Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal
Year:2019 | Volume:28 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:27

In this study the effects of various amounts of dietary EDTA (ethylene di amine tetra-acetic acid) supplementation on the amounts of cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic were evaluated over a growing period of 90 days. This research was conducted according to completely randomized design with 5 treatments including 1(control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 containing different EDTA concentration of 75, 150, 300 and 600 ppm, respectively and 6 replicates. The average concentration of arsenic ranged from total weight, total length and body height in fingerling fishes were 2. 1± 0. 06 g, 1. 96± 0. 05 and 0. 51± 0. 01 cm, respectively. The average concentration of arsenic ranged from 56 to 84. 66 μ g/kg in different treatments. The highest and lowest concentration of arsenic were observed in treatment 2 and 5 were significantly different among various treatments (P>0. 05). The highest and the lowest concentration of mercury were observed in treatment 3 (129. 33± 2. 4 μ g/kg) and 4 (112. ± 332. 02 μ g/kg), respectively. The amounts of mercury in treatment 1, 4 and 5 were significantly different from treatments 2 and 3(P<0. 05). Lead concentration ranged from 192 to 256 μ g/kg, in which the treatment 4 showed a significantly different as compared to the other (P<0. 05). The lowest and the highest concentration of cadmium were observed in treatments 2 (106. 00± 4. 72 μ g/kg) and 4 (113. 0± 4. 61 μ g/kg), respectively. The concentration of cadmium in treatment4 was a significantly different from treatments 1, 2 and5 (P<0. 05).

Beach seine is fishing gears that occupy all depths of water from surface to bed by non-gillnet net. Increasing non-standard catches caused this survive was done to standardization of the beach seine mesh size. The research was started from winter of 2017 to spring of 2017, performing 73 hauling with four mesh sizes of 26, 28, 30 and 33 mm (knot to knot) in the bag area of the beach seine in Miankaleh region of Golestan Province. According to the mesh size used in the bag section, the results showed that the highest amount of catches from different mesh size was done in size of 26 mm. Also, the maximum lengths were found for Liza aurata, Risso, 1810 in different mesh size in the 30-35 cm class length and for Alosa caspia, Linck, 1790 for 35-40 cm and for Rutilus kutum, Kamensky, 1901 at 30 to 35 cm. Also, in the mesh size of 26 mm, 50 percent of Lisa fish was caught at the length of 24. 87 centimeters, in mesh size of 30 mm, 25. 66 centimeters and mesh size of 32 mm, 26. 65 centimeters. Also, the length of 50% of the permitted catch was obtained 25. 5 centimeters by using 30 mm mesh size. According to the results, it was found that the Beach seines in the region did not caught selective and did catch much fish below the standard length.

