TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT
Year:2020 | Volume:9 | Issue:1|Papers Count:13

Security is one of most important needs of tourism development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is identify crime prevention approaches against foreign tourists in Tehran metropolis. The research is a descriptive-survey based on purpose of the data collection, in framework of Delphi survey. Delphi method was implemented in 3 steps including qualitative-exploratory and two-step Delphi surveys. In qualitative stage, 15 semi-structured interviews with experts and experts were conducted based on the sampling. Data were analyzed and quantitative analysis of content was analyzed. Finally, 49 approaches were identified. findings of the qualitative stage were based on the Delphi questionnaire and by adding 15 others to collaborators, number of members of Delphi panel increased to 30 at survey stage. 49 approaches to crime prevention against foreign tourists in 4 sections including 10 cases at entry and exit points and tourism routes, 12 cases in places and residential centers, 16 cases in tourist attractions, and 11 in catering centers, Service and commercial tourism. The Kendall Coefficient Coefficient Test in the second round of the Delphi Questionnaire revealed a consensus over 50% among the participants in the four sections. Preventing the activity of personal and unauthorized taxi drivers at airports and passenger terminals, the timely availability of police to tourist information systems in residential centers, the development of group travel camps and the absence of tourists from their fellow travelers, legal clashes with catering, service and business centers. Defying tourism and preventing their activities, if repeated, were identified as the most important approaches.

The present study was conducted to design a model of ecotourism development in Kermanshah province's target villages by quantitative-qualitative method. Qualitative data analysis was performed using maxqda12 software in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The method sample in the qualitative section was snowball and inclod 20 experts and in the quantitative section by cluster method with the help of Morgan table 384 persons (statistical population 530 thousand) were tourists and 336 persons (statistical population 2678 persons) were heads of households. The research tool was an interview and a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative phase of the research and background. Data analysis using Pls2 and Spss24 software showed that the model of Ecotourism development in the villages under study was appropriate. On the other hand, it was found that all the dimensions of the conceptual model of the research were extracted from the qualitative and literary studies of the research literature in order to measure the factors and had a good function in measuring these concepts. Multiple coefficient of determination for the main structural equation was 85. 5%, indicating that the independent extrinsic variables of the study including economic, social and cultural factors, participation, attractions, management, policy making and infrastructure and ecological facilities were able to reach 85. 5%. Anticipate the variations of ecological tourism development. Priority economic factor and socio-cultural factor, attractions, ecosystems infrastructure, participatory, managerial and policy making priorities are second to seventh respectively.

Tour and activity platforms as new business phenomena in tourism industry are playing a vital role in digitizing tour and activity sector. This research aims to classify tour and activity platform business models. The emerging nature of these platforms has contributed to their business model to be unclear, at best. Therefore, this paper intends to identify different business model attribute configurations of tour and activity platforms. To carry out the research, a mixed method approach is adopted. First, an innovative framework is developed to identify the main business model elements of tour and activity platforms using literature review, archival studies and case studies. Then, business model of 41 tour and activity platforms is content analyzed using morphological analysis approach. Next, a cluster analysis is followed to classify the platforms into meaningful types. The findings show that 5 different business model types for tour and activity platforms can be recognized: Comprehensive platforms, efficient standard platforms, customized guiding platforms, professional tour platforms, experiential peer-to-peer platforms.

Experiential marketing is the process of identifying and meeting customers' needs and interests in a profitable way that enables them to engage in reciprocal communication. One of the most important achievements of Experiential marketing is to satisfy customers. On the other hand, consumer behavioral intentions have a significant impact on any subsequent decision, whether it be repetition of purchase, loyalty, and positive or negative word-of-mouth advertising. The present study examines the relationship between experiential marketing, emotion, and customer behavioral intentions. Its main focus is on tourism and the Persian Gulf Lake Resort complex in Tehran has been selected as a case study. All visitors to this Recreational Complex who have visited it during the research period have been considered as the present research population. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Route analysis technique was used to investigate the research hypotheses. This analysis was performed using SPSS 20 and Lisrel 8. 8 software. The findings of the study show that there is a meaningful relationship between experiential marketing and the excitement of visitors. Visitor excitement also has a positive and significant effect on the satisfaction of visitors. However, the relationship between the variables of emotion and behavioral intentions as well as satisfaction and behavioral intentions was not confirmed. At the end, recommendations have been made based on the results of the research as well as for future research.

