ARABIC LANGUAGE & LITERATURE
Year:2021 | Volume:16 | Issue:4|Papers Count:7

Undoubtedly, exquisite rhetoric and verse in Quran is one of the most obvious and remarkable miraculous aspects. The “ Apostrophe” style is a kind of the Holy Quran’ s miraculous rhetoric by which the base of miracle is formed. So, the “ Apostrophe” is a kind of deviations, with lots of rhetorical concepts and mysteries, used variously and extensively. Therefore, a translator should be careful about its translations in order to give the cohesion text continuously. What takes evident is that some parts of concepts are normally lost during the translation. So, the translator should remunerate the conceptual weakness within the different parts of the text anyway. On other hand, if a translator cannot find the convenient equivalent of translation of a phrase or literary figurative, it would be better for him/her to apply the “ Compensation” method. Then, it sounds that to use the “ Compensation” method will be useful one during the translation of rhetorical consideration because it makes clear the Persian structure and context differently. More importantly here, three selective translators applied the Compensation method within the translation of apostrophes of Hajj Surah but in a few cases so that their translations are close to literal ones which make ambiguity and dissociation in the meaning and the readers’ minds respectively. Although, Fouladvand’ s translation is equivalence and Khorramshahi’ s, contextual, they ignored the rhetorical concepts of apostrophe. So, we are going to study the different kinds of consideration within Hajj Surah and its translation quality (Fouladvand’ s, Khorramshahi’ s and Mohaddes Dehlavi’ s) as an analytic-contrastive method statistically.

Today in literary criticism, Critical realism as a literary school, which seeks to reflect the characteristics of human beings and social conditions as they appear in social life, has a special place in fictional literature. Miral al-Tahawi, a powerful storyteller, and Keyvan Arzaghi, one of the emerging novelists of the last decade, have explained the realities of their society especially the phenomenon of immigration in their two novels "Brooklyn Heights" and "Noah Land". A-Tahaawi and Arzaghi, in their novels, speak of two different worlds and the problems of immigrants in both lands and depict socioeconomic conditions and cultural differences in both eastern and western societies. Considering the necessity to address the phenomenon of migration and its apparent and hidden negative impacts on the communities from which it immigrates, this study uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the comparative study of two novels in the field of social, cultural and economic subject and the challenges that immigrants face. Results show that both works have many similarities in terms of subject and characters, having focused more on cultural differences than other subjects and having highlighted the problems of immigrants from both lands. Besides focusing on illustrating the impact of economic issues on migration, Arzaghi has concentrated more on portraying the wandering state between tradition and modernity and Tahawi has concentrated on expressing the problems of immigrants, especially the suffering of immigrant women in the West. Thus, both novels provide a critical image of social reality that meets the criteria of critical realism.

The stylistic study is a modern and influential approach that emerged following the linguistic developments of recent centuries and took the basic building blocks of linguistics and mixed with its various new currents to delve deeper into the texts. Stylistics is based on the analysis of the phenomena of the text according to the familiar levels, for the whole. On the other hand, committed literature as an important branch of literature, gives poetry high goals that affect the recipient as well as the community through the dissemination of ideas and philosophies; thought has an important role in the selection of textual phenomena of the most important branches of committed literature, the desired literary texts in love Ahl al-Bayt, especially the love of Imam Hussein (p), which has been interested in poets since the earliest ages to date, including these committed poets Abu Dahbal Jamahi, the great Umayyad poet who sang a poem in the lament of the Imam Hussein (p) and chose it because of the era of Imam Hussein (p) as He was one of the first poets who inherited the mother M (p). In this regard, we conducted a stylistic analysis in the lament of Imam Hussein (AS) and how his personality reflected in this poem according to its four levels (rhythmic, morphological, grammatical, and semantic). Our study shows that the poet was so interested in the musical element that it gives it the essential role in generating the general atmosphere and creating photography, as well as choosing from morphological elements and grammatical structures that suit the memorial and inspiration of the epic space.

