SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH IRANIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL
Year:2019 | Volume:15 | Issue:1|Papers Count:12

Metronidazole and levamisole have several clinical and biochemical side effects such as changes in the activity of serum enzymes and proteins and other profiles. There are some reports of metronidazole and levamisole effect on blood serum proteins in animals, but there is no report of these drugs on criteria in common carp. In this study, 150 common carp (75± 15 gr) were divided randomly into five categories. One group served as the control (no drug) and four treatment groups: Metronidazole bath (5mg/l/24hr in 2 days interval), Oral metronidazole (5mg/kg/10 days), Levamisole bath (5mg/l/24hr in 2 days interval) and Oral levamisole (5mg/kg/10days) were considered. After 10 days, on days 1, 7 and 14 after completion of treatment, blood samples were collected from fish and serum total protein in combination with electrophoresis and the activity of serum enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) were performed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in plasma total protein in the studied groups compared to the control group. Serum enzymes activity in the control group was not significantly different between the two groups of levamisole bath and oral levamisole except for alkaline phosphatase. Aspartate aminotransferase enzyme activity in the oral metronidazole group was significantly higher than the control group. The mean values of albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulins, beta-globulins and gamma globulins in the control group did not significantly differ with other groups. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that levamisole and metronidazole drugs in the recommended doses in these treatments have altered some of the serum indices but did not significantly increase the number of studied factors. It does not have a significant effect on blood protein factors and it is advisable to recommend it as an antiparasitic treatment in common carp, although supplementary research seems necessary in this regard.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a viral disease of cattle and water buffalo seen in some provinces of Iran, generally southern and warm regions in recent years. The G glycoprotein is the main protective antigen of the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) and the target of anti-BEFV neutralizing antibodies. The aim of the present study was cloning and expression of the G1 epitope of BEF virus G glycoprotein gene in a prokaryotic system. For this purpose, the G1 epitope was cloned in a prokaryotic expression vector, pET-24a(+), under the control of the T7 promoter and subsequently the recombinant pET24-G1 construct was transformed into Rosetta strain of Escherichia coli. Expressed recombinant protein was analyzed using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting methods. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that a protein with ~18 kDa molecular weight, consistent with the expected molecular weight of recombinant protein fused to 6xHis tag, was expressed. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the expressed G1 protein specifically reacted with a mouse polyclonal serum against BEFV. Thus, in this study the G1 protein of BEFV was successfully expressed by the pET24-G1 recombinant construct in Escherichia coli. Based on the results of this study, immunization and the efficacy of this product can be consider as a possible candidate for the production of subunit vaccine against the virus in animal models.

The history of the Arabian horse goes back about 5 thousand years ago. This breed has played an important role in the life history of human and horse. Regarding to differences existing in the shape and size of the head in horses, using of biometric indices is a practical method to identify a horse breed. The present study was designed to determine the biometric indices of different head regions in the Iranian Arab horse. In this research 9 characteristics of different head regions were evaluated in 30 Iranian Arab horses. These horses were at least 3 years old and were selected from Kerman horse corrals. Then the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and confidence interval of the characteristics were calculated by use of Stata 10. 1 software. The data were compared between male and female groups, as well as between the age groups older and younger than 8 years old by independent t-test. The results of this study showed that the length of head and length of lateral aspects of the face had the lowest coefficient of variation among the measured characteristics, respectively. But the inter angular mandibular distance and height of ramus had the highest coefficient of variation, respectively. In this research, the characteristics were compared in different age and sex groups. This comparison showed a significant difference in the length of frontal and the caudal width of head regions in two different sex and age groups respectively.

Zoonotic diseases of food origin such as salmonellosis are among the main economic and health issues in industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Poultry can play an important role in epidemiology and distribution of salmonellosis in humans. The aims of this study were to isolate Salmonella from poultry farms around Mashhad city, identify the serogroups and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolated Salmonella. A total number of 1560 samples were collected from freshly dropped feces of broiler chickens in 23 flocks. Every 10 samples were pooled and processed for Salmonella isolation according to standard procedures. Slide agglutination test was used for determination of O serogroups using polyvalent antisera of A to D. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates against 27 agents was determined using standard disk diffusion method. Out of 1560 samples (156 pooled-samples), 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered. The results of serological tests identified six serogroup D, one serogroup other than A-D and the rest of 23 isolates as serogroup C. The highest resistance was belonged to colistin, amoxiclav, oxytetracycline, nitrofurantoin, doxycycline, nalidixic acid and the highest susceptibility belonged to fosfomycin, ceftriaxone, cefixime, norfloxacin and gentamycin. Multi-drug resistance was common among the Salmonella isolates. Resistance to at least 2 and at most 18 antimicrobial agents was shown. Nineteen drug resistance patterns were found. The results of this study showed the presence of Salmonella infection among broiler chickens in Mashhad region and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among the isolates.