In this study, rainbow trout diet was supplemented with different levels of annatto (Bixa orellana) seed powder and then some blood parameters (i. e. red and white blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage), growth performance and the fillets color was evaluated. The experimental diets consisted of 0 (control), 0. 25, 0. 5 and 0. 75% annatto powder with three replicates. A total of 360 juvenile rainbow trout (100± 5 g) were stocked completely randomly in 12 tanks and reared for 40 days. The maximum amount of all measured blood parameters except white blood cells were obtained in supplemented diet with 0. 75% annatto seed powder and the minimum amount of the blood indices were observed in control group (p<0. 05). Also, the highest body weight (235 g) was related to 0. 75% annatto seed powder and the lowest (108. 2 g) was related to control one (p<0. 05). Spectrum of red and yellow colors in the fish fillets were increased by increasing in annatto seed powder level in the diet and the highest values were recorded in the fish fillet fed with 0. 75% annatto seed powder in comparison with others (p<0. 05). Therefore, the addition of annatto seed powder at 0. 75% in rainbow trout diet has a positive effect on the blood parameters, and on the other hand, by increasing the growth rate and fillet coloring, probably the cost of culturing will reduce and the customer's satisfaction with the fish meat will increase.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of saffron petal powder on the growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the grass carp larva (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish larva (0. 75 ± 0. 03 g and 4. 39± 0. 09 cm) were fed separately with four levels of saffron petal powder diets which were included; P0 (0%), P1 (2%), P2 (4%) and P3 (6%) for 60 days. One thousand two hundred fish were divided randomly into 12 tanks (4 experimental treatments and each with 3 replications). End of the experiment, growth (final weight, final length, daily growth rate, weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor), feed (food conversion ratio and food conversion efficiency) and Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, malonyldialdehyde and catalase) parameters were evaluated. Growth parameters were enhanced following feeding with saffron petal powder compared with the control group. The final weight and specific growth rate in P2 treatment increased significantly compared to control, while there was a significant reduction in food conversion ratio (FCR) in this treatment. In addition, the activities of MDA and Catalase were significantly decreased in the fish larvae fed with different levels of supplement compared to those of the control group. A significant enhancement in the SOD and GPX parameters of P3 compared to control. This research demonstrated that the saffron petal powder of 6% could be used as a promising feed additive in aquaculture.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of Lead, Copper, Cadmium and Mercury in the soft tissues of brown algae (Sargassum ilicifolium) and muscle of spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) in a five different stations along the northern coasts of the Oman Sea during pre and post monsoon seasons. A number of 50 specimens of each sample were collected from stations of Jask port, Darak port, Pozm port, Chabahar Golf and Goatre port during spring and autumn 2016. Heavy metals were extracted from the muscle tissues using a wet digestion method. Concentration of metals was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed a significant difference in the accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of both species during pre and post condition the monsoon between different stations (p<0. 05). Comparisons of heavy metal accumulation in the pre and postmonsoon showed a significant difference only in the cadmium accumulation in the muscle of Spiny lobsters (p<0. 05). The accumulation of Cadmium in the post-monsoon was lower than the premonsoon condition (p<0. 05). By comparison between the results obtained from this study to the international standards defined by WHO, FDA, NHMRC and the National Iranian Standards Organization, it was cleared that the concentrations of heavy metals in brown algae soft muscle were lower than permitted levels and so not risky for health. Also, the Concentration of lead in the soft muscle of Spiny lobster is lower than allowable limits. But, the concentration of copper, cadmium and mercury in the muscle of Spiny lobster was much higher than permitted levels. In conclusion, the results of this study could show inappropriate environmental conditions of the northern coasts of the Oman Sea.

Since the consumption is the main target of production and desired items of manufactures must be in the same direction with consumer demands through seller, evaluation of purchase and sale trends have specially importance. Therefore, this study was conducted in 1393 in order to evaluate the purchase and sale trend in the fish market of Guilan province’ s in Bandar Anzali, Astara, and Kiashahr ports. Using a questionnaire data were collected from 30 fish store. Friedman test and chi-squared test were used to analyze the data from descriptive statistics. The results showed that most (26. 6%) of fish sellers in Guilan ports were 31 to 40 years old. Most of them have had middle school or high school educations. About half of them have had 10 to 20 year experience, and 65% had 3 or 4-person families. 70% of fish market sellers in these ports possess facilities such as refrigerators to appropriately supply fish, but over 80% of them were lacking in counters. The research findings showed that sellers believed that the buyer and the consumer should give the most attention to freshness and quality when buying fish. In order to evaluate the priorities on not to be consumed fish by consumers from suppliers’ perspective, the unpleasant smell, the tiny bones and the difficulty of cleaning were first to fourth priorities. Sellers found that the healthiness and freshness were as the most important factors in consuming fish from the viewpoint of consumers. In addition, it was discovered that, regarding sellers, lack of access to final consumers, high rent, high municipal taxes, lack of buyers’ awareness lack of awareness, and low space in stores are not among problems with which fish sellers are faced in the markets of Guilan ports. Therefore, organizing these markets and equipping them with counters and standards and, modernizing the traditional market is an essential factor.

