GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2018 | Volume:33 | Issue:3 (130)|Papers Count:14

Introduction and Background Countries partake of different behavioral patterns to provide and reinforce their national security. One of the important issues regarding his type of security is the determination of a security pattern for the public, national, regional, international levels. This pattern stems from various factors, which, not only do they differ for different countries, but also their importance & influence on behavioral patterns of security reinforcement differ. Aims therefor, a long side prioritizing these patterns, it is important to take into considera-tion their importance and weight. Methodology The present research endeavors to analyze and determine the behavioral pattern for security reinforcement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, by using one of the various of multi-attribute decision making methods. Conclusion The results of the research suggest a multi-faceted pattern (collective security) as the most appropriate pattern for security reinforcement in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Introduction and Background There is a relationship between local structures and individual and social actions. These relationships are formed before they are determined. These structures are not entirely objective frameworks. But some of them have merged with subjective characteristics. The studied structures in the Baloch region of Iran organize citizens’ activities within a specific framework. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of local and sustainable structures on Baluch political-social activities in Iran. Aims The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of local and sustainable structures on Baloch political-social activities in Iran. Iranian Baluch has multi-layered local structures that shape these social-political actions. Methodology The method of this research is descriptive-analytic. The research approach is mostly quantitative. The results are based on the logical reasoning of the results from the field study. In order to formulate the socio-political activities of the Baloch region of Iran, socio-political structures were first extracted through documentary and library study. Since the extracted structures did not have the required level of confidence, they were presented to the Baluchist experts in the form of research variables and refined and weighed based on the comments received. After weighing, the most important variables in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire were evaluated and then, after confirming validity and reliability, they were distributed among the target population. Conclusion The results of field studies in the studied variables indicate the effect of these structures on the socio-political activities of Baluchis. Of the local structures, religion and related structures have a greater role. Also the national level plays a lesser role in Baluch social-political activities. Therefore, any kind of planning in relation to the citizens of this part of Iran needs to know about these structures and their sustainable effects on the actions of residents of this part of Iran.

Introduction and Background In recent decades, increasing earth heat lead to the death of thosands of people in the world. This situation cause urban planning meet a major climate change challenges which needs to mitigate its effects. Increasing in population and various related activities in different fields has led to problems such as wave heat throughout the world. In addition, changing the pattern of these changes and their unpredictability has increased in cities, thus concern about reducing and adapting to these hazards in different dimensions lead to pay more attention to urban life and promoting human health. Aims The aim of this paper is to investigate effect of climate change which is caused by heat wave on outdoor thermal comfort in Mashhad city. Methodology Data collection method was based on library studies and also data gathered from meteorological station of Mashhad in the period of 10 years (2017-2007). The analysis method was based on Rayman and Excell software in Mashhad and physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index was the most commonly used index for evaluating outdoor thermal comfort. Conclusion Findings show that climate change and the effects of heat wave in Mashhad in July and August have affected the outdoor thermal comfort, which put human health at more risk in these months. Moreover, studies of outdoor thermal comfort changes in winter in this city shows that warming of these seasons experienced a rapid pace, so that over the past 10 years, outdoor thermal comfort has increased by +1. 4° C in March, this number will reach 1. 1+ in summer and July. Studies show that the summer and spring seasons of Mashhad are entering to the thermal stress range, while its cold seasons are becoming warmer and entering to outdoor thermal comfort range.

Introduction and Background Cultural turn is a collection of intellectual development that from the late 1980s has expanded the scope of geography and it has led to the centering of cultural issues in human geography. There are two types of cultural turn: the first one refers to theorizing about the world, while the second one is more philosophical and abstract. In second type culture is regarded as “ as a way of thinking and knowing” . Aims Considering the importance of cultural turn for the field of political geography, and this fact that this issue has not been touched upon in Persian, the present paper addresses the impacts of cultural turn on the field of political geography. Methodology The present study uses “ analytic-descriptive” approach as it methodology. Due to the nature of the topic, data was collected through library and internet research. The required information was extracted from books and papers and categorized, and then was analyzed qualitatively. Conclusion In political geography affected by culture, “ political” has a meaning beyond the conventional meaning of official politics. In this regard political geography recognizes and represents the mutual effects of cultural “ signs” and “ symbols” on one hand, and “ political acts” on the other. In this regard, in particular, the focus is on “ meaning” and the struggle for meaning and discourse. The result of paper shows that cultural turn has had three main impacts on political geography. The first one is reformulation of the concepts and subjects of political geography from a cultural lens. The second impact is focus on new issues, such as cultural politics, which were not taken into consideration before 1980s. The third effect is attention to culture from the viewpoint of generating knowledge of political geography. In this respect, the social construction of knowledge by social groups in special time-place contexts and cultures is criticized and analyzed. In other words, political geography is evaluated on the basis of the culture of individuals who have generated this knowledge.

