IRANIAN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
Year:2021 | Volume:12 | Issue:1|Papers Count:17

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Henri Lefebvre’ s theory of production of space has been one of the most influential theories in spatial studies that deals with the relationship between the mentality of urban residents and urban space. The triad of spatial practice, representations of space and representational spaces, which have been discussed in that theory, have proven to be problematic due to its failure of explanation of the way that semeiotical significations in a representational space lead to the creation of meanings in the mind. In addition, it is not precise from the perspective of the cognitive psychology. The objective of present essay is the criticism of Lefebvre’ s triad and explanation of the process of thought and representation in mind by means of Vygotskian School in cognitive psychology and application of the mental schema model. By criticism of Lefebvre’ s theory and revelation of its deficiencies and finally, by the use of model of mental schema, the following question is answered: How is urban space created in relation to consciousness and mentality of its residents? METHODS: The methodology of current essay is based on two general methodological approach: system approach in epistemology and structurationist ontology; with emphasize on becoming, which is dialectic. Thus, it is emphasized that there is something beyond the mere expression of the mutual relationship between structure and culture, environment and psyche of man and it is that social and spatial phenomena should be studied in the course of their evolution, maturation and fall in history; this is indeed the method of dialectic. Although Lefebvre’ s method from the perspective of its three moments helps us to avoid the absolute and one-sided encounter with spatial issues, it is still problematic and subject to criticism that how representational spaces influence human psyche and mind through the process of semiotical significations as well as the adi of physical objects that contain meanings (whether in line with political and social resistance or in line with the regeneration of the dominant way of production through systematization of space and exertion of hegemony over the space). FINDINGS: This criticism took place through the encounter of the ideas of Lefebvre with the ideas of Vygotsky and Bakhtin and expression of the role of mental schema in understanding of meanings and interpretation of the inputs and their externalization. Firstly, Vygotsky in his discussion as regards inner speech showed that on the one hand, there is a distance between the meaning of a word and its sense. On the other hand, he proved that there is a difference between the scientific concepts and everyday concepts, which in turn reminds us the Hegelian difference of “ In-itself” and “ For-Itself. In addition, scientific concepts, which are the result of education, surpass the everyday concepts in mental analyses. Secondly, according to Bakhtin’ s theory, process of thought has a dialogic nature, and in the word of every individual, there is always a trace of “ otherness” . This issue leads us towards understanding the role of social groups in individual consciousness. Thirdly, mental schema, which are the dynamic element of individual consciousness and have a propositional nature change following the creation of question and search for answer. Following the change of the mental schema, if the individual finds the opportunity for institutionalization and popularization of his own idea, the culture would change too. Then, culture can be defined through the change in mental schema. On the other hand, problem of cognitive distortion is also related with the concept of exertion of hegemony and false consciousness, which can be discussed in the form of the intentional manipulation of the mental schema. Through these three theoretical foundations, one can conclude: 1) consciousness acts by means of the concepts that build mental schema; 2)since reality is changing, concepts also change in the course of time, and change in concepts and their relations through raising a question, findings answer, training and institutionalization leads to the change of mental schema; 3)individual consciousness has a collective structure, i. e. it is influenced by social groups which host the individual as their member; 4) factors of hegemony succeed to control cultural space and lived space thanks to cognitive distortion. Definition of culture through model of mental schema causes the mode of production and change of space to be clarified without being entangled with the cognitive deficiencies of Lefebvre’ s cognitive theory. In an analysis that was proposed of the everyday concepts and scientific notions, it became clear that perceptions and ideas that take place due to the semiotical metaphors and significations within lived space and through spatial representations of Lefebvre are mere everyday concepts. Therefore, they do not have the logical structure of scientific concepts and even if the end of the concatenation of associations leads to similar action, since they have led to that action with an inferential method and by means of different notions and interrelations between them in the form of mental schema, soon or later, the difference and contradiction of them will be revealed. Therefore, Lefebvre’ s political project, i. e. the ideal society that will be realized through resistance of different groups like oppressed, underclasses, ethnic groups, gender groups and other before the capitalist system, is more a poetic notion than a scientific analysis of the mental conditions of those groups. CONCLUSION: The results acquired through findings and discussions show that semiotical significations in lived space not in a poetic form that is hidden in Lefebvre’ s expression rather through the role that concepts and the relations between them are established between them in the form of schemata in mind. Moreover, study of formation and change of space requires the study of the evolutionary schemata of intentional and active man whose consciousness has taken form by mediation of the semiotical systems and tools and of course, changes in the course of time. Since the consciousness of every individual is influenced by the social group to which the individual belongs, the mental schemata of social groups regarding a determinate space should be studied.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: One of the main problems in contemporary Iranian architecture is the loss of identity and its related factors, such as a sense of attachment to the place due to neglecting the semiotic aspects of architectural reading and design in instruction ideation. The design meaning and indicators are effective in creating identity, beauty, and pleasure in architectural work via giving rise to an internal perception of space. Semiotics provide the most important meaning factors and can effectively upgrade the sense of place for a better relationship between architecture and users. Using the principles of semiotics is one of the best solutions to investigate how meaning is granted to space. As the most distinct semantic factors in creating mental associations via relying on the concept of implication, symbols can effectively enhance the sense of place in relation to the audience. Thus, using semiotics from the perspective of the designer’ s relationship with the audience in instructing design can be a step towards granting meaning to space and creating a sense of place for the users. However, the imitation and copying of samples result in a lack of identity and social culture. Ideation is one of the most seminal and most important parts of the design instruction process. Therefore, the negligence of the meaning in the design process can also affect the ideation process because the final design is the representation and reflection of the ideas. The ideas mentioned in the literature review, including “ patterns of design, ” ‘ sign, ” and effective factors on readability, ” show that previous researches have neglected the semiotic approach in ideation. Therefore, there is a need for a semiotic approach. In this study, the first research question is: “ what are the effective factors in the creation of ideation process” and the second question is: “ How is the relationship between the effective factors in design instruction process based on semiotics. ” The factors of ‘ human, ’ ‘ time’ and ‘ place’ that are effective on mental images should be considered when semiotic is used. This research aims to correct the design instruction process in ideation levels using semiotics by emphasizing the users’ perception. Method: The qualitative and quantitative research methods, path analysis, factor analysis, and modeling have been used in this research. The quantitive research method can be defined in two phases. In the first phase, the "cross-sectional survey" is used for exploring the user community, and the correlation method is used in the second phase. The survey study method begins without any presumption. In this article, the opinions of a group of architecture students and their professors on the research subject have been collected in the form of a questionnaire, and at the end, based on this information, concepts and effective variables are identified, and factor analysis is performed. The second phase of the research begins with the assumption obtained from the survey. This study is of descriptive-analytical type in terms of the method because, because in addition to showing the facts, the reasons for the problems are also explained. Finding: According to the findings, "the research-oriented analysis" directly influences the dependent variable. Moreover, the "aesthetic aspects" that act as the intermediary variable are influenced by the "research-oriented analysis" because the aesthetic aspects differ based on the social-cultural background. Thus, it is necessary to recognize the aesthetic aspects of the context's social culture through research-oriented analysis in the instruction process. On the other hand, it influences other factors such as "ideation" and "collective reading-oriented evaluation of the signs". Another intermediary variable that influences the dependent variable based on the model is the aesthetical aspect. One of the factors influencing the reading and perception of the signs is the psychological issues. Since the reading and perception of users are the main parts of semiotics, "the collective reading-oriented evaluation of signs" also plays as another intermediary variable in the formation of the model. This could increase the audience's satisfaction since their needs are met. Also, the design idea is presented for the audience's collective evaluation, and the model forms the "research-oriented analysis" in case of dissatisfaction. That is because dissatisfaction with an idea shows inadequacy and/or imprecision in the identification of the context and the semiotic researches. Hence, the