This study was carried out in line with the Caspian Sea water transportation program to the central plateau on the Southeast shores of the Caspian Sea (Goharbaran region) since 2013-2014,Sampling was performed monthly and there were 8 stations at depths of 5,10 and 15 meters in 2 transects,The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between some physico-chemical parameters of water and total organic matter,distribution,abundance and biomass of Streblospio gynobranchiata (Spionoidae) in the different depths,The results showed that the highest abundance and biomass were in the Eastern transect with mean 1437,1±269,17 ind,m-2 and 0,711±0,131 g,m-2,respectively,A positive correlation was found between the abundance and biomass of S,gynobranchiata with TOM and at 0,01 level,salinity and water temperature at 0,05 level based on Pearson correlation test,The abundance and biomass of S,gynobranchiatain different seasons was fluctuating,with the highest abundance 1550,08±185,22 ind,m-2 and 0,775±0,09 g,m-2 recorded in winter and in January,respectively,So there was a significant difference between the abundance and biomass in different months (p<0,05),This could be due to the approach to the period of water disruption following the seasonal changes and the creation of a bioturbation in the seabed and a deposit feeder species,

Heavy metals are one of the main groups of environmental pollutants; enter the aquatic environment through natural and human activities. These metals may accumulate in aquatic organisms including fish and be a potential danger to the health of the ecosystem and living organisms, especially for human beings. In this study, the amount of heavy metals including copper, zinc, and nickel was investigated in the muscle tissue of Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii Kutum), and Caspian Vimba (Vimba vimba persa) from Bandar Anzali by atomic absorption. Mean concentrations of heavy metals including copper, zinc and nickel in dry weight of muscle tissue in Caspian kutum were 7. 47 ± 1. 26, 18. 96 ± 1. 49 and 2. 68 ± 0. 23, μ g/g, respectively. These amounts were 10. 41± 2. 26, 32. 01 ± 6. 82, and 2. 50 ± 0. 30 ug in dry weight in the muscle of Caspian Vimba for the copper, zinc and nickel, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals in muscle tissue was less than the permitted concentration of international standards, except for nickel that was higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards. Potential risk and hazard indicators were less than 1 for both age groups of adults and children, so there is not much danger to consumers. Due to the importance of the quality of fish used for the inhabitants of northern Iran, pollutants in the area, especially heavy metals, should be continuously monitored to control the amount of contaminants in consumer communities.

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of red seaweed Jania adhaerens J. V. Lamouroux extract (JE) on blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, after 60 days. Four experimental diets were prepared: JE0 as a control group; JE5, JE10 and JE 15, which included 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg JE kg-1 diet respectively. One hundred twenty grey mullet weighting 14. 95± 2. 01 g (mean± SE) was randomly divided into four groups corresponding to the different feeding regimes. After 60 days feeding with above diets, No significant differences were evident in albumin and catalase (CAT) between the control group and treatments (P>0. 05). The lowest levels of glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the highest glutathione (GSH( activity were shown in JE15. Treatments containing different levels of JE showed significantly different in superoxide dismutase (SOD), MDA, GSH, total protein and globulin compared with control treatment (P<0. 05). Overall, the results of the experiment revealed that grey mullet fed with JE10 and JE15 diets showed improvement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes and blood biochemical parameters and use of diet containing 15 mg/kg J. adhaerens extract could suggest for grey mullet.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of probiotic on growth performance and hematological indices in male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock. For this purpose, broodstock with an average initial weight of 1366. 14 ± 33. 85 g (mean ± S. E. M) were fed for 8 weeks with diets containing 0, 0. 5, 1 and 2 g. kg-1 Bio-Aqua probiotic. At the end of the period, growth performance and blood parameters were evaluated. According to the results, the highest average final weight and the lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in 1 g. kg-1 treatment and showed a significant difference with control treatment (P<0. 05). Moreover, the highest specific growth rate and body weight increase were obtained in 1 g. kg-1 treatment and showed significant difference with control and 2 g. kg-1 treatments (P<0. 05). The condition factor was not significantly different among treatments (P>0. 05). In hematological indices, the highest number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels were observed in 1 g. kg-1 treatment and showed significant difference with control and 2 g. kg-1 treatments (P<0. 05). The highest number of white blood cells and hematocrit percentage were obtained in 1 g. kg-1 treatment and showed significant difference with control treatment (P<0. 05). However, significant difference were not observed in other hematological indices among the treatments (P>0. 05). The results of present study demonstrated the ability of probiotic to influence on growth parameters and hematological indices in male rainbow trout broodstock. Accordingly, the Bio-Aqua probiotic in 1 g. kg-1 as the best level suggested to using in feed of male rainbow trout broodstock.

