IRAN-WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
Year:2020 | Volume:16 | Issue:1|Papers Count:30

In most areas, most of the drinking water supplies from groundwater resources, is constantly threatened by various pollutants. In this paper, the groundwater quality protection zone is defined using MODFLOW, WhAEM2000 and DRASTIC models. In this research at the beginning, the conceptual model of Rudan plain aquifer has been made by MODFLOW model and the values of recharge, Hydraulic conductivity and value of Specific yield coefficient has been calibrated. Steady model for 1389-90 blue year and also unsteady model for 1389-91 blue years was made as the root mean square error for steady model was equal to 1. 49 and for unsteady model 2. 32. Then, the groundwater quality protection zone is determined by using WhAEM2000 model in both constant radius and analytical methods. Finally, the vulnerability level of the aquifer was identified and considered for determining the protection zone area. Results showed that most of the wells are located in the highly vulnerable zone with agricultural land use. So, Because of the high risk of groundwater pollution, extra travel time for groundwater (about 10 years) must be considered for determination of protection zone. Also, for less vulnerable areas and other land use areas, a smaller protection area can be applied, since the application of greater zone in these areas will lead to a lot of social and economic costs. Based on previous studies, the main challenge for using the WhAEM2000 model to determine the protection zone of water quality for drinking wells is to determine the precise values of aquifer specifications and the basis for judging the travel time of pollution in the aquifer. In this paper, using a calibrated groundwater model in GMS software, and also determining the vulnerability of aquifer using the DRASTIC model, attempts have been made to determine more precisely the protection zone. Finally, according to the stated points, three immediate protection zones, mandatory and protective zones were determined for drinking water wells.

Countries in trans-boundary river basin have always been competing in use of common water source. The geographical location and the number of countries included as well as economic performance of these countries escalate the complexities of shared waters. Therefore, proper analysis of the economic performance of neighboring countries will assist future studies. In this research, Aras River between Iran, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan is chosen. First, the basin is extracted using 30 meters cell size Digital Elevation Model in ArcMap and then it is divided into 10 sub-basins to obtain physiographic properties in terms of average slope, average height and area. Using rainfall data of synoptic stations and surface runoff of hydrometric stations, average annual stream-flow of each sub-basin is estimated. Then, Seemingly Unrelated Regression model as well as Panel Data regression model are used to model the relationship between annual added value data of agricultural sector as dependent variable on available annual water, labor force and capital of each country. Statistical interpretation of the results from different models, proves that Fixed Effect model describes the relationship better and can explain the cross sectional heterogeneity up to 73 percent in added value. Moreover, squared water coefficient term, illustrates the nonlinear relationship between water and added value and is statistically significant.

Today, groundwater contamination has become a major environmental issue around the world. Petroleum products affect groundwater quality at many sites across the country. It mainly results from leaking or seeping of products from storage tanks or transferring pipes. These products are typically multicomponent organic mixtures composed of chemicals with varying degrees of water solubility. Many of the petroleum products are amenable to biological degradation in the aqueous phase by naturally occurring microorganisms in the subsurface. To create and maintain conditions that are conductive to microbial activity within the contaminated aqueous-phase is the main focus of this research. BTEX was selected as the petroleum contaminant to be used in a laboratory experiment. A two-dimensional sand tank was built and BTEX was injected into the sand at top of the unsaturated zone. In order to simulate the behaviour of the bacteria and to predict the long-term remediation program, RT3D model with double Monod algorithm was selected. The comparison of the observed data in laboratory experiment with simulated results showed that the calibrated model can simulate the BTEX movement and biodegradation, satisfactory. Using the calibrated model indicated that complete remediation would occur after three months with biodegradation and 27 months without biodegradation. This proved that how important is the biodegradation in long-term remediation projects. In addition, the proposed methodology in this research for isolating the bacteria and remediation was successful and can be proposed to be implemented in larger scale.