ideation is repeated until the audience's satisfaction is achieved in the evaluation stage. Conclusion: The results show that "research-oriented analysis", "aesthetic aspects", "psychologists aspects", and "collective perception-based evaluation of signs" are the effective factors in the creation of the ideation process. The proposed model is introducing a cycle that concentrates on the evaluation of user's perceptions by signs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent decades, the study of spatial planning in general and “ spatial structure” in particular has taken a special position in international references. The review of related theoretical texts published in recent decades shows great changes in this area. Most of the research has reviewed and scrutinized the spatial structure in the theoretical literature and international empirical research (Parr, 2013; Meijers, 2005; Davoodi, 2003; Guillain et al., 2006; Cao, 2016; Gebhardt, 2016; Goletz, 2016). In national references, new concepts and foundations have been explored in the field of spatial structure in particular and spatial planning in general. On the one hand, the diversity and variety of research conducted in this field in national references, the contradictory results obtained from some of the research, and the lack of a single finding may imply the uselessness of the conducted research and the waste of time and money. On the other hand, the results confuse some scientific societies and theorists, policymakers, planners, and decision-makers. Therefore, a meta-study approach is used to remove such conditions in research methods and their revision process. By using a meta-study, the present study aims to review the national research in the field of spatial structure to identify and examine theoretical and scientific gaps and address the strengths of research. Finally, by combining and summarizing the studies on spatial structure, the theoretical frameworks of reviewed studies are explained. METHODS: The present research is a developmental-applied study in terms of objective and includes quantitative and qualitative aspects in terms of type and nature of data. According to the characteristics of the research topic, this study is descriptive-analytical research carried out using a meta-study research method. F INDINGS: The content analysis of the reviewed studies showed that in these studies, four approaches had been applied to analyze the spatial structure. They include hierarchical, systemic, relational-synergistic, and contextual approaches. There are also three perspectives on “ spatial structure” . The origin of these perspectives is rooted in the areas addressed in the theoretical foundations of studies. In studies on topics such as “ monocentric, polycentric and scattered patterns” , the perspective on “ spatial structure patterns” was applied to analyze the spatial structure. In studies on topics such as “ centralized, decentralized, scattered, compact, random, sprawl, fragmented and leapfrog patterns” , the perspective on “ spatial structure development patterns” was applied. Those articles focusing on topics such as “ linear, island, cluster, symmetrical, correlated, radial, sector, complex, porous patterns” have analyzed the spatial structure using the perspective on “ form patterns of spatial structure. ” Moreover, the analysis of studies showed that the confusion of topics and concepts has taken place in the field of spatial structure. In many studies, the concepts of spatial growth patterns and spatial form patterns have been used instead of spatial structure patterns, indicating a misunderstanding of key concepts in the field of spatial structure. The analysis of studies also showed that various factors and driving forces-internal factors including “ backgrounds and contexts, economic, demographic, social dimensions and infrastructure” and external factors and drivers of development including “ government policies and decisions-spatial planning policies, globalization-global processes and economic rivalries”-influence the formation and change of the spatial structure of cities and regions. CONCLUSION: In the general review, it can be stated that the study of the spatial structure has become an important issue in Iran only in the last two decades. About 80% of these studies have been conducted in less than a decade, indicating the emergence of this concept in the spatial planning system of Iran. On the other hand, 87% of the studies have an applied-developmental nature, and only 13% have addressed basic concepts, indicating the poor scientific development of this concept in applieddevelopmental studies. Among the effects of this shortcoming, one can mention the lowquality and inadequacy of the theoretical foundations presented in the studies, which was observed in 42% of the reviewed studies, according to the present study results. Only 34% of the studies were evaluated well in terms of theoretical foundations. Some significant weaknesses identified in the qualitative evaluation of studies include less use of up-todate and reliable references, the lack of proper coherence between the objectives and research questions and theoretical foundations, and improper use of theoretical concepts and foundations. There is also a particular weakness in focusing on the approaches. There is a lack of knowledge in the reviewed studies, and most of them have expressed related approaches and theories without having any theoretical knowledge. On the other hand, more than 65% of the studies have relied on a morphological approach rather than land use, functional, and combined approaches. Therefore, in future research, it is required to pay more attention to the development of theoretical and approach concepts, structures, and frameworks and analytical approaches to the spatial structure to fix existing gaps. Also, in the analysis of geographical distribution, it was found that most of the studies focused on Tehran metropolitan area and Tehran metropolis and other geographical areas have been less studied, indicating a weak balance in exploring the different geographical areas of Iran. Of the four spatial scales, 54% of studies were performed at urban and metropolitan scales, and researchers have less considered other spatial scales.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This research proves the need to modify and develop the design of hospitals to play a perceptible role in treating and accelerating the recovery of patients. Many investigations on the influences of nature on health reveal that the relationship with nature in built environment has a noteworthy effect on the treatment and reduction of the recovery time of patients. One of the solutions suggested in this field is biophilic approach in architectural design, which has been offered by Kellert and states that humans require linking with nature in the man-made environment to preserve and promote their health and well-being. Hence, it is supposed that employing the principles of biophilic design in hospitals influences treatment and recovery time. In the study procedure of this paper, two questions were answered; Are biophilic design approaches efficient for therapeutic spaces to be healing? and What are the practical approaches for efficient biophilic design in health care spaces? METHODS: In this study, according to the purpose, the research method is applied, and the study method is descriptive-analytical. First, literature related to biophilic design and health were analyzed and reviewed with a systematic review technique. Then, the most relevant papers in the field of nature and health were selected, and theories and eatures of health influenced by the association with nature were presented. FINDINGS: Connection with nature influences the physical, psychological (mental and emotional), social, and spiritual dimensions of health. The most significant theories in this field are stress reduction theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART). According to stress reduction theory, the amount of stress decreases subconsciously and spontaneously in people facing nature and being in nature, and as stress is the reason or many diseases and abnormalities, it plays a starring role in people's health, especially emotional health. Attention restoration theory reveals the ability to link with nature in subconsciously renewing and restoring attention by promoting cognitive function, which improves individuals’ productivity and mental ability, and has positive impact on the mental health of individuals and on diseases related to this field such as Autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Obesity, Schizophrenia, Blood pressure, Hyperactivity (ADHD) in children, etc. In the continuation of the research, 14 biophilic design patterns in 5 hospitals, Ö stra Hospital in Sweden, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore, Ng Teng Fong Jurong Hospital in Singapore, Dell Children Hospital in Austin Texas, and The Royal Children Hospital in Melbourne Australia, are compared and assessed in 3 levels of the general aspects of building and its site plan, building organization and planning, and finally interior design of patients' rooms. CONCLUSION: As a result, according to the evidence-based results, the design model of the biophilic hospital and the most practical biophilic design approaches in each of the hospital wards were obtained for the use of the design community and to improve the healing quality of the therapeutic spaces. Based on the recommended model, in the eight main internal wards of the hospital including hospitalization, intensive care, medical emergency, surgery, medical diagnostic laboratories, clinics, waiting area of patient companions and services, due to high stress and overcrowding, as well as no need to comply with certain health standards associated with other spaces, the waiting space of patient companions have the greatest potential to apply biophilic strategies. In fact, 12 of the 14 patterns of biophilic design can be applied in this area, and meaningfully can decrease anxiety and stress, increase social interactions, satisfaction, and peace of individuals. Hospitalization rooms can accelerate patients recovery and treatment time by applying 8 biophilic design patterns included patterns number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 11. Surgery, intensive care and emergency areas should obey some special design standards, so only some biophilic design patterns such as; visual connection with nature, dynamic and diffused light and material connection to nature, are compatible with these zones design. Also, in general level using different courtyards and view to nature are the main design principles in architectural planning of biophilic hospitals, and in interior level view of nature, presence of natural light, natural air and natural materials are the most practical strategies in biophilic rooms of healthcare spaces. Nevertheless, empirical and practical assessment of the influence of biophilic patterns and their continuous development is still required.