The global demand for plastics is increasing due to it wide applications. About 60 to 80 percent of the waste of the marine environment belong to plastic class. There is a lack of information and research on the presence of plastic and micro-plastic contamination in aquatic animals, The present study, therefore examined the frequency, distribution, size, color and type of micro-plastic (MPS) in the gastrointestinal tract of 5 species (n =10) from the coasts of the Chabahar Bay, the Oman Sea in spring, 96. The total number of MPS found in the studied species varied and highest percentage of MPS in the gastrointestinal tract of the fish belonged to fiber (55%), fragments (26%) and pellets (18%). The results of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis from suspect samples were shown the microplastic samples were found. The most commonly detected polymers were polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon. The results showed that all fish sampled from Chabahar Bay contained MPS. Considering the importance of MPS pollution, it can be suggested by studying this contamination By monitoring the release of plastics on the shores of tourism and fishing in the Chabahar of bay, as a subject of future studies.

Up to now, twelve species of the genus Alburnoides belonged to Cyprinidae have been described from Iranian inland water solely based on the morphological characteristics. The described key characters for these species have no efficiency for their discrimination, and cannot help their precise diagnosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to study the phylogenetic relationship and verification of these species based on COI gene. For this purpose, 70 specimens of Alburnoides species were collected from 20 sampling sites in six Iranian inland water basins. To determination of inter-and intra-species genetic differences, the DNA of sampled specimens were extracted based on Phenol-chloroform method, their COI gene were amplified using thermal cycler and were sequenced after purifications. Based on the results, the members of the Iranian species of the genus Alburnoides were divided into seven linages. Maximum and minimum intra-species genetic distances based on K2P criterion were found between the populations of A. samiii, and A. coadi, A. holciki, A. parhami and A. nicolausi, respectively. Furthermore, maximum and minimum inter-species genetic distances based on K2P criterion were calculated between A. qanati and A. holciki (7. 56), and A. parhami and A. holciki (0. 33). Based on the results of this study using COI gene, the validity of A. parhami, A. coadi and A. nicolausi were not confirmed and it is suggested to be synonym of A. holciki, A. namaki and A. idignensis, respectively.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a neuropeptide known to regulate reproduction in vertebrates. Different analogues of synthetic GnRH are used to induce final sexual maturation in fish breeders. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the expression of recombinant GnRH (rGnRH) in Escherichia coli BL21 to produce recombinant hormone. In the present research, the sequence of DNA related to designed fish GnRH was cloned in pET28a+. The cloning was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers. Recombinant vector pET28a+/GnRH was transformed into the expression host, E. coli BL21 (DE3). The transformation was confirmed using colony PCR. The transformed bacteria were cultured in LB medium containing kanamycin antibiotic at 37° C at overnight then, induced with 1 mM IPTG. After induction, the bacteria were cultured in two different times and temperatures including 37° C for 6 h and 20° C for 24 h. The protein expression was determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. A band of expected size (186 base pair) of amplification from the gene transmitted to the bacteria was detected on the agarose gel. The 8-kD band of peptide expression was observed in the SDS-PAGE gel and the expression level in 20° C for 24 h was higher than 37° C for 6 h. The result showed that GnRH from fish had the possibility of producing in the prokaryotic expression system and after optimization, it can be introduced as a specific homologous for the treatment of reproductive disorders in fish.

Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii Kamensky 1901, is a commercially important fish species in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. All of the metal entered in the Caspian Sea. The pollution of this metal cause To create environmental problem. To address the issue, some 51 R. frisii specimens were caught at five different fishing regions (including Astara, Anzali, Kiashahr, ) of the southern shoreline of the Caspian Sea from September 2017 through January 2018. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to measure heavy metals concentrations in fish tissues. The highest concentrations of calcium, manganese in muscle tissue, aluminum, barium, cadmium, cobalt, iron, potassium, sodium, sulfur, tin, tungsten and zinc in kidney tissues, arsenic, nickel, lead and rubidium in gonads, chromium, lithium, Magnesium, phosphorus, antimony, silicon, strontium, thorium and titanium in skin tissue, copper and uranium in liver tissue. The lowest correlation between Ni and Sr with the other elements reported in liver tissue and the lowest correlation between Sb, Ni and Mn with another elements reported in liver tissue.

Shrimps are one of the most important seafood sources for humans. Heavy metals accumulated in the body of shrimp can be transmitted to humans in the food chain. The present study was done in 2017 to compare the accumulation of heavy metals Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Tin (Sn), Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) in edible tissue of Indian white shrimp in the fishing grounds of the Makoran coasts. For this purpose, 60 shrimps were harvested from Konarak, Beris and Pasabander. After biometry and preparation of samples and measurement of metals, the mean concentrations of Cu, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cd, As and Hg were 2. 13 ± 0. 28, 2. 76± 0. 13, 1. 77± 0. 30, 0. 24± 0. 05, 0. 03± 0. 001, 0. 32± 0. 05, 0. 02± 0. 001 μ g/g dry weight in muscle tissue of the shrimp. Comparing the stations showed that the Bris area had a significant difference except for mercury and iron in other metals (P <0. 05). Comparing the results with some international standards, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and American Food and Drug Administration(FDA), shows that the concentration of all the tested elements is less than global, so shrimp consumption is not hazardous to human health in the sampled areas.

To determine the effect of D-Pro probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Persian sturgeon’ s diet on the growth indices and biochemical analysis of the carcass, a total of 2400 Persian sturgeon species were randomly selected, with a mean weight of 4. 00± 0. 10 g (mean ± standard error) and a mean length of 9. 91± 0. 35 cm (mean ± standard error), and were assigned to four treatment groups, each of which was carried out with three replications. The present study was conducted within 60 days in Dr. Beheshti Center of Proliferation and Restoration of Persian Sturgeon (Guilan province). The treatments were 1) 5 g/1 kg of D-Pro, 2) 5g/1kg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 3) a mixture of 5 g/1kg of D-Pro and 5 g/1kg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and 4) a control group )a basic diet without any probiotics and yeasts(. Results of the analyses showed that the highest mean weight was obtained in the D-Pro treatment. The D-Pro treatment had the highest increase in length and the lowest feed conversion ratio which were significantly different compared to other treatments (P<0. 05). Using D-Pro in their diet led to a carcass fat increase and this increase was statistically significant (P<0. 05). By adding D-Pro to their diet, the carcass moisture decreased and this decrease resulted in a significant difference in the carcass moisture content compared to the control group (P<0. 05). The levels of whole carcass ash were not significantly different in the D-Pro and Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatments compared to the control group (P>0. 05). However, differences in the levels of whole carcass ash were observed between the D-Pro and Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatments, such that the levels of ash significantly increased compared to the D-Pro treatment (P<0. 05). The oral consumption of 5g of D-Pro probiotic in the Persian sturgeon’ s diet increased growth and growth indices and is recommended to be used in the aquaculture industry.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Pediococcus pentosaceus on hematological, immunological and growth parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). 180 carp weighted 14± 1. 44 g were distributed in three treatments. Treatment 1: commercial diets with Lactobacilus acidophilus 1. 5g/10Kg (1010CFUg-1), treatment 2: Pediococcus pentosaceus 1. 5g/10Kg (1010CFUg-1) and treatment 3: commercial diets without probiotic diet were fed for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, 15 fish from each treatment were collected, hematological, immunological and growth parameters were measured. Based on the results, weight gain, neutrophil and monocyte percentages, lysozyme activity and C3 content in treatments 2 and 3 were significantly higher than control. Hematocrit, RBC, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH in treatment 2 were significantly higher than other treatments. MCHC and lymphocyte percentage showed the highest values in treatment 3. There was no significant difference between IgM and C4 levels between treatments. The results of this study showed that the use of L. acidophilus and P. pentosaceus probiotics have positive effects on the growth parameters, hematological and immunological parameters of juvenile common carp.