In order to ensure sustainable water management, a thorough understanding of the hydrological conditions and the interactions between surface and ground water. In this paper used from corrected multifunctional and integrated hydrologic model SWAT-MODFLOW to simulation quantitative processes of surface and ground water and simultaneous exchanges between them at the Shazand catchment. After the calibration, results of calibration SWAT surface water model to Duab bridge hydrometrical station that located at the Shara river and the basin's output, shown coefficient value of R2 and Nash-Sutcliff 0. 64 and 0. 63, respectively. At the groundwater part, the amount of RMSE for 19 observational wells calculated 1. 72 m that is an acceptable level. With regard to the results obtained in the two surface and ground water sections, the performance of the model with regard to the integrity and consideration of all exchanges of the two models is concurrently and in a wide area acceptable and can recommended use from integrated SWAT-MODFLOW model In integrated simulation of the hydrological conditions of the catchment in a comprehensive manner. To evaluate the application of SWAT-MODFLOW integrated model at the basin level, the model was used to estimate the impact of a 10% reduction in water resources scenario using an index on the existing water resources system, the results obtained from the water index. The availability of WAI used in this study indicates an improvement in the value of the indicator and thus an improvement in the status of the water resources system compared to the status quo.

In recent decades, the ability of meteorological forecasts due to urban development and climate change has become an important issue in human societies, Forecasting these variables in addition to informing different segments of society, plays an effective role in better decision making and planning in different areas, such as water resources management, Nowadays in this field, the use of numerical forecasting models is one of the most common approaches and many efforts are being made to develop new models and improve the results of their forecasts across the world, In this study, the output of seven forecast models from the North American Multi Model Ensemble (NMME) project is used to evaluate the forecast of precipitation in Karkheh Dam basin during the 31 years period (1985-2015), For this purpose, the outputs of precipitation forecast models for 1-3 month lead times were downscaled using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method, Then the possibility of improving forecast skill of them has been evaluated using an ensemble model approach, The models were assessed using both continuous and probabilistic methods using Pearson correlation coefficient (ρ ) and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and reliability diagram respectively, The results indicate that none of the forecast models performed well in all lead times alone and their individual use did not show good performance; while the Multi Model Ensemble (MME) generally shows better performance than the individual models, The results of this study, demonstrate the importance of using an ensemble model based on the outputs of several models for improving the long term precipitation forecast skill,

The reliability and validity of extreme floods, especially the Probability Maximum Flood (PMF), cannot be ensured without considering the uncertainties in flood estimation. Input variables in rainfall-runoff models include precipitation, air temperature, and initial Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) are sources of uncertainty in flood forecasting and estimation. In this paper, the fuzzy set theory method is used to propagate uncertainty of PMP, air temperature and initial SWE for estimating PMF in Bakhtiari Dam Basin in southwestern Iran. The results show that the uncertainty of PMF hydrograph peak discharge due to uncertainty of PMP is more than the uncertainty of PMF hydrograph volume. The uncertainty of the PMF hydrograph volume due to the uncertainty of air temperature and initial SWE is more than the uncertainty of the PMF hydrograph peak discharge. So that the uncertainty of PMF hydrograph peak discharge due to uncertainty in PMP, air temperature and initial SWE equal to 10% were ± 10. 2%, ± 7. 6% and ± 0. 18% respectively. Also the uncertainty of PMF hydrograph volume due to uncertainty in PMP, air temperature and initial SWE equal to 10% were ± 8. 0%, ± 9. 8% and ± 0. 35% respectively. Therefore, in order to reduce the uncertainty in estimating PMF, it is necessary to be more careful in estimating PMP, air temperature and initial SWE values respectively.

One of the complicated variables in hydrological and meteorological processes is precipitation. During the past decades several attempts have been carried out to developed and provide precipitation products with different spatio-temporal resolutions. The PERSIANN family products which includes PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCs and PERSIANN-CDR is one of the most important attempts to estimate rainfall based on remote sensing techniques and cloud thickness. This research assessed the efficiency and performance of PERSIANN family products at the monthly time scale over Iran using 355 synoptic stations. In addition, evaluating the effect of climate and topographic conditions on the performance of these products is another objectives of this study. Results indicated that PERSIANN-CDR, due to using GPCP dataset for removing bias, highly correlated with observed data, while the average correlation coefficient (CC) over Iran for PERSIANN and PERSIANN-CCs is 0. 49 and 0. 51, respectively. Moreover, all PERSIANN products tend to underestimate rainfall in north and north-west parts of Iran, while in the south and south-east parts of the country the rate of rainfall overestimation increases significantly. Findings on the effect of topographic conditions demonstrate that in the high elevation (between 600m and 2600m) and low elevation (lower than 600m) regions the correlation between ground-gauge observations and PERSIANN family products is high and low, respectively. The performance of these datasets in the Mediterranean, semi-humid and humid climate regions is better than other climate conditions. Also, in per-humid A, per-humid B and extra arid climate regions the relative bias (RB) in rainfall estimation is very high.