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The accurate prediction of the visual comfort zone in an indoor environment is difficult as it depends on so many parameters such as individual and environmental variables. It is important in large compact urban areas in which the density and shadow from neighboring buildings can limit the accessible daylighting in indoor spaces. Lighting is one of the most important environmental parameters in office spaces. The employees spend most of their hours in office spaces during the day, and most of their activities are based on receiving visual information from the surroundings. Besides, being satisfied with lighting conditions is one of the main elements that significantly affects the environment’ s overall comfort level. Currently, in Iran, the visual comfort zone and the preferred illumination level are not defined for office spaces, and experts refer to the findings achieved in other countries. To assess the lighting in architectural spaces and define the conditions for conformity in many standards, the authors have used some metrics as the physical measures. Generally, there are static and dynamic metrics to evaluate various aspects of daylight. Static metrics, such as illuminancebased daylighting metrics and Daylight Factor (DF), are typically evaluated based on illuminance and have been used in building regulations for a long time. In most standards and codes, the minimum recommended illumination level for working planes in a regular office is 500 lx. Due to climatic and cultural differences, the findings of other countries may not be appropriate for Iran. On the other hand, many studies have been conducted to find an acceptable lighting level in offices; however, the results show the acceptable range for illuminance in different countries is not the same. So, this paper tries to investigate the satisfaction range with the illumination level in office spaces which architects and researchers could use. Therefore, a field measurement was conducted to evaluate the illumination levels, and to examine the effect of lighting conditions on employee level of satisfaction and perception of lighting level with actual illuminance levels in office spaces in Tehran, using both questionnaire and physical illuminance measurements. METHODS: The focus is on six office buildings in the metropolis of Tehran, Iran. The buildings were selected to consider different spaces in old and new buildings, one-story and high-rise buildings, open plan, and cubicle offices with varying orientations. The selected rooms were one, two-or multi-user offices, located on different floors, with various window orientations and an optional atrium/outside window. Fluorescent interior artificial lighting was used in all spaces with a color temperature between 4000K and 5000K. The survey involved 509 questionnaires (280 were filled out in summer and 229 in winter). FINDINGS: Most of the participants have spent at least three months in their offices and have been adapted to the environment. All participants were Iranians (to avoid the impact of occupants’ culture on lighting perception). Most of them reported that they spend more than 8 hours or between 6 to 8 hours in their offices during the day. Field measurement includes illuminance, temperature, and relative humidity. The questionnaires were filled out in 146 and 109 rooms in summer and winter, respectively. At the same time, while users completed the questionnaire, the physical parameters were measured. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was applied for quantitative variables. By using a monotonic function, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient is a non-parametric measure that assesses statistical dependence between two variables to describe their relationship. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that occupants were more satisfied with higher levels of illuminance. The measured illuminance is categorized into certain levels to investigate the acceptable range for the lighting level. For this purpose, the measured lighting level was classified into 14 ranges. The values of less than 300 lx are in the first category, higher than 900 lx are in the last category, and the values between these mentioned ranges are classified into 50 lx intervals. The highest satisfaction from the environmental lighting level is provided in the illuminance range between 600 to 649 lx. The illumination level above this range results in more satisfaction compared to illumination levels less than 550 lx. Thus, there is an optimal range of satisfaction with lighting level, and the preferred lighting comfort range for the investigated office spaces is between 600 to 649 lx. While the illumination level higher than 550 lx is acceptable for most of the occupants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Place attachment is one of the topics in the field of urban design. This concept is a result of linking people with their environment in order to improve environmental quality. The concept of place attachment includes different scales, including city, house, and neighborhood attachment; however, peoples’ attachment to their residential environments is the most important. Place attachment is manifested in neighborhood attachment formation by staying and living in the residential environments and eventually developing strong interest. Neighborhood centers are considered the most prominent component of neighborhoods and play an important ole in keeping the neighborhood alive to shape neighborhood attachment for residents. Kooy-e-Asatid neighborhood center located in district three of Yazd is the main part of the neighborhood; however, it is faced with many environmental issues such as deteriorated social relationships and declined security due to the reduced presence of people. There are other destructive problems in this neighborhood center, such as the loss of cohesion and spatial integrity due to unbuilt spaces and consequently reduced place attachment and bad quality of life. However, there are some considerations that place attachment can increase people’ s presence and make sense of attachment in their neighborhood center and functionally save it from isolation. Therefore, the main purpose of this quantitative study is to determine the affecting factors and their impacts on promoting place attachment. METHODS: In this regard, in order to collect information, library documents and resources, interviews, field observations, and questionnaires have been used. Eventually, in order to analyze the obtained data SPSS software has been used. The questionnaire designed to be distributed among the residents of the Kooy-e-Asatid neighborhood consisted of 44 questions of variables, and in order to measure the results, a 5-point Likert scale was used. The statistical population included all 1182 people (342 households), and the sample size was 181 questionnaires, calculated by Cochran’ s formula at 95% confidence level with p = q = 0. 5 and with error d = 0. 1. Then, they were distributed among the respondents by using the available sampling method. In order to assess the eliability of the questionnaire, the “ Cronbach’ s alpha” test was used, and to evaluate the normality of data distribution, the “ Kolmograph-Smirnov” test was utilized. The Bartlett est was applied to determine the correlation between the research data. Finally, the exploratory factor analysis test was used to analyze the affecting factors on the promotion of residents’ place attachment. FINDINGS: Findings indicate that among the factors extracted from the questionnaires, physical-visual factors (cumulative factor load of 20. 769), individual characteristics (cumulative factor load of 36. 645), personal and collective memories and values ( Cumulative factor load 45. 760), spatial facilities (cumulative factor load 544. 184) and distance from neighborhood center (cumulative factor load 58. 900) have the most impacts on Kooy-e-Asatid neighborhood residents’ place attachment, respectively. Furthermore, among the obtained factors, the physical-visual factor with indicators such as architectural features, visual signs, type of materials, etc., had the most impact on Kooy-e-Asatid neighborhood residents’ place attachment. Apart from the similarities in physical-visual contributors in Kooy-e Asatid and other studied urban areas, architectural features such as designing living spaces by considering proportions and their differences from other contemporary neighborhood centers are very important features in Kooy-e-Asatid neighborhood. CONCLUSION: After examining the findings, it can be stated that according to physicalvisual factors, some features such as individual characteristics, personal and collective memories and values, spatial facilities, and distance from neighborhood center can help the creation of place attachment in contemporary urban centers. Some different suggestions can also be made to promote place attachment in contemporary urban neighborhoods centers: 1. Accurate and calculated design of space in neighborhood centers and paying attention to design features such as the proportions, balance and harmony of space with the existing texture in order to differentiate it from other neighborhood centers; 2. Designing contemporary urban context based on historical context to shape the identity of new urban neighborhoods; 3. Consideration of neighborhood values in designing the neighborhood centers in order to engage people with the place and encourage them to have a greater presence. 4. Creating a connection between different spaces and providing an atmosphere of a collective space into the neighborhood centers in order to create continuity and integrity of spaces.