Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal
Year:2019 | Volume:28 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:25

In the present study, the physicochemical, microbial and sensory changes of Huso huso fillets smoked and flavored with brine and sauce for 30 days in the refrigerator were investigated. For this purpose, H. huso was filleted after harvesting and preparation. The fillets were immersed in saturated brine with a concentration of 6. 34% NaCl and the sauce for one hour and smoked by hot smoky machine. Then, the samples were packed and stored for 30 days at refrigerator. The results showed that the percentage of protein in the smoked and flavored with sauce (32. 28-32. 32%) were higher than the brine treatment (27. 84-28. 29%), and there was a significant difference between TBA and TVB-N (p<0. 05). So that, the highest levels of TBA (2. 03 mg of malondialdehyde/1000 g of fat) and TVB-N (25. 9 mg of nitrogen/100 g of sample) were reported at the end of the storage period for smoked and flavored with sauce (p<0. 05); however, there was no significant difference between pH of treatments (p>0. 05). The amount of total bacteria and coliform was negative during the period; but, mold was observed in both samples of smoked and flavored with brine (8 colonies per ml sample) and sauce (6 colonies per ml sample) at the end of storage period. The sensory evaluation results indicate that the both samples were not significantly different in terms of packaging. Therefore, based on sensory and microbiological evaluations, the shelf-life of hot smoked and flavored fillets with brine and sauce was 20 days in usual packages.

Appendicularians are the most important group among zooplankton communities, widely distributed in all the oceans and they are considered as one of the most important sources of productivity and food supplies for secondary consumers. So this study aimed to identify, introduce and assess the temporal and spatial variations of the Appendicularians in the Persian Gulf, restricted to coastal waters of northern part of Bushehr. Appendicularians were collected during seven sampling programs, from Frake river-estuary, three sites of large creek-estuary of the Shif, one site in the sea, and one site in the Lashkari creek-estuary, at middle and last day of each season, midsummer of 2016 to spring of 2017. During all surveys, depth of the sampling location, Secchi depth, water temperature, pH, and salinity were measured. Finally, 4 species were identified, Oikopleura dioica, Oikopleura longicauda Appendicularia sicula and Fritillaria sp. The highest total density was observed in the sea station at March, with dominance of O. dioica and a relative abundance of 80%, relative abundance of O. longicauda, A. sicula and Fritillaria sp. were calculated 18. 9%, 1. 06% and 0. 04% respectively, so Fritillaria sp were introduced as rare species. Two species of O. dioica and O. longicauda demonstrated completely different spatial and temporal distribution pattern, and based on dbRDA (distance based Redundancy Analysis), transparency explains effectively the distribution pattern of O. longicauda, and also depth and salinity are the most important factors which explain the distribution pattern of O. dioica and temperature was correlated factor with abundances of A. sicula, in our study area.

In this research, the pennyroyal extract (PE) effect was studied at different concentrations (0, 2 and 4% w/v) on chemical and bacterial quality of surimi produced from common Kilka over a period of 15 days (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days) during refrigerator storage (4± 1° C). The experiments was conducted to determine chemical tests including peroxide value (PV), thiobarbitoric acid (TBA), total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB-N), pH and total viable count (TVC) and psychrophilic count (PTC) as bacterial tests at 3 days intervals with triplicate. Findings showed that the PV content was significantly higher than that from control treatment as it was increased from 0. 64 on the first day to 5. 41 meq O2 on the 12th day (p<0. 05). The TBA and TVB-N amounts were increased in the control treatment until 15th day so that it was recorded 0. 43 mg malondialdehyde for TBA and 32. 8 mg N for TVB-N on day 15 with a significant difference compared to those containing PE (p<0. 05). The pH value was significantly higher in control than groups treated with PE during the whole storage period (p<0. 05), with an increase from 7. 14 at day 1 to 8. 08 at day 15. The TVC and PTC bacteria from treated groups with PE were significantly lower than those from control wherein TVC and PTC bacteria were increased in the control from 3. 55 to 3. 25 to 6. 64 and 5. 96 log cfu/g, respectively (p>0. 05); but it was remained lower than the proposed acceptable limit (7 log cfu/g). Based on the findings of the present study, 4% PE can use for enhance the shelf life of the common kilka surimi at refrigerator.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary commercial organic acids mixture (Biotronic® Top3) on growth performance and carcass composition of common carp juveniles. Fish with an average weight of 50g were stocked in 12 fiberglass tanks with 15 fish per tank density for 60 days and fed with 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3% of dietary organic acids mixture. Results showed that the highest body weight was observed in 3% treatment (144. 8± 1. 36 g) and the lowest value was related to the control treatment. However, the highest feed conversion ratio was obtained in the control (2. 78± 0. 05) and the lowest value was observed in the 3% treatment (2. 2± 0. 07). The highest specific growth rate was observed in 3% treatment (1. 41± 0. 11%) and the lowest value was related to the control treatment (0. 85± 0. 02%). Also, fish fed with 3% organic acids mixture showed the highest levels of carcass crude protein (18. 81± 0. 32%) and the lowest fat content (3. 28± 0. 14%). According to the results, it seems that the organic acids mixture at level of 3% can be used as a growth promoter and has a positive effect on growth performance, survival rate and carcass quality of common carp.