Now a days, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has penetrated into all daily activities of enterprises and has impact on their progress and improvement. Thus, current study aims to analyze barriers of adopting ICT in small and medium tourism enterprise by concentrating on travel agencies in Karaj. As an applied research, this study employed descriptive field methods. Statistical population includes 90 tour agencies in Karaj. To better access to Statistical population it should select a proper sample. By using Morgan and Krejcie Table, 73 agencies are selected who accomplished provided questioners. These tour agencies were selected through random sampling. For data analysis, it was used spss software. Analytical results of the study demonstrates that environmental, technological and organizational factors, price war among competitors, user unfriendly websites, lack of time to improve e-commerce activity, lack of extensive marketing efforts and pre-adaptation and post-adaptation factors have meaning full impact on adopting ICT by tour agencies.

Shopping tourism affects the choice of tourism destination, experience and motivation of tourism. The rasooly market, despite more than a half-century of history and several thousand workers, still suffers from significant inefficiencies and shortfalls in tourism. The purpose of the study is to identify the elements and factors of inefficiency and to analyze factors that reduce the satisfaction of shopping tourists. (From the perspective of market practitioners and also shopping tourists). This research is developmental-applied, descriptive-analytical, survey, with 300 unit's random sampling. The first hypothesis relates to the specific problems of the employees, and second hypothesis relates to the problems of the shopping tourists and. Findings showed that, 75% of tourists were motivated to buy from Rasooli crossroads, and 73% of them were motivated by the variety and value of foreign goods as well as the purchase of branded goods (foreign goods). Models of analysis include Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, chi 2, one-sample T-test, leven Test, independent sample T-test, Findings indicate the above market performance problems. Satisfaction of tourists and employees is at the significant level of 0. 00. Findings show that 84% of shopping tourists are dissatisfied with the lack of space to sit back and relax for a moment. Also, 52% of all tourists and 70% of female tourists are very dissatisfied with the sanitary status. About 83% of tourists, including 92% of female tourists, are dissatisfied with the lack of children's entertainment space. These results are a documented message for urban managers to plan and improve rasooly market performance.

Despite the hotel industry is a very dynamic sector in the tourism industry, its development and exploitation are confronted with enormous challenges. In this regard, attract of foreign direct investment can be considered as one of the ways to expand the hotel industry of Iran, while the use of this approach has barriers and limitations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify barriers to attract foreign direct investment in the hotel industry of Iran. Regarding the goal, the current research was practical and the nature of research is qualitative based on thematic analysis. The study population was consisted of experts of tourism, hospitality and foreign investment. Participants were 12 experts selected by using purposive sampling or snowball sampling method. After semi-structured interview with experts, the four main themes were identified as barriers to attract foreign direct investment in the hotel industry in Iran which all of them came from the findings. The results showed that economic barriers, political barriers, social barriers and managerial barriers are the main reasons of failure to attract and expand foreign direct investment in the hotel industry of Iran. Therefore, it can be said that each of these variables can affect the foreign direct investment in the hotel industry and consequently the tourism industry of the country.

Due to the insufficient internal research in presenting the model of online CRM in Iran, this study aimed to explore the factors affecting this issue and the relationships between them. Customers in the Iranian tourism industry have been exposed to uncertainty by using the gray Dematel method. This research is a purposive, descriptive-analytical study and is one of the exploratory studies on qualitative and quantitative mixing. Document libraries and scrolling methods have been used to collect the combined information. The statistical population of this study was experts in the tourism industry and online communication field. The statistical sample in the study consisted of 20 people selected by the snowball method. Content validity and face validity of the theoretical model of research have been confirmed by experts and parallel coding method has been used to control the reliability of extractive conceptual structures. Findings from the implementation of the gray Dematel method made it clear that among all the variables and factors extracted in the literature, content marketing variables in cyberspace, utilizing self-service technologies and culture were, respectively, the most important variables influencing the model. Finally, electronic word of mouth marketing, tourism relationship management performance and tourist loyalty, respectively, have been the most important influencing variables in the present study. Thus, the main causal relationship was identified among the most important variables forming the model of online relationship management with customers in the Iranian tourism industry.