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The experience of designing educational spaces, or more generally, learning environments, has always been challenging for architects; since this type of design has had some different ways of thinking in the field of education and philosophy of education. Studies show that designing such spaces can promote or hinder learning. Accordingly, one of the most fundamental issues of modern education is clarifying the role of education through the scientific cognition of the individuals, which relies on children’ s psychology. The study of the historical evolution of teaching and learning theories shows that psychologists have changed their view of observing the behavioral reactions from paying attention to environmental stimuli (similar to some animals) in the form of a behaviorist approach to paying attention and contemplating in mental learning processes in the form of the cognitive approach. They try to produce personal knowledge in the real environment and in the form of a constructivist approach. In this article, one of the latest and more popular learning theories among researchers is the theory of experiential learning that has been selected to provide optimal and appropriate design solutions. The theory of experiential learning is consistent with the new approach to learning, emphasizing the important and active role of the learner in teaching. It shows the specific importance of practical work and experience. In this new view, learning in its most effective form is achieved through objective experience. In Iran, too, most individuals and children spend a significant amount of their lives in educational places; however, the lack of efficient educational environments that can create a good context for achieving the right educational goals is very evident. Searching for architectural design solutions and creating a suitable space for radical and successful educational theories is one of the significant issues in this field. Among the studies conducted in this regard, some studies have been conducted in the field of experiential learning and its impact on the learners. There are other studies that have investigated the quality of architectural educational environments with an emphasis on specific factors. Still, neither of them deals with the relationship between experiential learning and the qualitative components of architecture. This article aims to achieve a model of spatial indicators affecting experiential learning that could act as a conceptual framework in planning and designing learning spaces for the builders. The main question of the research is how the educational space provides the necessary opportunities for the most effective form of learning achieved through objective experience. METHODS: In this article, the spatial indicators of experiential learning have been developed and refined, and an appropriate model is proposed using the “ Delphi” method. This method is a structured process for collecting and classifying the knowledge available to a group of experts conducted through interviews and distribution of questionnaires among individuals and by the control of feedback on the answers and the comments received. Also, in this study, in order to determine the importance and weighting of the data obtained from the Delphi method, the (Shannon entropy) technique has been used, which is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, and its purpose is to weigh and prioritize criteria and indicators. This method, which is also used in content analysis, is the development of a mathematical formula to be used in data analysis and has more credibility and power to analyze and prioritize indicators in comparison to the traditional method of frequency and average. FINDINGS: Based on the findings of Shannon algorithm, the indicators of “ nature and places of experience and touch of water, soil, plant” and “ group learning spaces” and then the index of “ school design pattern as a house” have the greatest impact on experiential learning. Accordingly, the category of indicator of “ naturalism and selfdiscovery” has the greatest impact on experiential learning, followed by the indicator of “ identity” . The indicators of “ diversity and flexibility” , “ socialism” and “ collectivism” are next in this category, respectively, with a slight difference in terms of the average weight of the category. Finally, the model of the spatial indicators of experiential learning with 23 indicators in 5 thematic categories is explained in Figure 3. In these indices, the order of the indicators in each category is significant and classified based on their importance. The priority of each category is also seen in the extent of its impact on experiential learning. CONCLUSION: Children’ s environment can act as a deterrent or facilitator of their learning, development, and upbringing. Creating a suitable environment can pave the way for children’ s effective learning and increase their desire to be in the environment. According to the research literature, experiential learning theory is one of the most successful and latest theories of learning among researchers and is effective in the academic achievement and creativity of learners. Data collection and analysis by Delphi research method showed that the index of “ naturalism and self-exploration” has the greatest impact on the promotion of experiential learning in learning spaces, followed by the index of “ identity” , “ diversity and flexibility” , “ socialism” and “ collectivism” . These five categories of indicators are presented in the proposed model as spatial indicators effective in promoting experiential learning in order of priority. In line with the practical components of this model in designing learning environments and in response to the research question on the quiddity and the way of space architecture for the realization of experiential learning, it can be noted that among the single indicators, two indicators had been the most effective. These indicators were “ nature and the places of experiencing and touching water, soil, plants “ , and “ group learning spaces” . After that, the index of” school design pattern as a house “ had the greatest impact on experiential learning. In addition, other architectural solutions, in order of the indicator weight, include spaces and opportunities for practical and experimental work, the flexibility of space and furniture, and the ability of children to create their own learning environments, the use of indigenous patterns and local and familiar forms, less crowded classrooms, proximity to important urban centers, and community-based learning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the architectural and physical design of many schools and other educational spaces within the country, the psychological aspects of students and space users are highly neglected. However, these spaces and environments have the highest level of contact with children and teenagers, thus bearing long-term psychological and emotional effects on them. According to experts in the field, the school’ s educational environment should be designed so as to make learning easy and enjoyable. The ever-growing need to expand educational spaces along with the increased student population and the weakness of open spaces, and lack of suitable green environment in schools, is one of the main problems of today’ s society. In the meantime, the design of green space in these environments and the way of organizing the elements and integrating the occupied empty spaces with the desired capacity in the school space, both the interiors and exteriors such as courtyards, should be more flexible so that it can yield positive results in the teaching process. The arrangement of the elements together can create different-looking courtyards with various capabilities for relaxation and rest, exercise and the exploitation of green space, just as children and teenagers want a plethora of green spaces with different functions in school. Establishing a close and direct connection with the environment and outdoor nature makes the school a manifestation of the student’ s second home and at the same time. When space is in direct and close contact with such courtyard, it is possible to use both spaces simultaneously for both functions of learning or leisure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the desirable design of open spaces and outdoor educational environment at all educational levels, as shaping a sense of interest towards the educational environment and the subsequent interaction with green spaces and roaming space of the yard are highly contributing factors in the desirable attitude of students towards their learning environment and their resulting educational progress. The desirability of such spaces is also very effective in reducing the stress of the teaching staff and educators, thus forming constructive steps in the process of education and training. METHODS: The research method in this paper is qualitative that employs descriptive (retrospective causal-comparative) indicators. The statistical population of this research includes all-girls high schools in Isfahan. According to the standards offered by the General Directorate of School Renovation of Isfahan Province, the schools of the four educational districts were divided into two groups of desirable and undesirable. In this research, a simple random sampling method was used to select subjects. Hence, 208 students from both school types (desirable and undesirable) were examined. Then, four high schools (one school from each district) were randomly selected from the list of schools. Two classrooms were subsequently randomly selected from each school. From each class, all students responded to the questionnaire items. In addition, students from both groups of desirable and undesirable schools were homogenized and compared in terms of intelligence quotient, education level of parents, economic and social status of the family, and lack of inflicting disorders. This self-report inventory consists of 32 Likert-scale items and is designed to examine attitudes of students toward educational spaces and the perception of the open environment and green space. In developing this questionnaire, a prototype questionnaire (preliminary design of the design scale) was used. The Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient for this inventory was estimated to be higher than 0. 7, and the reliability of the data was thus confirmed. FINDINGS: The results show that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the open space design of the yard and the green environment of the school from the students’ point of view in two groups of schools. As such, the students studying at desired schools had a positive attitude towards the school and the educational environment in terms of exploiting the open spaces according to the students’ psychological characteristics. The learning process in interaction with the open space, owing to the formation of gathering spaces, provides the possibility of group work practice and higher student participation. CONCLUSION: Overall, this collective learning and the relationship between the internal body and the external space positively affect students’ intellectual activity. Also in consolidating the sense of place, this study explores the concepts of socialization and interpersonal interactions of students, learning and attractiveness of learning and promoting indirect education in the interaction between open and closed spaces (as well as the connecting semi-open spaces), softening the environment and appropriate landscaping and positive psychological effects of students and creating thermally comfortable seating space to be used in the outdoor environment, controlling the reflection of disturbing lights and sheltering rain or other climatic conditions in certain environments, strengthening students’ sensory and visual communication with the environment and educationaloriented communication in the open environment and providing space for relation, rest, interpersonal interactions, observing others and creating creativity through research strategies and achievements, which requires appropriate design and careful application of the principles of architecture and environmental psychology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Advertising is an effective marketing