JOURNAL OF WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Year:2021 | Volume:7 | Issue:4|Papers Count:10

With the development of industries and agriculture, the issue of water supply and the consequent challenge of sewage is becoming increasingly important. Water recycling and the use of treated sewage is the most desirable option for water supply. Considering the operating costs of modern sewage treatment plants, the economic aspect of the issue should be considered in order to provide treatment costs in addition to the desire of wastewater consumers. In Mashhad, before 2016, all existing sewage treatment plants were stabilized by the traditional method and their treatment costs were not significant. Therefore, most of the sewage received income was spent on developing the sewage collection network. But in 2016, with the opening of two modern treatment plants in Mashhad, with a capacity of 60, 000 and 65, 000 cubic meters per day, each of which can bring the quality of effluent to standards of discharge to surface water, the issue of sewage price and the total treatment price of each cubic meter of sewage become important. Also, by imposing penalties based on quality parameters, certain subscribers such as restaurants and hoteliers can be directed to pre-treatment before evacuation to the network. In this article, based on the extracted results during one year of operation of these two treatment plants, comparisons have been made in terms of construction costs, operation, consumables, personnel and finally the output of both treatment plants which should introduce the advantages and disadvantages of both methods in terms of ease of operation and economic efficiency and in the construction of treatment plants, the type of treatment method should be selected with more awareness.

The pursuit and construction of superstructures by the rulers has a special place in the process of nation Building of many countries. In post-Soviet countries, rulers have sought to politically manage space and maintain social influence and control over the past two decades to demonstrate their legitimacy by building large water-based infrastructures. The Rogun Dam in Tajikistan is a superstructure on the Vakhsh River, which if built at 335 meters, is the highest dam in the world, providing the country's energy self-sufficiency. By presenting a geopolitical conception of national progress and pride, these identities have been able to play a role in the emergence and empowerment of nationalist discourse in this country. The present article is based on the hypothesis that the symbolic meaning of the Rogun Dam in the geopolitical code nationalization process is to explain the Tajik government's insistence over the past two decades to complete this costly and tense plan with neighboring countries. The information required for the research is collected by the library method and the methodology governing the text is descriptive-analytical in nature. The results showed that the idea of building the Rogun Dam enables Tajik political elites to divert people's attention from internal challenges, promising them a better future, arousing a sense of national pride and increasing their legitimacy, the country's survival and guarantee the government. Uzbekistan's opposition to the construction of the Rogun Dam could also be used as a kind of hydro political confrontation to strengthen national solidarity against the Uzbek enemy. Because those who challenge its construction are the enemy of the nation.

Under conditions of water scarcity due to limited water resources and improper exploitation, management based on the characteristics of flexibility, equity and sustainability of water resources can play an important role in preventing the continuation of the crisis and the reduction of water conflicts. In this study, using a combination of bankruptcy and asymmetric Nash bargaining concepts, the framework was presented for the optimal allocation of shared water resources. The Atrak basin including Golestan, North Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan provinces was considered as a case study. First, water allocation in this basin was done by Nash optimization model in symmetric and asymmetric states. In addition to this model, common methods in the bankruptcy approach were used and compared with Nash bargaining model. The results showed that in terms of different assumptions, the proposed bargaining model is able to cover the results of common bankruptcy laws. Also, the involvement of water production potential in determining water weight can be an important step towards more equitable water allocation. In this case, water allocation of Golestan, North Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan provinces is 138, 902 and 174 million cubic meters per year, respectively. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that with relative weight change, the percentage of water supply changed. The research findings suggest that the proposed flexible model, by providing negotiation capabilities, can be considered as an effective management tool for solving common problems of shared water resources allocation.

Systematic function of marketing along with other techniques and concepts in order to achieve specific behavioral targets for fulfilling social results is social marketing. The purpose of this study is to design a social marketing model in the field of water and wastewater industry in the country. The used method in the research was qualitative and it was conducted by the use of Grounded Theory strategy. For this purpose, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 experts and specialists in a targeted manner using the snowball method. The data is regularly structured using the Strauss approach, which emphasizes the steps of data analysis, including open, axial, and selective coding, and the development of a logical model with a visual description of the generated theory. After all encoding steps, the final model was achieved. The findings showed that the main strategic subjects were: education, development of communication and reminders. The components of the categories include the following, respectively: increasing the level of awareness and public education, education of housewives, distance education, compiling educational materials and holding explanatory classes and courses and training at schools for the subject of education; holding exhibitions, press forums, putting up posters, pictures and playing films, printing slogans about economizing and advertising in the media for the subject of development of communication; and putting up boards and sending individuals to homes for reminding about economizing for the subject of reminders. Finally, preserving and saving water resources, reducing government and household expenditures, observing justice in water distribution, preventing water rationing, preventing exit of currency from the country and creating the foundations in the country for economic growth and development were identified as the consequences of the final research model.

