DEPICTION OF HEALTH
Year:2021 | Volume:12 | Issue:3|Papers Count:8

Mental health and treatment approaches have indeed garnered attention in health care. Treatment approaches have shifted from severe and chronic disorders prevalent in the past to milder disorders. Further, these approaches aid in improving performance, health, happiness, and superiority. 1 To this end, new diagnostic systems have been introduced to move away from traditional approaches (i. e., stratified diagnosis and treatment) to a dimensional approach. This shift in attitude may affect major current mental health practices requiring innovative approaches, guidelines, and care to revolutionize mental health. Thus, setting up the clinic of personality modulation was inevitable as it provides educational-therapeutic services in accordance with the most up-to-date diagnostic classification system. It can also promote the growth of mental health. Even healthy people or those who pay attention to their mental growth and development can also benefit from the clinic's services. In a dimensional approach, services are provided for those who fall in the category of difficult code of personality in the new psychiatric divisions of the ICD-11. These services will lead to their personal and professional development. To compensate for the shortcomings of previous classification systems, the ICD-11 has adopted a dimensional approach, a new approach to the classification of personality disorders, in which the focus is primarily on diagnosing and determining the severity of the disease. Moreover, the range of symptoms includes five ranges of traits related to personality disorders. These five domains encompass Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Anankastia. 2, 3 Thierry, Crawford, Mulder, Bleschfeld, Farnam, et al., 4 establishing this dimensional classification, proposed a new diagnosis called personality difficulty. Diagnosis of the personality difficulty is not a psychological disorder in itself. However, it can still be used for the clinical benefit of virtually normal individuals and has been included in the Z-scores of the ICD-11 for Non-Patients. This diagnosis consists of people who are neither typically ill nor have a personality disorder. Rather, these people have problems with life management that causes medical problems and incurs costs for the community and treatment systems. 5 The researchers concluded that the proposed changes could aid clinical efficacy in diagnosing the personality disorder and selecting appropriate treatment. In this way, the misconceptions concerning the false label attached to the disorder term can be dispelled. 4 Therefore, current psychiatry is moving in a direction with a program not only for patients but also for almost normal people who have problems in their lives or feel that there are some difficulties in developing their personality. One style of psychiatric treatment called cosmetic psychiatry6 or positive psychiatry7 has attracted attention among the whole range of psychiatric disciplines. Cosmetic Psychiatry refers to the empowerment and strengthening of people's cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes who do not suffer from a specific disorder. In other words, the treatment is to improve a person's mental state in the absence of any clinical disorder. 8 The development of the ICD-11 has led to innovative approaches which were not available before. The reason for the clinic's foundation lies in the philosophical theories presented by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Sadr al-Muta'allehin Shirazi. They saw soul and psyche as a constantly evolving category. According to their theories, the soul is inherently growing and ascending unless a factor disrupts this process...

Background and objectives: Health system services are not reliable without quality assessment. It is important to explore gaps between standard services and the existing situation to improve the quality of health system. This study aimed at studying the quality assessment of electronic referral system in one of the major provinces of Iran. Material and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, utilizing SERVQUAL model. The population comprised 3 groups totaling approximately 11, 004 people. The sample size allocated to each city was determined in proportion to each city’ s population. A sample of 384 patients who had used electronic referral service at level 2 and received outpatient services made up the population of the study. The data were collected through a two-part questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts, including senior and mid-level managers and medical science university faculty members. The questionnaire assessed demographic data and the patients' perceptions and expectations. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical statistics such as nonparametric mean comparison tests, in view of the normality assumption, including Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. Spearman correlation test was used to determine the intensity of correlation between the study variables. The significance level of all tests was considered 0. 05. Results: There were identified gaps throughout all dimensions of health services among the studied clinics (P <0. 001). The biggest gap was observed in the empathy dimension (0. 57) and the smallest one was observed in the tangible dimension (-0. 38). The gap between the services provided to patients was different in terms of guarantee, gender (P = 0. 005), empathy, level of education (P = 0. 028) and reliability based on the particular city considered (P = 0. 028). Conclusion: In the hospitals implementing the electronic referral system in Golestan province, there is a gap in all dimensions and it indicates that the expectations of the recipients have not been fully met in virtually any of the dimensions.