medium for attracting consumers and acts as a link between the brand and its customers. The efficacy of this contact network, on the one hand, depends on determining the target group and the effectiveness of advertising messages. On the other hand, advertising effectiveness is not limited to product purchases but instead involves aspects of awareness and the intention to buy. In a competitive market between companies, advertisement is relevant, and most Iranian industrial design companies are less attentive to the issue of advertising, resulting in many challenges in the country. Since traditional advertising does not completely fulfill the needs of this market, the importance of advertisement in defining and generating the need and the use of the advertised subject should be considered in a wide scope. In order to improve the production and development of industrial design firms, this study aims to provide an appropriate model to enhance the advertising process, and its main objectives are to identify the main and sub-indicators of advertising effectiveness at home and abroad. It also tries to assess the most detailed and effective advertising model to develop production and the booming of the industrial design companies in Iran. METHODS: This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods. The indicators are derived from the study literature in order to determine the frequency of indicator repetition based on the status of the paradigms, the degree of repetition, and the commonality of the sum of extracted indicators in the former. Using Grounded Theory and the Strauss and Corbin approaches, the success indicators of the identified paradigms (foreign companies of Apple, Samsung, IKEA, and Ziba Design) were determined from the consumers’ perspective, and the similarities and discrepancies between indicators were established. Sub-indices with the highest frequency were coded, and a model was presented. In the quantitative approach, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to review and test the proposed model. So, a questionnaire containing 3 demographic questions (age, education, and gender) and 45 questions with 5 point Likert scale were designed. Second, the sample size was identified using the random sampling method. The questionnaire was distributed among 384 customers of 4 domestic companies, including Rasmeh Design Studio, Exir Design, Pars Khazar, and Forminic Product Design. Data were collected and analyzed. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using the content method (expert opinion), Cronbach’ s alpha, and model validation was confirmed using Smart Pls software. FINDINGS: 40 indicators with the highest frequency, which were ignored by domestic industrial design firms, were chosen based on the indicators of international companies Samsung, Ziba Design, IKEA, and Apple, and classified and coded in four categories: communication with the consumer, announcements, marketing, and products and services. The suggested model was presented in relation to advertisement efficacy, with four hypotheses elucidated. The validity of the model was confirmed using the validity index and the redundancy check. The Smart Pls least squares technique was used to test the relationship of the examined variables in each of the study hypotheses based on a causal structure. The measurement model (the relationship of each visible variable to the hidden variable) and the structural model (the relationship of the hidden variables to each other) were determined in the general analysis model. The t-statistic was calculated using the bootstrapping technique to determine the significance of the relationships. The effects of a relationship with customer, announcements, marketing and products and services on advertising mechanism were calculated 0. 468, 0. 356, 0. 448, and 0. 337, respectively. The test probability statistics for each hypothesis were 10. 0199, 3. 062, 8. 101 and 4. 912, respectively. As they were greater than the critical value for t, 1. 96, the effects were considered significant. Therefore, all hypotheses were significant at the 95% confidence level. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that changing the advertising mechanism requires more than just announcements and advertisements. Particular attention should be given to the product and service categories. The indicators identified in this category demonstrated that carefully evaluating the opportunity value of the product and service, taking into account affordance, applying Gestalt in product integration, evaluating the consumer experience and analyzing Kano, and developing flexible samples and serializations will improve productivity and help the business grow. In order to reach the announcing stage, motionography and infographics must be used to introduce and portray the brand and product, as well as viral marketing on social networks and the use of hidden and explicit advertising in the media and community. The findings highlight the importance of paying attention to the customer’ s familiarity with the goods, expressing the possible advantages of purchasing and consuming products, considering the thoughts and needs of customers, and taking into account the desires and expectations of customers. Competitive competition can help the R&D department of domestic industrial design firms identify the demand and evaluate competitors, and content marketing and announcements lead to easy access to the desired product or service. The study of ethnography and demography in order to extend a company’ s branches will contribute to the systemic development of the company. Using various advertising methods can result in adequate consumer awareness of the product and sales growth. The implementation of a strategy in line with the company’ s business goals leads to constant communication with customers, depending on the extent and geographical area of the company’ s operation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In Based on historical geography and documents of the Qajar era in the geographical zone of Niasar, the built biological complexes signiicantly afected the living and ecology and created a special economic and social culture on their scale. Due to ixed and loaing populaion and defensive, religious, service, and physical components and the existence of water sources and rural properies, these farmsteads were known as residenial ones and survived unil the end of the irst Pahlavi era. Residenial farmsteads have played a pivotal role in the natural and living system of Iran central plateau and the management of the provincial afairs of various governments in Iran. Owning or dedicaing the farmsteads, most rulers and poliicians took care of the economic afairs of their dominated areas, employed many workers and peasants, and developed their sociopoliical inluence realm. Many historical residenial farmsteads are now ruining, or their use has been changed. The duraion of this process will ruin any documents in the ield of architectural, cultural, social, economic, and administraive systems. Numerous factors have been inluenial in their destrucion. Coninuous developments and instability of economic and poliical afairs of the country in a wide ime range and feudalism and land reformaions in the contemporary era and climaic and environmental variables are considered the most important factors of farmstead destrucion. METHODS: This study aims to understand the historical residenial farmsteads of Niasar through their features. It tries to interpret and read the writen documents and survey materialisic monuments through an “ underlying theory” and historicalinterpretaional approach. On this basis and as the case study, most of Niasar farmsteads were ideniied through ield studies, aitude assessment, and document research. First, the locaion of 27 farmsteads was ideniied and mapped in required scales through ield surveys and the aerial images within a 15-kilometer radius of Niasar Cultural Center. Following that, the qualiies of farmstead formaion were invesigated based on writen documents and references such as Zarabi, 1956; Ghomi, 2006, and the studies of Niasar Cultural Heritage Base speciically. The whole informaion was invesigated through qualitaive quesionnaires and interviewing the stakeholders of physical, cultural, social, and economic ields. Within the process, some of the residenial farmsteads of Niasar were found again and adapted with historical documents. Therefore, two speciic species were recognized; rural property castles and rural property complexes, and their capabiliies and their three-fold systems were ideniied. FINDINGS: Two quesions are queried in this paper; irstly, the “ hidden capability” concept will be scruinized, and next, diferent types of hidden capabiliies in historical farmsteads of Niasar will be invesigated. Niasar farmsteads have been invesigated as the smallest biological complex in Rostagh village in Kashan for responding to the research quesions. In order to idenify their features, the qualiies of the locaion, formaion periods, shapes, water, and rural property and service, religious, residenial construcions have been menioned. The related indings to the ownership, exploitaion speciicaions, and economic, living, social, and populaion coordinates have also been invesigated. In Table 2, all such features introduced a part of hidden capabiliies and deployed systems in residenial farmsteads of Niasar. Physical, architectural, economic, cultural, and social systems in two funcional and physical forms are some of the capabiliies hidden in the farmsteads and have been revealed in the study process ater some decades. CONCLUSION: Historical residenial farmsteads of Niasar have lost their idenity, and their menioned capabiliies have remained unknown. They are being ruined due to massive immigraion of naives, the replacement of non-naives, and urban or rural unbalanced development. According to the current paper, invesigaing the concepts of historical residenial farmsteads as inill cultural and economical packages is suitable. This paper considers the vitality and conversion of farmsteads to “ living areas” instead of recognizing them as absolute historical areas to move toward achieving sustainability in farmsteads. Therefore, it suggests that all components of a farmstead should be prepared in the form of a coherent whole enitled “ Historical Farmstead” to be inscribed on the Naional Monuments List. Meanwhile, awareness and legal support and the hidden protecion capabiliies can contribute to the sustainability of historical farmsteads in Iran. Historical residenial farmsteads shall approach their historical role in protecing living and biological systems of cultural and natural heritage groups. It will not be realized unless they are ideniied qualitaively and quanitaively, and their existence and efect are recognized in diferent afairs of the country throughout history.