To evaluate the effects of Verapamil-Ketamine combination on heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, arterial blood pressure, blood gases and arterial blood pH, five apparently healthy mongrel dogs, three males and two females, weighing 15-20 kg and age between 1. 5-2 years old were selected. Verapamil (0. 3 mg/kg, IV) was injected 10 minutes prior to ketamine administration (15 mg/kg, IV). All arterial blood samples were taken from left femoral artery before verapamil administration and were repeated at 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes intervals after induction of anesthesia with ketamine. In all animals the anesthesia and recovery were uneventful. The heart rate increased significantly at all times after anesthesia. PaO2 and mean arterial blood pressure decreased and PaCO2 increased significantly at 5 minutes and pH values declined at 5 and 15 minutes after anesthesia. Respiratory rate and body temperature did not reveal any statistically significant changes. On the basis of these results can be concluded all statistically changes in regard to PaO2, PaCo2 and blood pH were transient and use of a ventilator and supplementary oxygen would be useful in preventing them, however, before introducing of this combination in dogs, further research is recommended.

Milk production traits and its components belong to quantitative and polygenic traits and affected by many genes. This study was conducted to determine the polymorphism in alpha-lactalbumin gene and its association with milk production traits using PCR-SSCP method in Eastern Azarbaijan native buffaloes. Milk samples were collected from 150 buffaloes of Eastern Azarbaijan province and then DNA samples were extracted using pronase method. After DNA extraction specific primers used for amplification of 392 bp fragment of exon 1 and intron 2 alpha-lactalbumin gene. To identify the polymorphism, PCR products were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel (single strand conformation polymorphism method) and stained with silver nitrate method. The frequency of the 1, 2 and 3 genotypic patterns were 87. 5%, 10. 71% and 1. 78% respectively. The statistical analysis indicated that the effect of genotypes on milk production, lactose, fat percentage and protein percentage had no significant effect. Based on current results, the analysis of alpha-lactalbumin gene polymorphism cannot be used for improving milk yield and composition of buffalo in Azari population.

The main aims of the present study were to determine correlations between length, width, height and volume of the kidney by ultrasonography and real measurements and ultrasonographic findings of the urinary system in the Lori Bakhtiari Rams. This study was conducted on 20 healthy Lori Bakhtiari Rams. The transducer was placed over the right flank to exam the kidney. The urinary bladder was scanned from the right flank and transrectal method. After slaughtering of the rams, kidney's dimensions were measured directly. All of the measurements were compared with real measurements with linear regression analysis. The result of present study showed that the right kidney scanned in 12th intercostal space and behind the last rib high on the right flank and the left kidney was found in the middle of right flank. The kidney had similar echogenicity to the kidneys of other animals. The two kidneys were of nearly equal size. The right kidney length, width and depth were 62. 3, 30. 2 and 36. 7 mm, the diameter of the cortex and medulla were 7. 5 and 7. 7 mm, length and width of the sinus were 30. 4 and 9. 8 mm and parenchymal diameter was 13. 6 mm and volume was 32. 1 cm3 respectively. There were positive and significant correlations between the ultrasonographic and real measurement of renal length, width, height and volume. The urinary bladder could be scanned only from a transrectal method. The contents of the bladder were anechoic and bladder wall was uniformly thick and smooth. The ureters could not be visualized in any rams.

Immunoreactivity of alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), along with histometric values was evaluated in camel small intestine in both sexes. A total of 8 camels (both sexes male and female) were selected from Najaf Abad slaughterhouse and then the abdominal cavity was dissected and the small intestine was removed. The one cm fragment from three parts was fixed in formalin and from some specimens sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the remainder were immunohistochemically stained with alpha actin antibodies. The results showed that there are the longest villi of the intestine in jejunum, the largest diameter of the villi in the ileum and the deepest crypt of the intestine in the duodenum. Morphometric results showed that the mean of the thickness of the mucous and submucosal layer in the duodenal region was more than the jejunum and ileum this organ. The mean thickness of the muscular layer in both sexes in the intestinal jejunum region is less than the duodenum and ileum this organ. Different intensities of alpha-actin expression were observed, as the lowest alpha-actin intensity in jejunum and the highest intensity of α-actin expression of smooth muscle in ileum was observed. Due to the lowest thickness of the muscle layer in jejunum, the lowest expression of alpha-actin in this region was observed. The expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin in the small intestine of the camel was evident, but its severity was different.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the gross and histological structure of the prostate, Cowper and seminal glands of Khouzestan native buffalo at maturity. The accessory sex glands of 10 healthy mature native water buffalo were collected from Khouzestan industrial slaughterhouse. For histological study, specimens (0. 5 cm thickness) of the prostate, Cowper and seminal glands were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The samples then were processed using for the standard histological method. Paraffin blocks were sectioned at 5– 6 μ m and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, alcian blue, toluidine blue and Masson's trichrome. Results of this study showed that the seminal glands were tube-liked structure, hard, tough, multilobulated and large lobules on the outer surface grossly. Cowper’ s glands were ovoid in shape, located on the dorsal surface of the pelvic urethra. Furthermore, the prostate gland in native water buffalo’ comprised of pars disseminate and corpus prostate. Histologically, the seminal glands were enclosed with loose connective tissue and thick smooth muscular tissue. Cowper’ s glands were covered with a thick well-developed fibro-muscular capsule, formed of high concentration of collagen fiber and smooth muscle bundles. The parenchyma of the seminal and prostate was tubuloalveolar units and ducts. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the accessory sex glands in Khouzestan native buffaloes are the essential glands of the genital system and they have a distinct and individual histological structure.