Groundwater resources due to lately affected by climate changes and precipitation fluctuations are valuable. Given that the interaction between climate and groundwater components are more complicated than interaction between climate and surface waters components, therefore investigation of changes in groundwater has an important role in planning and sustainable water resources management In this research, trend of groundwater, precipitation and stream flow time series in monthly, seasonal and annual time scales and dominant periods of trend in original time series for stations located in Azarshahr plain, East Azerbaijan Province and part of the watershed of Urmia Lake were found by using the hybrid Mann-Kendall method with wavelet transform during 45 years. Results showed that, all the stations have a downward trend for all the time scale studied. Accurately, in the results, 16 months, 6 months and 8 years periods were detected as dominant periods for groundwater time series in monthly, seasonally and annual scales, respectively. According to sequential Mann-Kendall results, it can be obtained that a decreasing trend starts from 1378 in the stations. In addition, Sen’ s method was used to confirm the proposed MK test and its accuracy was confirmed.

Increased groundwater extraction has caused severe depletion (On average 65 cm/year) in the groundwater resources of Alborz province and especially Hashtgerd Plain in over the past few decades. Hence, considering the importance of these valuable resources, appropriate strategies should be considered for the sustainability of this resources. In order to realize these measures, the MODFLOW numerical simulation was calibrated in steady-state and transient conditions for three years (2013 to 2014) and validated for a one-year period (2015). Then, the influence of the implementation of the Iran Aquifer Restoration plan in Hashtgerd plain was evaluated and pollutant ions movement (nitrate and sulfate) in this scheme were investigated using MODPATH. According to the results, if the current conditions continued, the aquifer storage would decrease by an average of one MCM/year. Also from the management measures, the guidelines for restriction of unlicensed utilization wells and the step-by-step restriction of groundwater extraction cause improving the aquifer storage about 8. 8 and 6. 8 MCM/year. The results of the MODPATH also showed that if the plans such as scenarios 7 and 9 were implemented, the movement of nitrate ions (at concentrations of 30 to 70 mg/l) will be limited in the Hashtgerd city area. The study concludes, although the complete restriction of unlicensed utilization wells may work best in line with the objectives of the Aquifer Restoration Plan, the step-by-step restriction of utilization wells may be more acceptable and applicable.

Real-time irrigation management considering field condition, has an important role on water saving and stability of agricultural and horticultural production. One of the approaches of real time irrigation management is the use of soil moisture sensors that have important effect on improving water productivity. In this study the feasibility of designing and evaluation of Iranian soil moisture accompanying watermark sensor was investigated in different soil textures. For designing and calibrating of Iranian soil moisture sensor, an experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 at Soil and Water Department of Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The designed sensor was evaluated in three different soil textures including sandy clay loam, loamy and silty clay with 4 replications. The designed and watermark sensors were calibrated in three soil textures, compared and validated with the direct method of soil moisture measurement. Results showed that the designed and watermark sensor could estimate soil moisture in loamy and sandy clay loam soil textures with proper precision. While in silty clay soil texture both designed and watermark sensors couldn't estimate the soil water content with acceptable precision. According to the results of this study, for soil water content lower than 50%AW (50% of available water), the designed and watermark sensors could accurately estimate the soil moisture. While for the soil water content upper than field capacity these sensors couldn't acceptably estimate soil moisture.

Drinking water of city of Garmsar runs into large pools before being filtered. Recently, due to the growth of algae and their blooms in water surface, following the mortality of many algae, the water became unsavory with bad smell. Deterioration of algae causes the accumulation of a wide variety of organic material which provides a suitable condition for the growth of bacteria, insects, and fungi. To study the algal flora of the pools water samples were collected randomly from different parts and depths of the Garmsar water plan pools, in order to suggest solution for blooming problem. The algae were purified after growing on Cu10 culture media. After two weeks, the species were identified according to valid key of Komá rek et al., 2014. Morphologic variation of samples investigated to determine their taxonomic condition in Cu10 culture media. Moreover, morphometric and genetic (16S rRNA) data were used to characterize the cyanobacteria strains in liquid suspension cultures and solid media under photoautotrophic conditions. Results demonstrated that the studied strains belong to three divisions of cyanophyta, chlorophyta, and bacillariophyta which includes Anabaena, Synechococcus genera belong to cyanophytae, Ulothrix genus from chlorophyta, and Diatoma from bacillariophyta. Given the presence of microalgae in Garmsar drinking water and their associated risk, the molecular methods are suggested as a reliable and accurate method in addition to morphological analysis in order to identify the types of algae that form into harmful algal bloom.