Background and Objectives: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which individuals have difficulty in emotional processes related to social cognition and other behavioral patterns. The use of technology is increasing in therapeutic and educational interventions for people with ASD-who face ongoing challenges. Therefore, to select the interventions more appropriately and ensure their effectiveness, such interventions need to be evaluated. Thus, this study is an attempt to develop a framework for evaluating IT-based interventions among people with ASD. Material and Methods: The present study is a descriptive-applied study examining the information technology-based intervention studies in the field of ASD. The search and review of studies continued without any restrictions until an appropriate and complete framework of interventions was obtained. The required data were extracted and collected in a table focusing on the evaluation of ASD interventions. The data were then analyzed to determine an appropriate framework for the objectives of the study. Finally, the evaluation framework was prepared using the one-step Delphi method and sent to 15 experts in the field of autism and health information technology to obtain their views on changing, modifying, approving the framework. Results: In the framework developed in this study, two aspects of the interventions, including the type of information technology interventions and their outcome are generally presented. Moreover, the technologies used were presented from three main aspects: evaluation methods, technical evaluation cases, and clinical evaluation cases. Conclusion: The results revealed that technology-based interventions can be of tremendous help in the treatment, education and increasing social interactions of people with ASD and thus bring about significant effects. Therefore, according to experts, the prepared assessment framework of interventions based on information technology leads to identifying the strengths and weaknesses of interventions, improving technologies as well as choosing appropriate interventions and ultimately increasing the quality of life of people with autism spectrum disorder.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between creativity and entrepreneurial skills in health system managers of the educational hospitals. Material and Methods: This research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The study population includes the managers of teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, south west Iran. The data were collected by census method from 110 senior and mid-level managers through a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using absolute and relative frequency, mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise linear regression in SPSS software version 22. Results: The mean score of creativity for managers was 44. 74  7. 91. 64. 6% of the managers were found highly creative while 35. 4% of them were considered relatively creative. The average score of entrepreneurial skills of managers was 3 0. 67, which was estimated to be appropriate. The correlation between creativity and entrepreneurial skills was 0. 645, which showed a positive and strong relationship between these two variables (P <0. 001). Simple linear regression showed that managerial skills among entrepreneurial skills determine 44. 4% of creativity (P <0. 001). Conclusion: It is suggested that the level of managerial skills among managers be strengthened by providing training courses.

Background and Objectives: Public-private partnerships can lead to increased efficiency, equity, accountability, quality and access to services in the health system. The aim of this study was to explore the opinion of health system managers about the advantages, disadvantages and barriers of public-private partnership in the provision of primary health care services. Material and Methods: We used both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the opinion of experts about the objectives of the study. First of all a literature reviewe was done to identify the problems and challenges of public-private partnership in the health sector in the year 2020. Based on the literature review and interviews conducted with experts, a two-part questionnaire was developed to collect data. The sample for the interviews was selected by snowball method until saturation was reached. After the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were established, the questionnaire was completed by 100 health managers. The collected data were analyzed using Stata software version 14. Results: The most important benefits of public-private partnership in providing primary health care services from the point of view of health managers include providing financial resources for health services plans with an average of 4. 02 (SD 1. 00), as well as the high technical and managerial efficiency in the private sector with an average of 3. 90 (SD 0. 60). Lack of full coverage of primary health care services and incomitment to social justice with an average score of 3. 99 (SD 0. 92) as well as the inadequate job security of human resources in the private sector with an average score of 3. 97 (SD 0. 9) were found as the most important disadvantages of partnership of public-private. It was revealed that the major barriers hindering public-private partnership in service delivery include "legal, and monitoring shortcomings alongside hampering rules and regulations in partnership with the private sector" with a mean score of 4. 06(SD 0. 60), "reluctance of health managers for risk-taking when in partnership with the pivate sector "with a mean score of 4. 05 (SD 0. 61) and" Insufficient expertise of government managers regarding knowledge of partnership with the private sector "with a mean score of 4. 04 a(SDf 0. 53). Conclusion: It seems that managers' attention to the disadvantages of partnership, such as lack of full coverage of services and withdrawal from social justice, etc., can pave the way for developing much clearer and smoother public-private sectors’ partnerships.

Background and Objectives: Burns is one of the most common and potentially dangerous public health problems. Burn patients' hospitalization facilitates the provision of medical services. However, prolonging the length of hospital stay can not only impose an economic burden, but also cause various infections in patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting hospitalization length in burn patients admitted to Sina Hospital as burn referral hospital in Northwest of Iran. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the medical records of burn patients, who were admitted to Sina Hospital in Tabriz during 2018, were included. Data collection was performed, using a goalbased researcher checklist. Data were analyzed, using Stata 16 software and through quantile regression modeling. Results: The total number of hospitalized burn patients was 1586 of whom 998 (62. 3%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 25. 5 ± 22. 9 years. Burns occurred more often in summer (30. 5%) and at home (n=1246, 78. 6%). The median length of hospitalization was 8 days (95% CI: 7. 34-8. 57). Single (P = 0. 010) and illiterate patients (P = 0. 022) had a longer hospitalization length. The lower the Glasgow coma score at the beginning of hospitalization, the longer hospital stay seemed to grow (P = 0. 034). Patients with burns on face (P = 0. 037), head and neck (P <0. 001) and back of the trunk (P = 0. 031) had longer hospital stays, respectively. Conclusion: Glasgow coma score, burns on the face, neck and back were identified as effective clinical signs on hospitalization length of stay amongst burn patients. Considering these symptoms in the triage of burn patients, providing quality treatment and care services to manage these symptoms can reduce the length of hospital stay and ultimately lead to a reduction in social and economic costs for patients and society.

Background and Objectives: Action research has become popular in health system research and problem solving. The aim of this study was to introduce the concepts and applications of action research in health system. Material and Methods: This study reviewed the related documents and literatures in Persian and English Language through a comprehensive search in web-based resources. Results: This study compares the Simmons model and other methods and provides a successful model for the use of pilot research in the health system. Conclusion: This study recommends utilization of action research in solving health system problems in practice and also for learning in the field.

The aim of this study was to understand the role of sports on covid-19 through reviewing the published literature. This was a narrative review that used valid keywords for searching the related scholarly articles. The search for the related keywords on Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct library and Google Scholar yielded 1158 articles in 2020. After screening, we found 28 articles eligible to be included in the review. The results indicated that physical activity and exercise play a role in preventing novel coronavirous infection and strengthening the immune system against covid-19.