Introduction and Background Detection and prediction of changes are necessary for maintenance of an ecosystem particularly in rapidly-changing and often unplanned regions in developing countries. Aims This study predicts the land use changes in catchment area around Bazangan Lake for the year of 2028 with the aim of investigating the development in Bazangan Lake ecosystem based on the observed degradation from 2002 to 2015. Methodology The classification of studied area was carried out based on five categories of irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, rangeland, water zones and residential areas through TM, ETM and OLI sensors and utilization of independent component analysis (ICA) with an overall accuracy of 92. 23% and kappa coefficient of 0. 89% for the years of 1999, 2002 and 2015. Afterwards, the land use changes were predicted by a hybrid model of Markov chain and cellular automata. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were determined in IDRISI software by the help of ERRMAT Module to verify mode. Conclusion According to error matrix, the overall accuracy of performance was 71 percent and kappa coefficient 0. 87 percent which proved Markov chain and cellular automaton (CA-Markov) for predicting the land use classes in upcoming 13 years. According to results, the continued current process of land use changes in this region will change Bazangan Lake area to 12. 81 hectares, the irrigated agriculture land area to 495. 91 hectares, rainfed agriculture land area to 5764. 42 hectares, rangelands to 4592. 15 hectares, and residential land area to 94. 74 hectares in the next 13 years.

Introduction and Background The national power of each country is rooted in a number of sources, which together form and interconnect the power of a country. Although, each dimension and component of national power has a separate and significant role in national power production, it seems that among the dimensions and components of national power, component of science and technology has a leading role. Accordingly, component of science and technology has a great influence in strengthening other dimensions of power, in addition to its significant and independent function. Aims The aim of this paper is to analyse the position of science and technology in national power. This research aims to find out the impact and role of science and technology on other dimensions of national power like economic, political, and military dimensions. Methodology This research is designed based on neoliberalism paradigm and secondary analysis methodology and also gathering opinions of domestic and foreign experts for purpose of constructing questionnaire. Conclusion Findings shows that science and technology as an influential factor has a significant role in strengthening economic, military, political, cultural, geographical and social dimensions of power. Findings of fieldwork also show that science and technology component has a great influence on economic, military, political, cultural, social and geographical power respectively

Introduction and Background: Precipitation is the most important parameter affecting various aspects of social, economic and natural resources. A study of future changes in rainfall is possible through the prediction of climate models. Aims: In the present study, future changes in the rainfall of the southern coasts were investigated for proper planning in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Methodology: The future precipitation of selected stations in the southern shores of the Caspian Sea using the LARS-WG model and observations of precipitation data during the base period and using climatic fluctuations derived from the HadCM3 general circulation model under the scenarios A2, B1 and A1B during the period was modeled in the period between 2011-2039. Conclusion: Results showed that simulated rainfall has a high correlation with observational precipitation in the base period. Based on the MBE and MAE criteria, the error rates obtained for simulated precipitation during the base period are high in the fall season. According to the results, the model of rainfall changes in southern shores in the following period was drawn using scenarios A2, B1 and A1B, according to which the rainfall will increase in all stations of the region. The percentage of precipitation increase in stations Anzali, Astara, Babolsar, Gorgan, Noshahr, Ramsar and Rasht based on scenario A2 will 0. 3, 7. 9, 2. 2, 1. 4, 8. 7, 0. 8, 7. 6%, and based on the A1B scenario, 9. 3%, 12. 12%, 12. 4%, 4. 7%, 13. 9%, respectively and based on the B1 scenario will be 8. 7, 9. 7, 6, 5/11, 7/3, 3/5, 6/13 percent.