In this study, a sensor based on chitosan biofilm with bromophenol blue and bromocresol green sensors based on filter paper were used to determine the bacterial quality of common Kilka fish mince in refrigerated temperature. The total viable bacterial count (TVCs) on day zero was 3. 473 log CFU / gr, which at the end of the storage period was changed to 6. 497 log CFU / gr (p <0. 05). The psychrotrophic bacterial counts (PTCs) at the beginning storage time was a 1. 473 log CFU / gr and increased during the refrigerated storage time and achieved to 7. 516 log CFU / gr (p <0. 05). Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) at the beginning of the storage period was 7. 01mg N/100g, which increased to 44. 348 mg N/100g at the end of the storage (p <0. 05). The pH during storage time changed from 6. 105 to 6. 827 (p <0. 05). The correlation among microbial, chemical and color change values (Δ E) was different, and the highest correlation was observed in bromophenol blue indicator, which correlates with TVCs, The PTCs, TVB-N and pH were 0. 941, 0. 989, 0. 912 and 0. 779, respectively (p <0. 05). Based on the results of this study, it was found which bacterial and chemical changes spoilage in the minced fish package was simultaneous with the sensors color change and they show a quality decrease as form color change.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nettle (Urtica dioica) hydroalcoholic extract (NHE) on saprolegniasis control, serum biochemistry, immunological and hematological indices of rainbow trout infected with Saprolegnia. Rainbow trout (n=180, weight=22± 0. 27g) were randomly distributed in six treatments. Experimental groups were first made prone to the disease by scaling the caudal peduncle, and then were exposed to bathing with S. zoospores (3×105/L) for 4 hours. After infection, fish were stocked in 100 L tanks and received four treatments (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L of NHE) daily for 1 hour during 1 week. At the one-week bathing with NHE (first week), and a week after the bathing (second week), parameters of hematology [red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hematocrit, and hemoglobin], serum biochemistry (albumin, globulins, and total protein), immunity parameters (lysozyme activity, complement system, and respiratory burst activity), and mortality rate were examined in all treatments. Results showed that 100 mg/L of NHE significantly increased hematological, serum biochemical and immunity parameters in rainbow trout infected with saprolegnia (p< 0. 05). Also, doses 50, 150 and 200 mg/L of NHE significantly reduced mortality rate with increasing fish resistance to saprolegniasis compared the control. Hence, the use of NHE at a dose of 100 mg/L with bath therapy is recommended to improve hematological and immunological parameters, and to control of saprolegniasis in this species.

Carbonaceous organic matter and water salinity are the key factors in zero water exchange system with biofloc production. In the present study, production of biofloc in different water salinities and carbon sources was investigated in zero water exchange system. For this purpose, three levels of salinity (10, 21 and 32 ppt) and two types of carbon source (molasses and wheat flour) were considered in zero water exchange system. The experiment was conducted in tanks with water volume of 300L for 4 weeks in propagation and cultivation aquatics center located in Bandar Kolahi, Minab, Hormozgan province. Minimum dissolved oxygen (5. 68 mg/l) and NH3 (0. 29 mg/l) and maximum NO3 (12. 68 mg/l) obtained in the tanks with molasses, as carbon source, and 32ppt water salinity. Some of water phsicochemical parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, NH3 and NO3 were measured regularly and significant differences were observed among the different treatments (p<0. 05). The analysis of the biochemical composition of the bioflocs showed a decrease in protein and an increase in ash content along with increase in water salinity. Lipid content in molass biofloc was significantly lower than the wheat flour biofloc (p<0. 05). The results showed that type of carbon source and value of salinity would be effective on water quality parameters and nutrition value of bioflocs in zero water exchange system.