Close relationship between water and food, a Comprehensive assessment of water resources is indispensable in large scale for strategic decision-making on food security. The most effective factors on the water resources of a region can be referred to the climate, climate change and hydrological parameters. GCM models are the main instruments for climate change review. In this study, we used the GFDL-ESM2M model, four RCP scenarios and climate change toolkit (CCT) for climate change analysis and used the SWAT model for hydrological simulation of Kerman province. In this research, the base period of climate change and hydrological simulation of Kerman province was considered during 1990 to 2012 and the simulate climate change during 2020 to 2050. The simulation results were evaluated using NS and R2. The NS coefficient for precipitation and temperature at all stations obtained 0. 8 to 0. 95 and 0. 88 to 0. 99, respectively. The climate change results showed that in all scenarios precipitation probably increase in most regions. By studying the SWAT model results, it was determined that the middle and western regions of the province have green water storage. Also, the effects of climate change on blue water, green water flow and green water storage have reduced their amount.

This study, using Max Weber's sociological theory of law, intends to examine the trans-law factors that have led to the formulation of water laws in Iran over different periods. Therefore, the political and social factors that have caused changes in the water laws of the country have been studied. The results showed that the most important factor in changing water laws in Iran is water ownership. Prior to land reform, water was privately owned in Iran. But after land reform, water was managed and protected by the government. Although private ownership of water was re-enacted after the Islamic Revolution, the political conditions and goals of various governments led to the development of water resources without regard to private ownership. The results showed that in the formulation of water laws, international factors in the pre-revolutionary period, and political and anti-ecological justice in the post-revolutionary period, were the most important trans-law factors that influenced the formulation of water laws. Since the changes in the laws were not based on the quantity and quality of available water resources, but rather on the political and social conditions, these changes in laws did not lead to sustainability in water resources.

Improvement of agricultural Water Productivity (WP) is one of the basic approaches of efficient use of water resources at the field scale. Increase in WP requires having of a plan on science and technology in the area of agricultural water management. The main objective of this research is to identify science and technology priorities and to select strategic options of water management at field scale. The methodology was based on brain storming meetings consists of the experts of the relevant research institutes and or organizations. It also used the outputs from scientific literature and the methods of strategic planning and SWOT analysis. Considering the current issues and challenges of science and technology in Iran, six main strategies on water management at field scale were identified and prioritized as: 1-Increase in WP, 2-improvement of knowledge, skill, and participation of stakeholders in water technologies, 3-development of base technologies for the efficient use of water at field scale, 4-optimization of cropping pattern and use of agricultural water, 5-development of technologies on use of marginal waters, 6-improvement of Green WP in dryland agriculture. Furthermore, approaches (actions) require for the implementation of the mentioned strategies were identified, prioritized, and finally the cause and effects networks between them were drawn. SWOT analyses were done on the identified weakness-strength and opportunity-threat of water management at field scale. Based on the results from the science and technology aspects the main strategy of invadegrowth (SO) should be selected. Based on this main strategy six options for the science and technology of water management at field scale were identified. For example one of the high priority strategy options in this regard is "application of modern technologies on water management and improvement of WP through efficient use of quite sufficient numbers of research, education, and extension centers available in the agricultural sector of the Iran country".

Integrated assessment of water resources systems is one of the main steps in implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management. In other words, knowing the quantity, quality of water resources are prerequisites of management. Integrated assessment is one of the missing links in the management chain. Therefore, in this study an integrated assessment of water resources systems process is proposed and implemented. The proposed process consists of three phases: reconnaissance, conceptualization, and analysis. The reconnaissance phase consists of elements´ reconnaissance and stakeholders’ reconnaissance and participation. A combined novel framework based on ex post and ex ante assessment framework (CEPEAF) is proposed for conceptualization phase. The system dynamics modelling is adopted for the analysis phase. The proposed process has been applied in South Khorasan. The results show extension in agriculture in term of increase in cultivated area ignoring the decreasing trend in production per hectare especially in case of orchards. Simultaneously the local ground water resources have been over exploited since many years ago. Model results also showed 6 percent decrease in orchard and cultivated area alongside 4 percent increase in industry and mine production leads to a stable ground water level and GDP will be remain constant. The other important model result showed decrease in orchard area is more effective on ground water level than decrease in cultivated area.