Introduction and Background The growth of cities and the increase in the population and the diverse use of urban lands have caused problems for urban communities. One of these is the phenomenon of heat islands, which is the result of an unusual temperature increase of the city relative to the surrounding countryside. Aims This research tries to achieve a general view on the heat island mechanism, air temperature changes and urban temperature changes in parts of Hamadan city by using TIRS (Landsat 8 satellite images) and comparing it with actual ground level data by statistical methods. Methodology The temperature difference of different points from satellite images based on the spectral radiance method and the degree of gray value of pixels in the thermal bond was made using the photo of the Planck equation. Based on the relationship between real data on ground surface temperature at the meteorological station and data extracted from satellite images, according to different regression models, the highest determination coefficient was obtained for three linear, quadratic and cubic correlation methods. Among them, the cubic regression method with the least error was meaningful at 95% confidence level. Conclusion The high explanatory factor (70% and above) indicates that there is an acceptable coordination between satellite image information and weather station information. The maximum difference between the data taken with the actual ground station data is related to the blanket and minimum temperature of 5. 5 and the minimum difference of the green area is 0. 5° C. The difference in temperature in different parts of the city is more closely related to the minimum temperature. While the temperature difference in areas covered by green space in Hamadan city with real data is higher at maximum temperature. The results showed that the Hamadan heat islands have a direct relationship with the construction and land use. The temperature changes in different parts of the city of Hamedan are indicative of the creation of heat islands in the non-used building and ground areas. The results of this research can be applied in the management and urban planning and land use of Hamedan.

Introduction and Background Everything in urban space affects the beauty, lifestyle, culture, habits and behaviors of citizens and ultimately affects the city’ s identity. One of the main elements that plays in different ways in urban space is environmental advertising. Advertising is the most effective way of delivering cultural and business messages to audiences. All types of advertising in the open space, whether urban or suburban, are environmental advertisements. Such adver-tisements are displayed in different parts of the city in various ways such as wall paintings, billboards, urban furniture, portables, buses, subway and courtyard corners, street floor, optical and laser stands and stands everywhere in the city. It seems that urban spaces have been hit by environmental advertising. This has led the city to face more and more challenges. Aims The purpose of this study was to identify the damage caused by environmental advertising management in Tehran. Methodology The present study was conducted using qualitative method and thematic analysis. This analysis involves a continuous sweep between the data set and the set of coding and analyzing the data that was created. The theme is a duplicate and distinctive feature of the text which, according to the researcher, reflects a special understanding and experience in relation to research questions. Data were collected using a library and interview method. The sample consists of 34 experts, managers and experts related to environmental advertising; these interviews continued until the data collection was saturated. To select the interviewees, first the targeted-sampling and then the snowball sampling method was used and the MAXQDA software was utilised to analyze the interviews and plotting the content network model. Conclusion Findings and research results in 8 main themes: management pathology, socio-cultural pathology, psychological pathology, legal pathology, economic pathology, aesthetic pathology, environmental pathology and infra-structure pathology has been organized.

Introduction and Background Atmospheric pollutants are elements whose high concentrations cause damage to the Earth’ s biological cycles, and its concentration is usually determined by concentrations of air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and suspended particles. Air pollutants have changed the composition of air and affect the air quality of local, regional and global climate. Air quality is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, topography, automobiles and industries, transportation system and the type and amount of pollutants. Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of climate elements on the quality and pollution of Tehran metropolitan air. Methodology The research method is quantitative-analytical and the data also includes selected meteorological parameters and air pollution in Tehran. The path analysis method was used to study the effects of climate elements on air quality in Tehran metropolis. This method investigates the causal relations of direct and indirect effects and the total effect of each of the independent variables on dependent variables which is Tehran air quality and interprets the relationships and correlations observed between them. In the process of analyzing the path, a theoretical diagram based on the possible effects of variables relative to each other wll be considered as the initial assumption, and then after the path analysis, variables affecting the final graph of the path are specified and interpreted. Conclusion The results of the research have shown that, given the wide and important performance of meteorological data in this study, we must consider the meteorological factor as a decisive parameter that has great control over many other factors affecting the air quality of Tehran. This factor has played a significant role in both direct and indirect effects on Tehran’ s air quality.

Introduction and Background Geomorphic quantitative indices are useful for identifying specific features of a particular region, especially in tectonic studies. One of these indicators is the hypsometric curves (hypersometry) and the hypersonic integral which is used to indicate the potential of the regions in terms of tectonic activity in order to assess the areas under erosion and sedimentation of drainage areas. Aims The aim of this study investigates the physical characteristics of the catchment areas of the Makran coastline in terms of their erosion characteristics and sedimentation using non-dimensional hypsometric curves. Methodology In this study, for extraction of the network of streams and their ranking, a digital elevation model of the region with Resolution of 10 meters was ranked according to the Australian method. In the Python programming environment, it was coded to calculate the values of tables and plot the dimensionless hypersonic curves for analyzing the erosion state And sedimen-tation in the entire surface of the watershed of Makran coastal areas as well as drainage basins. Conclusion Measuring the Hypsometric Curve Index shows that they are balanced in the main basin of geomorphologic processes. Considering the values of the table and drawing of the hypsometric curve of the whole area of the region, it shows a balanced expansion of plain and altitude. But calculating the hypsometric curve and integral in the sub-basins of the study area shows that the northern part of the sub-basins, tectonic processes are superior to erosion processes. If in the southern sub-basins, erosion processes take precedence over tectonic processes or geomorphologic processes act in a bal-anced manner. With the influence of geological parameters and the creation of tectonic anomalies, the land will be changed and erosion in the basins will be changed. The total thickness of the drainage basin is 20%.