Marine environment is the main source of natural bioactive products whose chemical-structural properties are not similar with other natural products of plants and other inland organisms. The present study was carried out to evaluate antibiotic properties of diethyl ether and methanol extracts of two marine species including starfish and carpet anemone. The samples of starfish and carpet anemone were collected from the Lark Island coasts. Extraction was done using diethyl ether and methanol solvents and antibiotic properties analysis on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated using agar diffusion method. Then tube dilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). According to the results, diethyl ether extract from carpet anemone had no inhibitory effect on E. coli bacteria. While, starfish methanol extract (40 mg/ml) showed a growth inhibitory effect on E. coli bacteria. The starfish methanol extract (30 and 50 mg/ml) had a growth inhibitory effect on B. subtilis bacteria. Carpet anemone methanol extract (40 mg/ml) cause a growth inhibitory effect on E. coli, but did not have a deleterious effect. Starfish methanol extract showed the highest growth inhibitory effect on B. subtilis and created a growth inhibitory circle zoon (12. 1± 0. 8 mm diameter). The results showed that the methanolic extract of the starfish has higher growth inhibitory effect on the two studied bacterial species. In conclusion, methanolic extracts of the starfish were effective in inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis bacteria and methanolic extract of carpet anemone in inhibiting E. coli bacteria growth.

The aim of present study was to assess the susceptibility of vacuum packaging in prevention of microbial contamination of packaged fish fillets at Ahvaz market. In order to evaluate the microbial contamination of commercial shrimps at Ahvaz market, 8 common species has been used as follow: Penaeus semisulcatus, Penaeus indicus, Penaeus farfante, Penulirus homarus, Penaeus merguiensis, Parapenaopsis stylifra, Metapenaeus affinis, and Litopenaeus vanamei. For Identification of microbial contamination of sampled shrimps, the muscle tissue has been observed. Two bacterial family (Vibrionaceae and Streptococcaceae) including 2 genus and 3 species has been identified. The most abundant species was Streptococcus faecalis with frequency of 61. 5% and the lowest frequent species was Vibrio alginolyticus (7. 7%). No bacterial contamination has been detected in Penulirus homarus and Metapenaeus affinis. Penaeus farfante with the 4. 5×103 contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the most contaminated species. In study of organs for detection of fungi, Penicillium expansum from Phylum Ascomycota, Family of Trichocomaceae has been detected. Due to the contamination of of studied specimens it should be noted that precise and continuous monitoring of possible pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus in order to evaluate the health risk of consuming sea food would be necessary.

The aim of this paper is to determine the sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST) of Persian Gulf by using the AMSU-B sensor data of NOAA-16 satellite. A multiple linear regression method was used by statistical computing software R on AMSU-B data and in-situ data. Based on the results, the correlation coefficient (R2) for salinity and temperature was 0. 85 and 0. 94, respectively. Also, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between satellite and ‘ in-situ’ data are 0. 045 psu for SSS and 0. 12 for temperature. This indicates that in this study the AMSU-B satellite data for determining the salinity pattern and surface temperature is accurate enough.