This study aimed to investigate the linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LASs) as molecular markers to detect contaminants associated with municipal wastewater in Abbasabad River. Sampling was done in 17 stations from Abbasabad River in spring 2019. Parameters such as water temperature, acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential (ORP) were measured at the sampling site. After transferring the samples to the laboratory and preparing the samples, the LAS concentration was read using a spectrophotometer at 650 nm and the LAS concentration was calculated using the calibration curve and absorbed wavelength. Ecological risk assessment was performed by calculating the RQ index. The results showed LAS concentration ranged from 0. 11 to 2. 65 mg/L with a mean of 1. 25 mg/L. The entry of untreated wastewater into the Abbasabad River was the main cause of the high concentration of LAS. An ecological risk assessment results showed high risk in the studied basin. The results of the Spearman correlation test between LAS and water quality factors showed a positive relationship between LAS with salinity, TDS, EC and temperature. Comparison of LAS concentration according to Iranian standard for discharge to groundwater resources and agricultural and irrigation purposes showed that LAS concentration in 14 stations was higher than permitted for agricultural, irrigation and discharge into wells and at four stations above the permitted level of discharges to surface water sources. The concentration of LAS at 15 stations was above the permissible level of detergents in drinking water according to the Iranian and WHO standards. This study demonstrated the usefulness of investigating LASs as powerful indicators for tracking contaminants associated with urban wastewater discharge.

Sulfur springs are distinguished from other groundwater sources by their specific therapeutic, thermal and hydrochemical properties. Golgir, Meydavood, Naft Sefid, pole Zal, Grasab JaOrdo, Mashrageh, Grab Behbahan, and Baba Ahmad Springs are low-temperature sulfur springs in Zagros area of Khuzestan. These springs have temperatures between 22 and 35 ° C and appear along with the Zagros thrust. By analyzing the hydrochemical data of sulfur springs on two periods (December 2017 and May 2018) and applying the hydrochemical methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (AHC), it has been tried to identify the factors affecting the chemical quality of the springs. The first factor includes the electrical conductivity, Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, As and Cd variables, this factor is due to the interaction of aquifer and water materials, as well as high correlation between the main ions, arsenic, and cadmium indicates that these elements have a similar origin. The second factor includes the SO4, NO3, and S variables. According to the results of TOC analysis, this factor can be attributed to the influence of oil brines. Piper diagrams and hierarchical Q-mode clustering were used to classify the springs studied. The Piper diagram separated these springs into three groups and the hierarchical Q-mode clustering method, taking into account further parameters of sulfur springs in four groups.

Increasing water demands and climate variability in recent decades, as well as the presence of various stakeholders with conflicting goals and tendencies have resulted in serious challenges and complicated water allocation. In addition, there are some kinds of incomplete information in water resources management, which may include uncertainties about hydrological variables, available water resources, implementation of long-term plans and inter-basin water transfer projects. The existence of this information asymmetry will definitely affect the performance and decision-making of the stakeholders. So, it is necessary to consider these uncertainties in management of water resources in the basin. In this paper water allocation under asymmetric information between the ministry of energy as sender and the agriculture sector as receiver regarding implementing water desalination and transmission from the Persian Gulf to Isfahan industries has been modeled using signaling game a type of dynamic game with incomplete information. The equilibrium of the game is pooling consequently ministry of energy in all types of implementation of the national water transfer plan and unknown policies about the environmental or agricultural rights sends the same signal. The best strategy is to release only 60% of water requirements for wheat farmers from the Zayandehrood dam. On the other hand agriculture sector should reduce their crop area by 10%. The results show that if the ministry of energy managers focus only on economic value and disregard the social, legal and environmental aspects even with this national plan will implement, they will not so inclined to afford agricultural and environmental rights.

Increasing water demand and limitation of accessing to freshwater resources have been caused using of seawater desalination in most countries, especially arid and semiarid regions. Due to the importance of environmental impacts of desalination plants, the present study carried out to comparing the environmental impacts of Chabahar and Kangan desalination plants. Desalting method is reverse osmosis in both plants. The extraction of the raw seawater in the Kangan plant is beach well intake which supplying indirectly from Persian Gulf and in Chabahar plant is open intake and supplying directly from Oman Seawater. Therefore, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used. After preparing a complete inventory of materials and energy at all stages of freshwater production, the environmental impacts of all seawater desalting processes on different environmental impact classes were evaluated using Impact 2002+ version (2. 15) and SimaPro9 software. According to the results, the greatest impact on both plants were climate change and reduction of primary resources. So that, equivalent 3. 224 and 3. 627 Kg carbon dioxide has been released and reduced 55. 035 and 61. 928 MJ in primary sources, in Kangan and Chabahar plants, respectively, as producing 1 m3 of desalinated water. Therefore, it seems that using beach wells intake to extracting seawater in desalination plants is more appropriate.