Sistan and Baluchestan province is one of the water-scarce regions of Iran with hot, dry climate and very little rainfall, and water shortage is one of the most common problems in this province. Sistan and Baluchestan University is one of the water consumers in the region, which spends a lot of money annually to water consumption. In this regard, a study was conducted to investigate water supply facilities and water consumption in the dormitories of Sistan and Baluchestan University. As an example, dormitory No. 5 was selected from the Efaf and Hejab Dormitory Complex of Sistan and Baluchestan University and field studies and objective observations were performed. The results of the observations indicate problems such as broken and old valves and their connections, old heads, improper siphons, improper use of water by people living in dormitories and improper irrigation of green space. The above are important factors in wasting a large volume of water. In this study, replacing dormitory valves with lever valves was suggested as the main solution. In order to investigate the effect of the proposed solution, the dormitory water supply network with two types of normal and lever valves was simulated with WaterGEMS software. The simulation results showed that the use of lever valves reduces water consumption by about 23% and can have a significant impact on reducing water consumption and water costs. Therefore, it can be concluded that replacing lever valves, while being practical and economical will significantly reduce water consumption.

Hydrological models are useful tools in hydrological researches, testing research hypotheses and understanding hydrological processes, designing, evaluating and allocating water resources (flood plain assessment and ecosystem conservation). Hydrology models are simplified representations of the actual hydrology system and help to study the function of the basin in response to various inputs and to better understand hydrological processes. Due to the variety of hydrological models, it is difficult to choose a model. Therefore, comparative evaluation of models is needed to determine the capability of models in the study area. In this study, MISDc and HBV semi distributed models are used to simulate the flow of Kakareza watershed. For this instance a 9 year simulation period (2002-2010) was selected. The accuracy of model performance was evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and the coefficient of determination (R2) criterion. The Nash-Sutcliffe values and coefficient of determination for MISDc model were 0. 83 and 0. 84, for HBV model, 0. 79 and 0. 80 for 2002-2008 calibration period respectively and for MISDc model, it was 0. 88 and 0. 89, and for the HBV model, it is 0. 72 and 0. 73, for the 2009-2010 validation period, which indicates the better performance of the MISDc model in daily flow simulation in the study area. The results show that the MISDc model has performed better than the HBV model and it is suggested to use this model in hydrological studies of the region.

Soil moisture is a valuable parameter for water cycle over lands, controlling water fluxes between the atmosphere, land surface and subsurface, through evaporation and plant transpiration. Measurement and recording of soil moisture observations as in-situ data cannot meet human needs. The availability of global soil moisture maps which is possible using remote sensing sensors, will benefit many application, including precipitation forecasting, flood prediction, drought monitoring and agricultural related applications. These maps must be provided at suitable scale. This is done by spatially downscaling of the soil moisture observations. Spatial downscaling of soil moisture measured by satellites should provide two purposes in order to use this parameter in hydrological, meteorological and agricultural applications: 1-Achieving to medium resolution (approximately 10 km), 2-Sufficient retrieval accuracy. It is evident that fulfilling both purposes using a single sensor is difficult. Therefore, complementary downscaling using a range of observation types has been proposed as an approach to overcome these scale and accuracy issues, by combining the merits from different sensors. In this paper, the soil moisture remote sensing techniques and as well, two basic available downscaling approaches which have the potential to fulfil the stated requirements on resolution and accuracy are introduced and their pros and cons are investigated.

Accumulation of debris along with water flow in waterways causes irreparable problems every year. Structural methods are one of the most effective ways to reduce the risks of debris flow. In this study, the efficiency of the debris structure was investigated using flow pattern deflectors to increase the deposition retention efficiency and its effect on backwater and rapid collection of wood debris after the flood. To do this research, three different geometries of the rack, a debris mixture and three flow deflector sizes were used in the laboratory. According to the results, the best performance of the rack, despite the flow deflectors was related to the regular linear descaler with 97% efficiency and backwater was completely affected by the flow Froude Number. The V-shaped reverse rack had the lowest backwater rate of 2. 55%, that is not significant. In this study, the length of the debris carpet and the maximum height of the middle mound produced for the rack geometry were investigated. The results showed that the deflector installation led to a change in the geometry of the deposited accumulation which also accelerates the debris collection operation after the flood.