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cultivating and teaching the concepts of the sustainable neighborhood to different groups of people has been one of the executive goals in order to achieve sustainable development in different countries. Therefore, the educational content presented in the form of sustainability topics in architecture and urban planning faculties, that are considered as the most important educational context of the concepts of “ sustainable city and neighborhood” to future owners of these professions, is very important. The present study seeks to compare the perceptions of architecture and urban planning students from the sustainable neighborhood to be used in providnig the educational content of courses related to the residential complex and neighborhood design in these fields. The results of this analysis can be used in architecture and urban planning faculties to improve the different aspects of “ sustainable neighborhood” for students and in architectural and urban planning projects. The main question in this regard is: What are the similarities and differences between architecture and urban planning students in prioritizing sustainable development aspects and indicators and using examples to achieve a sustainable neighborhood? METHODS: In this study, after reviewing the literature, 14 indicators in the form of 5 categories were selected as the indicators of a sustainable neighborhood. The questionnaire was comprised of open and closed questions, which were answered by 27 architecture students and 27 urban planning students at Shiraz University in one semester. The data obtained from the collected questionnaires were analyzed with two quantitative and qualitative approaches for spectral and descriptive questions. In order to analyze the quantitative data after transfering it to SPSS software, the “ Friedman” and “ Mann-Whitney U Test” were used to rank the indicators in each group and examine the differences between the two groups. Qualitative data were also qualitatively analyzed after their categorization and the formation frequency table. FINDINGS: According to urban planning students, the indicators of “ vegetation and green space, ” “ social interactions, ” and “ attention to pedestrian-based transportation” are the most important in achieving a sustainable neighborhood, and indicators of “ indigenous culture patterns, ” “ clean energy” are the least important indicators in the lists. In the process of planning and designing a sustainable neighborhood, these students also pay the most attention and the least attention to the indicators of “ pedestrianbased transportation, ” “ providing security, ” and “ promoting social solidarity” in the neighborhood. Architecture students mostly focused on the realization of sustainable neighborhoods according to the indicators of “ privacy, ” “ security, ” “ social interactions, ” and “ pedestrian transportation. ” According to architecture students, the indicators of “ mixed user model” and “ local employment” were the least important in realizing a sustainable neighborhood. In the design process, the least attention has been paid to these two indicators. These students also paid the most attention to the characteristics of “ privacy, ” “ vegetation and green space, ” and creating a “ sense of belonging” in the design. Urban planning students focused more on functional and economical aspects in achieving sustainability, while architecture students paid more attention to the “ cultural” aspects. The architecture and urban planning students both considered the indicators of “ social interactions” and “ security” in recognizing the social indicators of sustainable neighborhoods. Also, in the environmental aspects, “ vegetation and green space” in realizing a sustainable neighborhood were recognized as important aspects and they were considered by both groups. In general, paying attention to the physical dimensions and especially the details of space design among architecture students and paying attention to functional and non-physical dimensions among urban planning students is evident in case studies. CONCLUSION: Although a part of the differences between architecture and urban planning students is due to the nature and the view of these two disciplines to the concept of “ sustainable neighborhood, ” the consideration of neglected indicators and sustainable aspects in each discipline can contribute to the improvement of students’ perception of the sustainable neighborhood. Therefore, paying more attention to the physical aspects and design details and the application of cultural sustainability indicators in teaching sustainable neighborhood design to urban planning students can be effective. In addition, paying more attention to the functional aspects of sustainable neighborhoods and the application of functional indicators in sustainable neighborhood architecture is effective for architecture students. In planning the course of architectural design 5 for architecture students, strengthening the “ functional” and “ activity” dimensions of the sustainable neighborhood according to the scale and the nature of the discipline and the practical exercises can help the the students to have a comprehensive view of the “ sustainable neighborhood. ” Urban planning students need to further study and explain the “ cultural” dimension of the sustainable neighborhood and especially its indigenous dimensions. Paying more attention to physical and aesthetic details in the design, apaprt form the general and functionalist view can lead to a better understanding of sustainable neighborhood.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and determine the criteria and indicators affecting the creation of sensory qualities in human-centered urban spaces and the reproduction of these factors in contemporary urban spaces. This study is conducted in “ Taq-e Bostan” pedestrian way, located in the historical fabric of Kermanshah, as a case study. This sidewalk has been one of the most important pedestrian ways of the city and manifests Kermanshah identity. This pedestrian way has unique environmental features such as straightness, with no slopes, and a view to the mountainous heights of Taq-e Bostan. It benefits from good thermal comfort conditions due to the existence of the vegetations. In addition, the historical monuments of Taq-e Bostan have given identity to this pedestrian way. Since machine life has caused anonymity and reduced the sensory qualities in urban spaces, this urban space is abandoned and empty of people. Therefore, the present study pursues the main purpose of the research and specifically seeks to recognize the impact of physical and activity factors on creating sensory qualities in this pedestrian way and the promotion of this urban space. Also, this research is based on the research aim and context and tries to understand and analyze the relationship between physical and functional factors and develop and enhance the sensory qualities in such environments. METHODS: The present study is an applied research, and it is considered a descriptive survey research in terms of research method. Therefore, the theoretical foundations have been explained by referring to documentary and bibliographic studies in a descriptive method. The research objectives have been achieved based on survey studies and survey methods. In order to conduct the research in line with the research goals, the indicators related to the environmental quality of urban public spaces were extracted by reviewing the theories of researchers. Regarding the early hypothesis that considered some features of Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way compatible with the extracted indicators, the case study was chosen to evaluate the research hypothesis. In the next step, a questionnaire was provided to evaluate the extracted indicators. Each indicator was asked in the questionnaire and assessed through the five-point Likert scale. For validating the questions based on the sampling volume by Morgan table method and based on observing the number of users in one hour of a day in a particular part of space, a number of 220 questionnaires were completed to be analyzed in SPSS software. The statistical community was comprised of random age and gender groups of the space users. Finally, the relevant data was analyzed, and the main factors and the sample scores in each of the physical and activity criteria were achieved by inferential statistics analysis in SPSS software. FINDINGS: In this research, the independent variables of the research that can create and improve sensory qualities in Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way in Kermanshah were determined to achieve the research objectives. These variables are as follows: activity criteria (environmental vitality and mobility), physical criteria (environmental desirability and suitability, structure, environmental facilities. The findings of this study indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between all independent research variables (activity criteria, physical criteria (structure, desirability and environmental suitability, and environmental facilities). The highest correlation was seen between activity criteria (environmental vitality and mobility). The sensory qualities of space in Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way in Kermanshah is mostly affected by the activity criteria. In the second stage, the correlation of physical criteria (environmental facilities and facilities) indicates a close relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. The lowest level of correlation is observed in the other criteria (desirability and environmental friendliness). In order to measure the collective effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, a multiple regression was used. The results indicate that independent variables simultaneously affect the development of sensory qualities. The multiple correlation coefficient of R = 0. 798 and the coefficient of determination of R2 = 0. 746 show that 74. 6% of the changes of the dependent variable are interpreted by the independent variables. CONCLUSION: In this study, the independent variables that develop and promote the sensory qualities in Kermanshah Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way (the dependent variable) were analyzed. Based on the results obtained from the analysis by SPSS software, a direct and significant relationship was recognized between all the criteria of the physical and functional variables and the development and improvement of sensory qualities in Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way. However, the obtained analytical results indicate the importance of activity criteria (environmental vitality and mobility) in achieving research objectives. It seems that sociable spaces with people’ s presence and activity have a higher potential to become pedestrian-centered urban spaces. Therefore, planners and urban designers should consider this issue in defining space areas in the city. Finally, providing appropriate facilities for humans will lead to a higher presence of people and ultimately improve the sensory qualities in urban areas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many different scholars have stated the importance of behavior settings in urban design and planning, such as Jacobs, Lynch, Zuker, etc. As one of the most important components of city construction, behavior settings can greatly affect cities’ residential and biological quality. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that social relations convert a place or environment to a behavior setting. Moreover, other smart cities shall be seen as a system in which there are many newfound opportunities for proposing digital systems, smart reactions, and optimization in different levels of integration. A smart city uses information and communication technology for city vitality and sustainability, but how is this goal manifested in urban design and behavior settings? Promoting social interactions in behavior settings in urban space is one of the discussed subjects in the field of urban design, which has been more emphasized recently. Regarding the advent of smart cities, the question is whether city smartification can affect the promotion of urban space quality in various fields or not. Therefore, generalizing the question, the study objective seeks to investigate the relationship of urban space smartification with constructive components of human behavior. Behavior settings are considered places out of individual boundaries or small groups almost everywhere and every time rather than being related to private and intimate space (Kashani Jo, 2010). Behavior settings in the past had a pivotal role in the life of individuals, families, neighborhoods, and cities. Many public, collective, and group activities took place in behavior settings. Therefore, a part of social activities, spending leisure time, and exchanging information and experiences used to be conducted through face-to-face contacts (Soltanzadeh, 2006). These behavior settings underlie the formation of memories. The internal activities define the behavior settings, and such activities and relationships among human beings cause mental images and urban memory (Fadaeinejad, 2006). Behavior settings belong to citizens. They are not limited to the physical aspect, and in fact, it gets meaning by the presence of humans and their activities. In other words, behavior settings are defined according to their time and place, and activities occur in regular order in their organized human and physical components (Scott, 2005). Additionally, the urban smartification process in the world includes creating new cities or making the existing ones smart. The first step in this process might be an agreement on a comprehensive definition and its general and detailed features from the smart city (Fazli, Modiri, and Farhoodi, 2018, 24). There have been many attempts to investigate the relationship between technology and urban space during the past century to design a pleasant urban environment (Phi II I ps, 2000). To summarize the theoretical principles, it is said that effective behavior patterns on the formation of behavior settings can be affected by the components of urban spaces, which have been smartified. In this study, global experiences of smartification of urban spaces such as Dubai, Amsterdam, Singapore, and Toronto were investigated. Using smart equipment in the fountains, kiosks, benches, public transportation stations, sidewalk flooring, lighting fixtures of these samples, the performance of such components has been changed. Smartification can be categorized into four general categories of smart urban equipment, smart buildings, smart urban furniture, and smart facade. The main idea of this study is that as the result of smartifying these components in urban paces, users’ reactions and behavior patterns will change, and such changes will be effective in the formation of behavior settings. Each one of these changed components (made smart) can be regarded as the manifestations of the smart environment in urban space. Each one can separately or simultaneously affect the components of behavior settings, obtained by summarizing theoretical principles, namely overt emotional behavior, problem-solving, major motion activity, the interaction among people and changing the things, and finally create behavior settings. METHODS: This study uses a descriptive-analytical method, and it is considered an applied research. In terms of the data analysis method, this study is also considered a quantitative study. Questionnaires with face validity were used to collect data. Cronbach’ s alpha was also used to obtain its reliability value. In the second step, referring to the subject literature and the ideas of scholars, the authors tried to extract and fix the effective factors. The measurements range between “ very much and continue as high, average, low, and without effect” in the questionnaire. The effect of each factor has been investigated. FINDINGS: The results of statistical tests indicate a correlation between the effective factors of forming behavior setting and the smartification variables in urban space. The statistical analysis of the collected data from the questionnaires showed that all the four investigated groups in urban space, including urban furniture, facade, buildings, and urban equipment, can positively and consistently affect behavior settings in the studied case after being smartified. The result of the Friedman test also indicated some points on the effectiveness of each existing component in the studied urban spaces on the formation of behavior settings in the users’ mind. CONCLUSION: Statistical analysis of the data collected through the questionnaire showed that all four groups of elements in urban space (including urban furniture, facades, buildings, and urban equipment) could have a significant relationship with the formation of behavioral settings under the influence of smartification. The results showed that smart furniture and facades have the most effects on the formation of behavior settings.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease is a mental and physical illness related to environmental conditions. The environmental factors are effective in the development or prevention of the disease. MS is a complex disease featuring a vast spectrum of signs adversely influencing the patients’ abilities to perform daily routine activities. The problems of MS patients include physical and psychological aspects. Due to the high rates of the disease, the special condition of MS patients, and the lack of specific rehabilitation centers for patients, it is important to pay attention to proper environmental design to improve their mental health. The purpose of this research is to design a rehabilitation center that is appropriate to the mental and emotional conditions of MS patients. Designing a space for MS patients by considering environmental and architectural factors and the proper use of these factors can reduce symptoms (stress, fatigue, depression, and motor disorder). However, the problem currently lies in the idea that no study has attended to the role and the importance of environmental factors parallel to reducing MS symptoms. The environments designed for these patients do not feature a single difference from those designed for the others, healthy or sick. No environment has been designed proportionate to the psychological and physical status and situation of these patients. METHODS: In the present study, a descriptive method was employed in the first stage, and the information was collected via reviewing the credible articles and books on relevant subjects. Considering the fact that many psychologists and psychiatrists deal with MS patients whose psychological conditions have worsened following the development of multiple sclerosis and the subsequent physical and movement disorders, qualitative methods are used in the following sections. Psychiatrists and psychologists working with MS patients’ treatment and healthcare centers and MS Patients Association and Rehabilitation Centers have been interviewd, and the information obtained from the content analysis has been used to identify their problems and needs. In line with this, 30 psychiatrists and psychologists were randomly selected from various centers as the study sample to be interviewed. After investigating the interviews using content analysis, the common points of the literature review and psychologists’ ideas were collected. In the present study, the effective environmental factors, including sunlight, color, music, gathering spaces, open spaces and nature, fitting spaces, sport, hydrotherapy, and rehabilitation facilities, were investigated. The importance of the points underlined by the psychologists was also verified. FINDINGS: Sports therapy is a treatment specific to MS patients, and, besides improving MS patients’ physical situation, it can improve their psychological and mental health. Therefore, it is better to design a compound and consider spaces for playing sports and walking to improve the physical and psychological health of MS patients. Hydrotherapy, as a nonmedicinal treatment method, can increase the flexibility of the muscles and bones, thereby mitigating the muscular spasms and enhancing the vigor and stamina of an individual, and reduce their pain. The sunlight has a positive effect on the psyche and mind of the patients when their declined bodies crave comfort. Moreover, the appropriate use of natural light during the day better helps energy productivity. So, the proper design of the windows (dimensions, forms, and orientations) can provide the highest rate of sunlight gain. Considering the positive effects that color has on humans’ lives, the proper and pertinent use of colors and their correct application can cause positive effects on the psychological status of the patients. Considering the psychological and physical problems of MS patients and their need for conversation and confabulation for soothing their pains, the architects and designers should consider spaces for their gathering and social interaction inside and outside the healthcare and treatment centers of MS patients. According to the materials above and considering the problems of MS patients, including stress, depression, fatigue, imbalance, and movement disorders, the architects and designers must consider their security and tranquility via the proper design of green spaces or open spaces for MS patients. Since the Iranian garden is more prominent than the other patterns for its transparency and legibility, it can be utilized to provide tranquilizing effects, reduce stress, and enhance satisfaction in MS patients. Music therapy should be considered in treatment programs to facilitate the messaging process in the nervous system of these individuals, which can slacken the disease progress. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the research, the design of outdoor space and the use of nature and green space inside and outside the complex, the access to natural light and the design of a suitable space for walking and sports, and the use of rehabilitation facilities and appropriate geometry in the design of space, avoiding complexity, and the use of appropriate color are effective in reducing the stress, depression, and exhaustion in MS patients. Considering the importance of environmental factors influencing the general reduction of MS symptoms, light and color were found less important. However, creating open spaces, using natural elements, fitting the space, and providing gathering space are the most effective factors in reducing the general MS symptoms in patients.

