Studies on Arabic Language and Literature
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:28|Papers Count:7

Rhyme is a core element in the traditional poetry. The literary critics consider it a required condition for poetry. According to Qodamateb-ibn Jafar poetry should consist of metrical and rhymed language which conveys specific messages. However, rhyme, like other elements of poetry, has undergone changes to adapt to other contemporary changes in the area of poetry, so much so that it is referred to as New Poetry. The New Poetry approached rhyme in a new way, redefined it, removed the monotony of the ending of the poetry lines and changed its position from the end of the lines to the end of the poetic idea units. The structural difference between the traditional Ode and Modern Ode brought about different types and levels of rhyme. Today, poets do not insist on the use of rhyme I their poems; they use it only if it perform a function particularly to convey some meaning. Rhymes no longer enjoy unvaried forms in the odes; poets change them to suit their inner feelings.

According to al Qertajeni, interpretation is closely related production of meaning, which is a natural consequence of literary creation. Rhetoric in his view is a global scholarship which includes different conceptual and formal branches. Hence, his interpretation reflects a particular type of rhetoric. This is revealed to us when we look at his views about the complexities arising from meanings with multiple interpretations. In his view, complexity stems from the two important issues of precision and perfection. This caused Hazem ul Qertajeni to scrutinize the poets according to his own criteria when they praise or criticize. Hazem analyzes different descriptions including necessary description and likely or ordinary descriptions. The more a description is motivated, the better it appeals to the reader. Another kind of description is unlikely description— a description which is imaginable even if it does not exist and is used only figuratively. Another type is impossible description, which neither exists nor is imaginable It is the most unsuitable type and only mediocre poets use it.

The present study aims to investigate the poetic self or personality in the poetry of Ibn-e-Abikhazem, a self which is manifested in his poetic experience and surpasses the actual self in terms of compatibility with personal and rational realities. The research seeks to provide images about the artistic self of the poet which reveals the conflicts in his struggle to exist. The study is partly based on the dialectical relationship between the poetic self and other selves and tries to portray their effect on the poetic self. This relationship is manifest itself when one reflects on two pictures: one a helpless and desperate self which feels powerless and the other a self, vacillating between empowerment and weakness.

Identifying the similarities and differences of vocabulary items in Arabic and Persian in terms of their structures, meanings, and uses in order to predict the problems of Persian-speaking learners of Arabic is very important. The aim of this study is to find out the most important vocabulary items, which are very likely to interfere with students’ language learning. The sample consisted of 17 subjects, and the vocabulary items were chosen based on the judgment of seven professors in state universities. The results of the study indicate that the Arabic words in Persian currently used in the two languages do not have the same meaning. This causes errors for the learners. The study found that the vocabulary items used in Persian are more specialized, while Persian dictionaries mostly include the meanings which are current in Arabic. The study also supports the contrastive analytic hypothesis that the subtle differences between two languages induce language learning difficulties.

Due to the political, religious and social factors in the post-colonial period, Algeria witnessed a violence which claimed the lives of thousands of Algerians. The academics and intellectuals were among the victims who were most frequently targeted by this violence. This experience is reflected in the literary works. They show this nation’ s tragic experience by combining reality and imagination. This article is based on a study of the phenomenon of violence and its manifestations in the intellectual and dialogic discourse of the novel, the Memory of Water by Wasiny Laredj, the contemporary Algerian novelist. In this study, the descriptive-analytical method has been used. The result of the analysis indicates that the violence brought up in this novel are of political, religious, sexual and types in a colonialist context. The disparate reactions of intellectuals to violence is as follows: commitment, opportunity, silence, neutrality or immigration. The occurrence of violence can be noticed from the atmosphere of the novel, its language, and the characters’ ’ memories, and dreams.

This research deals with deletion defamiliarization in Mahmoud Darwish collection Flowers of Almond or beyond, which is characterized as an effective component of synthetic defamiliarization and an aspect of language ability of the poet. The aim is to identify examples of deletion in this collection and evaluate the aesthetic and technical implications. This study investigates two aspects of deletion defamiliarization: one level involves syntactic, rhetorical and phonological issues and the other shapes and appearance. This text if full of visual signs, something which can be called shape or visual defamiliarization and is very common in contemporary poetry and is obtained through typographical techniques which the poet uses. First, issues related to letters and words are considered with an emphasis on the effect of syntagmatic movement on paradigmatic level. So, the messages of the text are conveyed in different styles which are associated with different elements including surprise and fear. Second, issues related to the poet’ s outlook are considered. Omission is employed in a way which contribute to potentiality in that familiar constructions are replaced by more effective ones. One of the most important objectives of this research is an interpretation of the implications of deletion, a device which is used to provide the readers with mysteries from his language, which in turn reveals his inner secrets— something which standard language fails to do. This style of language puts the reader face to face with linguistic and intellectual questions, a task which is the prime mission of modern poetry.

The spatial polarity or dichotomy is a new critical approach in recognizing the contradictions and differences of related place words, which play aesthetic functions in the text either obviously or in hidden manner. Closed spaces, due to the significant role that they play in Arab contemporary poetry, have various functions, such as cognitive-dramatic functions, and can familiarize the readers with the differential effects of the open and close places, spaciousness and confinement, introversion and extraversion, and other contradictions which result from internally and externally induced challenges and influence the quality of the poetic invention, and in turn result in a strong opposition of spatial terms. Mohammad Afifi Matar is a great poet of Egypt, whose poetry revolves around a set of contrasting elements with variable meanings, which by accommodating and capitalizing on place polar terms, incorporates different intrinsic and social issues. This research uses descriptive-analytic method and focuses on the polarity between house and prison in the poetry of Mohammad Afifi Matar. The results of this study show that the poet refers to the function of the house in contrasting ways, such as the confrontation between dream and tragedy, the opposition of its openness and its closed space. On the one hand he wants to digress from the external realities and its frustrating concerns towards the world of good memories, and on the other hand, he arouses the negative feelings of sadness and anxiety associated with house by using its position to the concept of land and defense of the homeland. The poet extends the concept of prison through the polarity of self and community; in the former he emphasizes the intensity of his suffering and psychological pressures, and in the latter on important social issues while he was in prison and before it.