks of repetitive speed trainingin hypoxia and normoxia conditions on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in swimmers. Materials and Methods: This study is a semi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test which was performed on 30 women elite swimmers. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups including two experimental groups (training group in hypoxia and normoxia conditions) and control group. Training groups exercised 5 sessions per week including 2 training sessions on the stationary ergometer and 3 sessions in swimming pool for 8 weeks. Training protocols for both experimental groups was designed with the same intensity and duration (9 attempts for 30 seconds at 80% of maximum performance, with two minutes of rest) on swimming ergometer. The training of hypoxia group was performed in hypoxia condition stimulated 3500 meter altitude with %14 of Fio2. At this time, the control group only performed 5 normal swimming sessions per week. The vascular endothelial growth factor factors in all three groups were measured by ELISA before and after 8 weeks. By the SPSS software it is applied the one way ANOVA test at the significant level of p≤ 0. 05 for extraction of results. Results: The mean post-test of VEGF was higher than pre-test in both groups of hypoxia (p<0. 01) and normoxia (p<0. 04) conditions, but these differences were not statistically significant (p>0. 05). Conclusion: Hypoxia conditions induced by exercise protocols were not effective in increasing the VEGF, and it seems that the activating of this factor required more duration and intensity of training in this environment.

Background and Aim: It is believed that sports programs have minimal impact on pathological changes in the lung tissue exposed to smoking carcinogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of twelve weeks submaximal swimming exercise on the expression of STAT3 in lung tissue of rats following the exposure to the carcinogen NNK. Materials and Methods: Forty-six Wistar rats (with the average weight of 105. 84 ± 27. 93g) were divided into five groups: A) exercise (E), B) exercise-NNK (EN), C) NNK (N), D) control (C) and E) Vehicle group (V) group. Exercise groups completed swimming submaximal exercises for twelve weeks, five days per week (Water flow 4-10 L/min, 25-60min). Rats in Vehicle group and NNK treatment group were respectively administered subcutaneous injections of distilled water and NNK (12. 5mg/kg, once a week, 12 weeks). 48 hours after the last exercise, rats died and samples of their lung tissue were collected and stored in-70ᵒ . STAT3 expressions were measured by Real time PCR-ABI method. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (P≤ 0. 05) were used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant increase (p≤ 0. 05) in the NNK group compared to E (P=0. 001) and EN (P=0. 002) groups in the STAT3 gene expression while there was no significant difference (P>0. 05) between exercise groups with the control and saline groups. Conclusion: It seems that submaximal training can be used as a complementary therapy method along with other methods to prevent main factors leading to tumors.

Background and Aim: Cardiac biomarkers can be considered as an indicatorto diagnose heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aerobic exercise with two different intensities on changes in myocardial injury indices including troponin I (CTnI) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) in non-athletic middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: Sixteen non-athletic and healthy middle-aged men (mean age 41. 72 ± 6. 71 years old, height 176. 96 ± 5. 77 cm and weight 74. 77 ± 8. 17 kg) were randomly selected forthisstudy in crossover design with 14 day wash out. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups (Moderate intensity group (MI): 8n and High intensity group (HI): 8n). Further, MI group and group HI, ran over a treadmill for thirty minutes with 60% VO2max and 75% VO2max respectively. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 4 hours after exercise. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and independent t-test with significance level was set as p<0. 05. Results: The results indicated that CK-MB significantly increased immediately and four hours after exercise as compared tobaseline in both groups of MI (p<0. 001) and HI (p<0. 001). However, the increase in cTnI level was significant only after 4 hours after exercise in both groups (p<0. 001). In addition, the magnitude of increase in CK-MB (p=0. 003) and CTnI (p=0. 001) was significantly higher in the HI group than in the MI group, 4 hours after the exercise. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, both moderate and high severity exercises increased the cardiac injury biomarkers, but it seems that high intensity exercise could reults in more damage tomyocardialtissue.