Background and Objectives: The dynamic tourism industry is an important tool for spatial development due to its high potential in offering employment opportunities and attracting capital. Therefore, the knowledge of tourism is important for economic dynamism and development at different scales. Heritage tourism is a kind of urban tourism, and the spatial strategic planning of heritage tourism is a coordinating process between internal resources and external opportunities of the region. Its purpose is to look through the strategic space viewpoint and determine the opportunities that can benefit the region. However, it has not been considered in the tourism planning policies of Tehran metropolis. In this regard, all available capacities and assets of Tehran in heritage tourism and culture through spatial linkages are not integrated, and there are no clear strategies for planning in this area. Meanwhile, Tehran has magnificent valuable historical and cultural monuments and has several thousand years of historical civilization and cultural support. This issue shows the importance of developing heritage tourism planning in Tehran. Optimal utilization of all capacities in a transparent, long-term, and sustainable framework based on an efficient strategic plan can play an important role in advancing the tourism development goals in Tehran and its introduction in the regional, national and global arenas. Due to the importance of the subject, this study aims to analyze the strategies proposed in the sustainable spatial, strategic plan of heritage tourism in Tehran and provide a model of strategic tourism planning. Methods: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is mixed in terms of methodology. The required information and data were collected by documentary-bibliographic and field observation methods. In this study, in order to enumerate research strategies in the strategic tourism planning model, a legacy of available resources has been documented. The strategies identified by ten professors and Ph. D. students who have studied in the field of heritage tourism and are aware of the subject and environment of the study area were modified and, after saturating the opinion of experts on the comprehensiveness of the strategies, were selected as the final research strategies. After the strategy selection process, the multi-criteria decision making method and the SWARA method have been used to weigh and measure the importance of the strategies. Findings: In the present study, based on experts’ opinions, four main factors and 28 strategies were introduced. Based on the research findings, these main strategies did not work in the same way in terms of their importance in the presented model. Among these, the strategy of laws with a final weight of 2. 37 is the most important factor. Planning and management strategies and social strategies with 1. 95 and 1. 70 were in the second and third priority, respectively. Finally, the economic strategy with a final weight of 1. 59 was identified as the least important strategy. The most important strategies among heritage tourism planning strategies in Tehran include providing incentive packages for the repair and restoration of historic buildings by the government with a final weight of 0. 56 among the strategies of the laws, the strategy of supporting job creation and increasing public income at the local community level with a final weight of 0. 36; economic strategies; the strategy of protection of buildings and historical monuments with a final weight of 0. 49; planning strategies and management, and the strategy of preventing damage to indigenous culture due to frequent encounters of tourists with different cultures with a weight of 0. 42. Consequently, based on the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of research strategies and using theoretical foundations, and understanding the current situation of the study area, a suitable model of strategic planning of heritage tourism is presented. Conclusion: According to the research findings and the strategic planning model of heritage tourism in Tehran, the most important factors affecting heritage tourism planning in Tehran are laws and regulations, management and planning, and social and economic factors, respectively. Each of these main factors is achieved through strategies. Obviously, addressing each of these strategies is essential for achieving the desired planning pattern, and simply paying attention to one without considering the other makes it difficult to understand the pattern. Suppose we follow the theoretical and empirical hierarchy of research. In that case, having an appropriate model of strategic planning to achieve sustainable development of heritage tourism becomes clear. Based on the results, the heritage tourism planning process using the following model includes several basic steps such as determining the factors of executive considerations in the field of laws and regulations and planning and management and environmental monitoring of the study area in terms of socio-economic effects of tourism on the host society. In this regard, the main factors of planning have been selected, and executive strategies have been presented in line with each factor. The first step in this model is to determine the strategies of laws and regulations related to historical attractions and then plan and manage them properly using the defined strategies and implement these strategies by applying techniques and strategies to measure and analyze the social and economic effects of tourism development. Drawing this pattern determines how heritage tourism can move towards a better future. Finally, it can be concluded that Tehran city, due to its many capabilities and attractions, valuable historical monuments and political-administrative position, and its capital, can become a suitable context for tourists and become a heritage tourism hub of the country and the region with proper planning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various studies confirm that indoor environmental quality (IEQ) evaluation plays an important role in health, wellbeing, and satisfaction, especially in healthcare facilities. Moreover, these building types are among the major energy consumers. The variety of the users’ requests (patient, patient companion, and staff), physiological conditions, and mental sensitivities increase the importance of choosing the appropriate method of studying healthcare buildings. Previous studies have suggested many methods for assessing indoor environmental quality. Recent research has found IEQ to be largely influenced by thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, lighting comfort, and indoor air quality. Also, due to the differences in users’ perceptions of the limits set in the relevant standards and conditions in hospitals, questionnaires were used to compare the users’ satisfaction with standards and real situations. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of the patient’ s room indoor environment in order to identify the most important indoor quality indices affecting user satisfaction and compare environmental conditions with existing standards such as American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (Ashare) standard, world health organization (WHO), Iran standards, etc. in this field. In this regard, physical measurements data of environmental parameters affecting the quality of the indoor environment in medical centers were collected. Then by comparing the results obtained from the users’ questionnaires and physical measurements with related standards and previous research, the most important factor influencing indoor environment quality in patient’ s room is identified. Finally, the relationship between the type of users who are separately affected by indoor conditions is expressed. METHODS: In the current study, based on the results of previously validated studies, the physical data and users’ satisfaction levels are measured via questionnaires to assess the hospitals’ indoor environment quality. Indoor environment quality evaluation is generally studied using the four main characteristics of thermal, lighting, acoustic, and indoor air quality. Five hospitals in Tehran have been selected, and their IEQ has been evaluated. In this regard, 482 questionnaires were completed by the patients and their companions. In these questionnaires, four indices mentioned above, out of the total indices affecting indoor quality, were evaluated. At the same time, these indices have been compared using environmental characteristics such as dry air temperature, relative humidity, lighting intensity, and sound level intensity, carbon dioxide concentration (CO2), fine particulate matter smaller than 2. 5 micrometers (PM 2. 5) concentration by the researcher, simultaneously with the completion of the questionnaire by users under specific protocols. FINDINGS: Based on the results, the highest compliance with the standard was observed in indoor air quality (IAQ) and the lowest in sound quality according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The results show that there is a significant correlation between the thermal and optical indices concerning indoor quality, which are 0. 59 and 0. 42, respectively. However, the two indices of acoustic quality and IAQ, despite their high correlation with indoor quality (0. 62 and 0. 67, respectively), have an internal source. Comparing the frequency of case samples within the standard temperature range (23-26° C) with other cases shows an 11% increase in user dissatisfaction due to noncompliance with this range. CONCLUSION: Although the acoustic quality of most case samples is out of standard, 30 to 40% of users have reported usual satisfaction with the sound condition. Due to the excess of standard lighting intensity in most case samples, lighting quality has maintained the average level of user satisfaction at the highest level. Also, comparing the results of the users’ satisfaction in the questionnaire with the standard range of the four indoor environmental quality indices stated 100% compliance with indoor air quality, 68% with thermal status, and 18% with lighting status. The results also showed that acoustic status had no significant relationship with standard range and user satisfaction conditions. Also, the dry air temperature factor in evaluating thermal quality is more effective than the relative humidity. Based on the data collected from the statistics, a statistical model is presented to identify the general users’ satisfaction with IEQ based on environmental parameters.