Due to the increasing process of water shortage in the world, State's competition for more access to water has increased; as water has sometimes been a source of international conflicts. On the other hand, water and water facilities have always been used as weapons or as military targets in wars. The issues of preventing water wars have been indirectly addressed by the legal rules on the use of force and the protection of water resources during armed conflicts have been sought in international humanitarian law. In the post armed conflicts, problems such as damage to water infrastructures, pollution of waters and lack of access to safe drinking water in war-affected areas, threaten not only the availability and quality of water resources, but also, they can threat international peace and security in different ways. Due to the importance of conserving water resources for peacekeeping in post-war stage and the lack of explicit legal rules in this regard, the main question of this research is that what is the most international law obligations about restoration of water resources and facilities after armed conflicts and compensation for victims? The result of the descriptive-analytical studies of the authors shows that international law has no legal vacuum in this regard and mechanisms and rules for reconstruction of damaged areas and accountability to war victims can be deduced from the principles and rules of applicable international law.

New global challenges such as strong willingness to development and climate change highlighted politics, security water, and identity nexus so that water resources have become a soft tool for achieving political goals. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the dynamic and complex interactions between water and politics throughout the world, especially in Western Asia as a highly stressed region. Among the West Asian countries, Turkey is one of countries that has been using a considerable part of its water resources to build economic power, advance political strategies and achieve Hydro-hegemony in recent decades. This paper describes Turkey’ s hydraulic mission in three categories: domestic hydraulic mission projects and nationalize its waters, water transfer projects from Turkey to its neighbors and gets the opportunities from its waters, last but not the least, transboundary water projects and legitimize its hydropolitical actions. In addition, it will be shown how Turkey's government follows up the absolute territorial integrity in their discourses, but in practice, they apply Strategic Depth Doctrine and adopted Hydraulic Mission. Generally, Turkey tries to dominate its neighboring and some non-neighboring countries by Turkey’ s water and its hydropolitics actions. The results of this study show these projects are not merely aimed at compensating water scarcity in destination countries. Because the volume of water that will be transported can only compensate for a very small fraction of the water scarcity. While they can cause serious economic, security and environmental challenges. Water dependency, as the most indispensable resource for human life, will be one of Turkey's strategies and tools for gaining power in the highly critical Western Asian region.

In this paper, an efficient framework is presented for optimal allocation of groundwater resources at the activity area of local water market within the Isfahan-Borkhar plain. In the first step, to improve aquifer's hydrological condition, farms' groundwater permits are reduced using top-down and bottomup approaches. The bottom-up approach proposes more acceptable strategies due to considering farms' utilities trough creating a bargaining process among them. The second step involves modeling the sales of groundwater permits from farms to different industries using water exchanges integer mathematical programming method. In this model, exchange volume is determined in such a way as to maximize the system's total profit by finding the optimal production amount of different products and the corresponding water consumption volume. The results for the farming year 2015-2016 show that farms increase the production amount in the industrial sector by planting profitable crops and selling their surplus water. However, farms still suffer losses due to reduced permits compared to their current status. Therefore, in the third step, the exchanges' profits are fairly reallocated among water buyers and sellers using Shapley cooperative game. So that compared to the current status, the profits of farms and industry units increase by 55% and 19%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed framework is capable of to improve the economic efficiency of groundwater permits use, in addition to facilitating the implementation of the permits reduction policy.

Nowadays, much effort has been made in improving meteorological forecasts. In this regard, ensemble forecasting systems have been developed to reduce forecast uncertainties. In this study, the performance of ensemble precipitation forecasts of seven numerical models in 2019 Gorganroud floods was studied. Initially, the precipitation forecasts of the seven numerical models were bias-corrected via gamma quantile mapping method. Then ensemble streamflow forecasts were obtained by ensemble precipitation of seven models using the GR4J conceptual rainfall-runoff model. Moreover, four optimization methods were used to determine optimal GR4J model parameters in calibration phase. Based on the optimized parameters, ensemble streamflow forecasts were performed with precipitation forecasts inputs while uncertainty of the models was analyzed based on inputs to the hydrological model. The results showed that the bias correction had a great impact on the improvement of flood forecast in the study basin such that the uncertainty bands of the ECMWF, NCMRWF and UKMO models well covered the observed flood values. Pfactor and R-factor values of the ECMWF model was 0. 5 and 0. 96, respectively; however, the upper and lower bands of ECMWF model was symmetrical. The NCEP and CMA models had poorer performance in flood forecast compared with other models so that their P-factor values were 0. 2 and 0. 15, respectively. The JMA model overestimated the 2019 flood. Although the ECCC model bands covered 65% of the observed flood values, the gap between the upper and lower bands was quite high. Overall, the results of a number of NWP models in the study basin were satisfactory and their application is generally recommended for flood warning systems.