Among the important topics in linguistic research are two elements of the literally and meaning. Critics, translators, or interpreters are facing with fundamental challenges related to the literally and meaning about examine any text that has many semantic hints and delicacies. So sometimes he doesn't know that which of these elements to priority and know the authenticity with it. Because in many cases, it is the text literally that actually identifies the meaning or layers of meaning. And perhaps with the rhetorical and other rhetorical, semantic, phonetic, morphological and syntactic structures cannot be reflected the same. Semantic dimensions of the text. However, some scholars have prioritized one of these two important linguistic elements over the other. The present study aimed to investigate the linguistic validity of the rhetoric and semantics and the relationship between these two components in the texts by descriptive-analytical method. After the critiquing of the views, describe the way and levels of the relationship that exists between these two key features. The research results show that whereas the literal meaning of Literally is contracted between the intended audiences of a language, there is a kind of cohesive, interconnected relationship between the Literally and some semantic layers in the texts that it has been used for messaging. It was literary value and Prevents from criticizing, which translating or interpreting the meanings of such texts without regard to their rhetoric and initial meanings. The convention of a language is to describe a literally in a sense given its formal, functional, genitive characteristics is the meaning or results it could be have.

Dictation is one of the most important writing skills in communicating; therefore, its training is essential to eliminate errors in linguistic communication. Accordingly, strengthening this skill should be considered in preparing the appropriate content for the educational courses. This study reflects on the past compilations on dictation skills and attempts to examine the content of Adab-al-Katib written by Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari (213-267AH). Part of the book, entitled "Taqwim-al-Yad" in 46 sections, teaches those scribers and writers who had a poor ability to write words such as “ Hamza” and “ Alef” . The present study aims to study two cases, based on descriptive method and content analysis (qualitative and quantitative method): The author's method of presenting content in three stages (categorization, dictation at the morphological-syntactic level, defining the rule and dictation error) and his method of checking the dictation errors. The results of the research indicate that the errors are in two parts: dictation of letters in verbs and nouns and dictation of names. According to graphs and statistical data, 59% of the educational content is dedicated to dictation of letters and 41% is dedicated to dictation of names. Among the writing principles, dictation of "Alef" had the most attention with 39%. The organization of the content under investigation has its positive and negative points, including failure in the observance of subject-alignment in content-segmentation. These data indicate the special attention of applied linguists to dictation skills in old times, as if they represent their innovative educational achievements as a significant advancement in the development of language skills for specific purposes, which makes us to follow their pattern, as a precious legacy.

There are similar contents in the poems of some poets because they share social and personal features in common. Qasidas Al-Mesa and Al-Atlal are two notorious contemporary Arabic lyrics with multiple jointly shared stylistic and romantic features such as gloriousness, grief, and more. Despite independence in the way of structuring, but these two Qasidas are tied because of thematic and spiritual features shared jointly by both poets. For instance, the two poets were innovative and worked on ancient costumes. This descriptive-analytical investigation attempts to, eloquently and artistically, reveal thematic and semantic features similar in these two works through a comparative stylistic approach. The results indicate artistic, eloquent, and semantic features that are common between the two Qasidas and appear in grief, repine of separation, spiritual praying, and more.

Nations throughout the epochs and ages depend on languages by which they express their living reality in full freedom and fluency, and what they face through different situations in their daily life. Obviously, this is done by expression, orally or by writing. Since the oral expression is older than the written expression, what is noticed is that members of one community must use oral expression as a means of expressing what comes up with their being and mind of feelings, thoughts, etc. This research aims to discover the effectiveness of communicative activities in teaching the intermediate level curriculum of conversation or verbal expression. Conducting the proposed programs will lead to raising the deficiencies of the teaching methods and reforming the curriculum of the conversation subject (in its second or intermediate stage) for Bachelor of Arabic Language students in Iranian universities. The necessity of the research lies in drawing the attention of those involved in the formation of Arabic language curricula in general and the conversation curriculum in particular, focusing on the use of modern teaching methods and removing obstacles by developing conversation processes and activities among students. Therefore, the current study relied on the semi-experimental approach, because it achieves the objectives of this study, which is the knowing of the differences between the two experimental and experimental groups. The first group (the control) will be taught according to the chat activities and processes presented in the students textbook, without any change. As for the second (experimental) group, it is taught, with proposed activities, which is to talk about individual memories, a specific movie story, a certain personal life or a story of a particular book. These classes will take an entire semester period. Finally, another test is conducted for the two groups, after which the results will be analyzed to know the effectiveness of the proposed approach and achieving of the research goal. The results of the research point to the role of classroom activities of fictional expression and its effect on developing the skill of the experimental group for the oral expression.