Color doppler ultrasonography is a suitable method for assessment of vascular hemodynamics. This procedure is non-invasive and has no side effects. The purpose of the present survey was the evaluation of acepromazine (0. 15 mg/kg) and diazepam (0. 4 mg/kg) effects on spleen vascular indices in healthy native cats by color doppler ultrasonography technique. The present study was done on twenty native cats (10 male and 10 females) and in a similar weight range. In the first group, diazepam was injected and in the second group, acepromazine only. Vascular indices of spleen (artery and vein) were measured in two groups in times 10, 30 and 60 minute (after administration of the drug) in the studied. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), mean velocity (MV), resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), volume flow (VF) and spectral wave forms (SWF). The obtained results showed that arterial vascular parameters of PSV, EDV, MV and VF had a significant difference between two groups. The most changes were seen in the treated group with acepromazine, so that PSV and EDV indices were increased from 14. 98± 1. 13 and 11. 83± 1. 12 in minute 10 to 18. 21± 1. 13 and 16. 19± 1. 12 in minute 60 (according to cm/see). In survey of vascular indices of vein, parameters of EDV, MV, RI, PI and VF were significant between two groups. In conclusion, the present results showed that acepromazine compared with diazepam, was caused more perfusion in splenic arterial vascular significantly. As a result acepromazine cannot be an appropriate drug for restraint of cats for ultrasonography evaluation of abdominal cavity, but diazepam can be administered without side effects in restless cats.

Pasteurella multocida is a negative gram pathogenic bacteria that causative agent of many diseases in animals and man. Fowl cholera and ovine pasteurellosis are of the most common infection of P. multocida that these diseases economic damage entered into the livestock industry. Different virulence factors of P. multocida have been introduced that LPS have an important role in virulence of the organism. The aim of LPS typing is determination differences between P. multocida strains based on LPS synthesis genetics. For perform molecular typing, DNA extraction was done with the using of a boiling method of each bacterial isolate culture and genotyping done on 32 ovine isolate and 30 avian isolates by PCR with using of specific primers for LPS genotyping experiment. The amplified LPS genes by PCR, then were sequenced and compared to the sequences deposited in the GenBank database from the world. Of the 32 ovine isolates only 10 isolates were contained L3 genotype (%31. 25) and of 30 avian isolates 18 isolates were contained L1 genotype (%60), 4 isolates contain L2 genotype (%13. 32), 5 isolates contain L3 genotype (%16. 66), 2 isolates contain all three genotypes L1, L2, L3 (%6. 66), 1 isolate contain both genotype L2, L3 (%3. 33). Of the 4 genotypes, ovine isolates were only contain L3 genotype in against, avian isolates were contained L1, L2, L3 genotypes that this was indicated the distribution of LPS genotypes is different based on host type. The sequencing results of Iranian isolates with GenBank isolates showed a significant difference in L3 genotype and less difference in L1, L2 genotypes.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a major role in immune responses. Polymorphisms at MHC molecules are associated with the recognition and response to non-self-peptides. Among Bovinae MHC genes, DRB3 is currently used for population genetic and disease association studies. In the present study, the second exon of Bubu-DRB3 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and polymorphisms were detected by three methods of High-resolution melting (HRM), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and direct sequencing. We aimed at genotyping of buffalo DRB3 gene, investigating the feasibility and compatibility of HRM with the current methods. Results of HRM analysis was in concordance with RFLP and direct sequencing. HRM analysis can be used as an analytical method for a large number of buffalo samples. We have concluded that HRM analysis can be used for genotyping of DRB3 and MHC diversity as well as genotype and phenotype association studies. However, lack of allelic discrimination is a notable limitation in HRM method.