This research, based on the belief that modern aquaculture technologies in the form of intensive and super-intensive aquaculture methods can use water resources of low quality for utilizing in other sectors, aims to focus on saving freshwater resources in arid and semi-arid areas. By introducing an intelligent algorithm, this study tries to find the potential of non-allocated water for agriculture, industry, and drinking. The study area includes Karun, Dez, Karkheh, Maroon-Jarahi and Hendijan basins/plains located in Khuzestan province, for which the areas suitable for allocating water to aquaculture were identified and mapped in GIS. Using the IRWQIsc method, water quality was firstly evaluated in terms of ecological health and general use and then based on the criteria of water quality for drinking, agriculture and industrial use the potential areas were investigated. The results showed that except Dez River, up to 35% of the available water in other Khuzestan rivers can be allocated to the aquaculture sector on average. The suitable parts of the four Karun, Karkheh, Maroon-Jarahi and Zohre-Hendijan Rivers are generally located in the lower parts of the basins. The achievements of the research allow decision-makers to redistribute the dense aquaculture farms, mostly located in the upper and middle parts of the rivers, and to reduce the high pressure on those parts of the rivers, especially on Karun River. Regarding both factors of quality and critical condition of the water table, just 3 out of 23 aquifers of the Khuzestan province were recommended for aquaculture development. The proposed algorithm and the assumptions used in its development, presented for the first time, have the capability of being generalized for use in any other catchment and provide the necessary tools for large-scale negotiation to obtain optimum aquaculture allocation.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the factors affecting Urmia Lake water level variations. Urmia Lake water level, rainfall, temperature, river discharge, and groundwater level data were used to study the relationship between the Urmia Lake water level variations and climatic and hydrologic parameters. Urmia Lake water level data for 48 years (1965 to 2013) from 27 synoptic meteorology stations of Tabriz, Urmia, and Saqez were used for the rainfall and temperature variables. Also, for adjusting the groundwater level data, of the 1054 wells, 123 wells with complete data in the studied period were selected. The non-parametric run test was used to determine the homogeneity and randomness of the data and the probability of any trend in time series. The randomness of the variables was examined at an error probability of 0. 05 and their homogeneity was assured. The Mann-Kendall test was used to study trends, leaps, and changes in the independent variables including precipitation, temperature, river discharge, and water table of wells. A review of the Mann-Kendall curves showed that the average annual temperature changes during the study period do not follow a meaningful trend. The Urmia Lake Basin Annual Precipitation Curve showed a decreasing trend in the 48 years. The review of the discharge rate variations showed that the discharge variations from 1965 to 2013 had a significant and downward trend with a leap from the beginning of the statistical period. The water table variations of observation wells followed a significant downward trend in 2006. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a relatively strong correlation between the independent variables (temperature, precipitation, river discharge, and water table) and lake water level variations (p<0. 05), indicating the validity and the robustness of the linear relationship between the water level and the extent to which this variable is affected by the independent variables.

Snow, as an important part of the hydrological cycle, is considered to be a major source of fresh water in many areas above 45 degrees latitude, so it is important to study and measure changes in snow levels as an important source of water supply. In the present study, first using Sentinel2 optical satellite images in 1397 in Ardabil and Sarein, snow cover level was obtained through NDSI index, then in order to monitor snow depth changes in the study area, SentinelA1 macro images and DINSAR technique were used. Finally, in order to validate the snow depth maps extracted through radar images, the snow depth data in land snowfall stations were compared using linear regression in MATLAB software. The results of linear regression with a generalization coefficient of 85% and the results of error statistical indicators are equal to 0. 86-MSE, 0. 165-BIAS, 0. 924-CORR and RMSE equal to 0. 043. The correlations between ground data and snow depth estimation maps show a high degree of correlation. This result is statistically significant at 99%. The results of the present study showed that according to the climatic conditions of the study area, the values of snow depth related to January with a maximum amount of 33 cm and the lowest values of snow depth in March with a minimum of 10 cm. The lowest snow depth was in the eastern slopes and the highest in the western slopes. According to the study, the Sentinel-1's radar images could be a good alternative to ground-based snow stations at high altitudes or in difficult areas due to their high spatial resolution and good correlation with terrestrial data.

