Background and Objective: Including agricultural strategies in accordance with the goals of sustainable agriculture for increasing soil organic matter, we can mention two factors: plant residue management and use of organic compounds. Therefore, the main goal of this research is Study of chemical and organic characters of compost fertilizer which produced from crop residues and its effect on grain yield and yield components of wheat. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2018-2019 at two stages. First stage included production of compost from crop residues. Statistic design was factorial based on RCBD with 3 replications. First factor was crop residue types (i. e. rice, wheat, canola and sugar cane). Second factor was crop residues weight percent (i. e. 30, 40 and 50%). The second stage was designed in a way of RCB with 3 replications and including of 12 compost fertilizers which produced at the first stage. Results: At first stage showed that used of crop residue had a significant chemical effect on final compost production. Compost fertilizers which produced from rice residue had a higher N (1. 72%) than others, but, in return, had a lowest C/N ratio (18. 31). Sugarcane compost had lowest quality duo to higher C/N (28. 07) and lower chemical element levels. In addition, the highest (11. 8 kg) and lowest (9. 61 kg) compost fertilizer produced was belong to Sugarcane with 40% and rice with 30% treatments, respectively. Result from second stage showed that the highest wheat grain yield (689. 2 g. m-2) was belonged to rice with 30% treatment. The highest (12. 78%) and lowest (11. 1%) protein content were belonged to wheat that treated by compost which produced by 30% rice residue and 50% sugarcane residue, respectively. Conclusion: Our results shown that both highest grain yield (698. 2 g. m-2) and grain protein percent (12. 78%) were belonged to rice 30% compost. At agro-ecological point of view, we find that to reduce usage and replacement of chemical fertilizer by compost, it is necessary that to pay attention to quantity, quality and types of initial organic matter.