Introduction and Background The development of urbanization and the transformation of rural areas into cities are accompanied by land use changes and pressure on natural systems. One of the natural systems is the rivers that are affected by human activities in urban areas. Aims The purpose of this study is simulation and estimation of the variations of geohydro-logical parameters including surface runoff, river discharge, permeability and evapotranspiration. Methodology his research has been conducted using the semi-distributed SWAT model in the last two decades of the past twenty years (1998) and present (2018) in the catchment area of Darband. In this study, the SUFI2 algorithm was used to calibrate the model. Conclusion The results of the research show that after optimizing the parameters used in SWAT-CUP, the value of Nash-Sutcliff (NS) and R2 coefficient of year 1998 in the calibration stage is equal to 0. 34 and 0. 43, respectively, for the validation period, the coefficient value Nash-Sutcliff and the coefficient of determination are respectively 30/0 and 39/0 respectively. Also, the SWAT-CUP model was studied and evaluated in the current situation of Darband-Golad-Dare Basin for 2018. The results of observational and simulated hydrographs are presented and the performance evaluation values of the model are presented below. The value of nisoscatheff (NS) and coefficient of determination (R2) were estimated to be 0. 31 and 0. 46 during the calibration period, 0. 33 and 0. 39, respectively, during the validation period. According to the results of the performance evaluation, the model based on Nash-Thaw (NS) coefficient and determination coefficient (R2) shows the ability of the swat model to simulate the runoff of the basin. Similarly, the simulation results show that changes in the range of the study area caused a change in CN values, runoff and evapotranspiration at the user level over a period of 20 years.

Introduction and Background The complications and problems of urban areas worn out are multifaceted and multidimensional in nature, and in each case they occur in a particular way. The decline in social and economic status, and the functional and physical dislocation of these tissues, together with the very severe deterioration in the quality of the urban environment, are among the reasons why policymakers and urban planners are required to provide management strategies and solutions in the face of related problems and challenges. One of these new approaches is the regeneration approach within the framework of urban governance. Aims The purpose of this study is to assess the urban governance status in the process of rehabilitating urban environment of the 12th district of Tehran. This paper attempts to answer the question of how is the status of indexes dominated by the urban depreciated texture and also to evaluate the influence of governance on urban regeneration of urban old texture. Methodology TResearch method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose, is developmental. The unit of analysis is considered the head of household. The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula which is 383 people. To define the sample, random sampling was used at district level according to the number of inhabitants. Library and field methods have been used to collect the required information. A questionnaire was used to collect field information. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Conclusion Results show that among the indicators of urban governance, the index of justice and effectiveness and efficiency are the most, and the indicators of accountability and strategic insight have the lowest rank. In general, urban governance indicators in the 12th municipality district of Tehran are at a lower than average level. Also, governance is affected more from physical, economic and social indicators comparing to cultural and environmental indicators.

Introduction and Background The model of core-periphery is evidence of unequal relationships between societies, regions, classes, and different social strata that are very effective in shaping the behavior of actors. This issue is noticeable in areas such as Mamasani County that social structure has a tribal nature. So that in each tribe, some of the populous ancestry and villages are able to influence other geographic areas around them in social and political spheres. In the Mamasani constituency, the electoral behavior of residents in the context of the geographical environment, spatial and kinship feelings, due to the role of the major geographical cores (wheels) and peripheral affiliates (blacks), can trigger emotional behavior in political choices. In this regard, the role creating a model of the core of the periphery in the political sphere, such as the parliamentary elections, affects the participatory model of the inhabitants of this city, and the field of the formation and construction of the Pratori Society Aims The present study is based on the assumption that there is a significant relationship between the center of periphery and tribalism, and this structure is important through the geographical area and the division of the areas under the control of the clans into the most important and important part of the old times, and their division of labor, especially during the election in the current era, while creating a labor society, it leads to an increase in tribal tendencies in social and political arenas. Methodology The research method has a descriptive-analytical nature and the required data are collected through library, documentary and field studies (observation). Conclusion The findings of the research showed that some of the urban regions and high-impact villages (as centers) effect the patterns of behavior of residents of other peripheral regions and the ability to shape emotional behavior in the pratori community, finally, tribalism in the social and political arenas.