Recently, downscaling algorithms have been developed to obtain ET images with high temporal-spatial resolution. The purpose of the present study is to produce daily ET maps with spatial resolution of 30 m for farmlands of Amirkabir Agriculture & Industry. To reach this goal, two different scenarios were used. In the first scenario, SEBAL algorithm input parameters (surface albedo coefficient, normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], leaf area index [LAI] and land surface temperature [LST]) calculated from MODIS data were downscaled to spatial resolution of Landsat-8, and then actual ET was calculated. In the second scenario, ET data estimated by MODIS data and SEBAL algorithm was downscaled to Landsat-8 spatial resolution. In the first and second scenarios, downscaling was conducted by applying three methods including ratio, regression and neural network. Also, two approaches were applied in this study. In the first approach, the time lag between the base image (image with higher spatial resolution) and MODIS image varies from 1 to 15 days, whereas in the second approach the time lag was 1 day. Comparing downscaled actual ET with actual ET calculated from Landsat-8 data, the regression method applied in the second scenario and first approach indicated the best result with RMSE=0. 87 mm/day and neural network used in the second scenario and second approach showed the worst result with RMSE=2. 25 mm/day. However downscaled actual ETs derived from different methods were more accurate than actual ET resulted from MODIS data with RMSE= 3. 19 mm/day.

Resource constraint is one of the most important principles in economics, and today this constraint has become more important in the water arena. The mainobjective of the present paper is to evaluate the impacts of water constraint on the achievement of economic goals in Yazd province under the Sixth Development Plan. For this purpose, a combination of Input-Output and Goal Programming is used. In this method, by considering the various constraints including water, it would be possible to achieve multiple goals such as increasing production, improving employment and improving productivity and optimizing water allocation between different sectors. For this purpose, two scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, for stability reason, water and labor productivity in the base year and the target year are assumed as the same, but in the second scenario the increase in productivity considered equal to the goals of the program. The results show that in the first scenario, achieving 8% growth of the program will not be achieved due to the lack of production in the agricultural sector. But in the second scenario, the production is increased but the overall objective of employment is not met. In terms of water, the results of both scenarios indicate that, while the agricultural sectors have consumed their allocated water but have not achieved their production goals. Finally achieving program goals, especially in the agricultural sector, will not be possible except with higher rate of water use efficiency.

Increasing infringement on the river bed and Riparian Zone has become a Post-crisis. This violated in various ways is don, such as building and construction unauthorized, illegal removal and irregular of sand, disposal of rubbish and waste, destruction of the river, drilling of well and other ways. Several factors, including inadequate legislation, weak enforcement system and the problems of the judicial system has been pivotal in the development of the aforementioned problems. This research method analytical and data collection method is library. This study aims to identify legal challenges that led to the rule of the Ministry of Energy to represent the state on the river bed and Riparian Zone is shaken and field resonance speculation. The results of the study showed, the incomplete enforcement of the equitable distribution of water code and respective regulation, the multiplicity of management on the river bed, the existence of legal gaps, lack of legal title to the beds of rivers and water inefficient proceedings has led to the invasion and occupation of the public wealth outlet place.

Determining the proper locations for groundwater extraction in a region by using field observations, geo electric, geophysics and other similar methods, requires considerable time and cost. Determining the appropriate range and locations using existing data can play an important role in managerial decision making. In the current research, required data from organizations, field studies, and Geographic Information System (GIS) were prepared. Then, the potential of groundwater resources was obtained using the ArcGIS software, DEMATEL and Analytical Network Process (ANP) as powerful Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. ANP and DEMATEL methods have been used to determine the weight of different themes and their categorization classes to identify the potential groundwater abstraction area. Consequently, the study area was divided into seven sub basins in terms of potential of groundwater resources and change in groundwater consumption, using GIS software. Results showed that 1. 94% of the basin has very weak potential, 21. 5% weak potential, 39% average potential, 22% good potential, 11% very good, 4. 54% excellent and 0. 11% of it has a very high potential for groundwater extraction. Moreover, results indicated that land use change to agriculture and urban areas, which reduces the level of groundwater resources recharge, and high agricultural exploitation from groundwater sources were identified as the main causes of groundwater resources threatening in the studied basin.