One of the salient approaches in the literature to explain and analyze entrepreneurial behaviors includes intention models. Of the various factors introduced in intention models, this study takes into account four psychological internal factors including entrepreneurial intention, self-efficacy, cultural empathy, and attitude. On the other hand, the study considers the external factor of entrepreneurial education. So, the main purpose of this study is to make an inquiry about interrelationships between the above variables to understand whether and to some extent they affect each other. This will finally lead to the formulation of strategies aiming at developing the entrepreneurial intention of students. The statistical population of the research includes doctoral and Master students studying tourism related majors or working in a tourism-related sector. The study method to analyze the interrelationships among the above variables is structural equation modeling with the partial least squares approach. In this respect, measurement and structural models were assessed, respectively. The results obtained indicate that the hypotheses referring to as the positive relationships between empathy and intention and on the other hand, empathy and attitude were rejected. In fact, having empathy skills will not lead to an entrepreneurial intention or to the improvement of attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Furthermore, it was found that education exerts a significant great impact on students to make entrepreneurial intentions in that its total effect was far beyond self-efficacy, attitude, and empathy. Based on this result, it is suggested to include social entrepreneurial subject in the tourism related students’ curriculum.

The rapid development of technology in tourism and the emergence of smart tourism, has attracted the attention of managers and policy makers of tourism destinations to the opportunities created by implementing smart strategy at the tourism destinations. Accordingly, a new typology of destinations has emerged that is referred to the smart tourism destination. This research seeks to provide a conceptual framework in which the components and factors of smartness at urban tourism destinations are identified and explained. Therefore, in order to create a deep understanding of the characteristics, factors and how to implement smartness in urban tourism destinations, a qualitative and interpretive approach was adopted and a meta-synthesis method was used to collect and integrate previous researches. The results showed that the concepts of smartness in tourism destinations can be categorized into three categories: macro factors, micro or system factors and smartness attribute aspects. Another finding of this research that distinguishes it from other researches is the identification of three key features in providing a smartness framework for tourism destinations. These three features include considering the intelligent components in the tourism system, considering the urban dimension of urban tourism destinations that is also the place of residence of residents, in addition to providing services to tourists, and finally, considering the smart features of urban destinations in two aspects, including effectiveness, sustainability, equity and greater viability of cities, and being instrumental, interconnected and smarter with the use of technology basis to improve the performance of all stakeholders in urban tourism destinations.

Sustainable development is the ultimate of tourism industry and one of its objectives in the 21st century. Cultural tourism can lead to irreparable consequences and unsustainability if planned and managed poorly; and hence the importance of studying its performance and consequences at different tourism destinations. Numerous studies have been done on the consequences of sustainable tourism development in cultural destinations. However, no comprehensive study that includes all these factors and identifies their relationships has been presented. Adopting a holistic perspective, this study aims to identify the consequences of cultural tourism sustainable development and develop a model of their relationships. This study is performed using an explorative mixed method. In its qualitative phase, 43 primary codes were identified via a systematic meta-synthesis analysis, which were grouped into 3 minor and 3 major categories of tourists, host community, and the environment. Employing a fuzzy Delphi method and an interpretative structural modeling approach at the quantitative phase, the identified indexes were converted to fuzzy values and their relationships were discovered and analyzed entirely. In order to use the opinions of 11 cultural tourism experts in modeling, a questionnaire was used. The experts were selected purposively using a snowball sampling technique. The study results led to the categorization of sustainable tourism development at cultural destinations and a six-level model accordingly. Finally, the model is interpreted and its levels and the relationships among its dimensions are analyzed; and suggestions are made for sustaining the positive consequences and preventing from the negative ones at cultural destinations.

It is obvious that space distribution studies the how, why and stating the dispersion of the social and economic phenomena in the form of place, i. e. the position of these phenomena. How is the way of human phenomena dispersion and what differences dose the environment provide? Why is position of the human phenomena different in various places? So, it is possible to observe different dispersion of one phenomenon in mountain and in plain. The same is true about local games. They differ in various geographical areas. In this research, we attempt to answer this critical question: Do the geographical and spatial factors lead to diversity and dispersion of the indigenous games in various rural areas? Also we attempt to analyze the relation between environment stability and the kind of indigenous game. This paper is an applied research and the method is descriptive-analytic one. Data collection method is documental and survey. The results of the surveys through recognition and ranking those villages which have indigenous and local games in Khoresh Rostam region; also the social sustainability index for 90 individuals (over 40) in the villages show that the geographical factors affected severely on the villages' local games. Also they revealed that indigenous games (traditional and modern) have affected the villages' social sustainability i. e. traditional games are more effective than modern games on this concern.