This study was conducted to determination length and age composition, growth and mortality parameters and estimate biomass of Kutum in the Iranian coastal waters of the Caspian Sea from 2017 to 2018. The biometrics data were collected from the fishing cooperatives in the Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. The mean (± SD) of fork length and total weight were obtained 37. 4± 6. 9 cm and 729. 8± 418. 4 gr respectively. The range of age was from 2 to 11 year and fish with 3 to 4 years comprised up to 73. 4 percent. The mean (± SD) of fork length for 3 and 4 age groups were 33. 8± 5. 8 and 39. 0± 6. 2 cm respectively. In length – weight relationship a, b and r2 were calculated 0. 012, 2. 99 and 0. 96. K value, L∞ and t0 were calculated 0. 21 (/year), 61. 4 cm and-0. 54 respectively. Mortality parameters such as Z, M and F were calculated 0. 76, 0. 36 and 0. 36 respectively. The biomass of kutum estimated 27437. 7 tons.

In the last century, products such as fishmeal, fish oil, and silage, etc. have been used in animal feed. In the past few decades, our country has been importing fishmeal. Therefore, many efforts have been made to increase domestic production and to reduce the imports. Extensive studies have been conducted on the use of small mesoplagic (lanternfish) in the Oman Sea as a part of these efforts. The lanternfishes are untapped resources, which many researchers have been carried out about their application in human foods and animal feeds. Despite of the volume of investments made by the government, the slow development of the catching and processing of the lanternfishes in Iran has various reasons, including inadequate knowledge of this fish. This article, introduces this fish and its protein and fat properties by reviewing the latest research findings, and emphasizes the necessity of using it in animal feed and human food.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fish meal replacement with single cell protein on growth performance and proteolytic enzymes activity of pepsin, trypsin and alkaline protease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry (weight: 2. 51 ± 0. 55 g) for 6 weeks. Five experimental diets were prepared with replacement levels of 0 (A), with 25% (B), 50% (C), 75% (D) and 100% (E) of fish meal with microbial protein as isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Parameters of body weight gain, relative growth rate, protein, lipid and feed efficiency ratio in diet C were significantly the higher than other treatments (p< 0. 05), while feed conversion ratio was shown the highest and the lowest values in diet C and E, respectively, with a significant difference than those from other treatments (p< 0. 05). The survival rate was 100 % in the diets. The highest activity of trypsin and alkaline protease enzymes from pyloric caeca and intestine was observed in diet C, which showed a significant difference compared to D and E diets (p< 0. 05). Also, pepsin had significantly the highest activity in C diet than that from other diets exception for B diet (p< 0. 05). The findings of growth performance and pepsin, trypsin and alkaline protease activity were revealed the diet containing 50% single cell protein could be appropriate for rainbow trout growth.

In this research, the effects of urban wastewater on the diversity and distribution of fish in the Saghez River, Kurdistan province, were investigated at four different stations including 1) the station of the Cheragveis dam, 2) the station before the wastewater into the river, 3) the station after the entry of wastewater into the river; and 4) the station before the river to the Kazemi dam during Jully to September of 2017. The Shanon-winer, Margalof and Simpsoon indices were used for calculationg the species diversity and the correlation between physicochemical factors and species diversity and frequency of fish species were analyzed using CCA analysis in Canoco software. The results showed that the species Capoeta gracilis showed the highest aboundance in all 4 stations, but the maximum and minumum number of fish species belonged to stations 4 and 2, respectively. The cyprinidae family with 12 species and subspecies and 96. 2% of the total number of fish were observed at all stations. The Nemacheilidae and Sisoridae families with one species had the lowest aboundance. Based on the results of biodiversity indices, the highest Margalf, Shannon-wiener and Simpson index was observed at station 4. However, for the Simpson index, two stations 3 and 4 were similar. In terms of correlation between biodiversity indices and physicochemical factors, there were correlations between Simpson dominance index with nitrate, phosphate, and BOD5, Shannon-wiener index with nitrate, phosphate, ammonia and BOD5. On the other hand, both indices showed a high correlation with the dissolved oxygen. The highest positive correlation was found between the frequency of C. auratus and nitrate, phosphate, ammonium and BOD. In conclusion, effluent of the city Saghez has increased the amount of nitrate and phosphate in the river, which has resulted in the removal of some species and the presence of herbivorous species, thus influencing the population of the Seghez River fish species. Therefore, it is recommended that the effluent of the city Saghez should be treated before entering the river, in order to prevent permanent destruction of natural ecosystems.

Integrated culture of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae with different densities of Gracilaria corticata was examined during a 30-day period from July 17 to August 16, 2018. Four treatments of nursing the whiteleg shrimp L. vannamei post larvae (PL15) at a density of 2000 Pl/m2 integrated with different densities of red sea weed (0, 400, 800 and 1200 g algae/m2) (T1, T2, T3 and T4) plus a control treatment, culturing of red algae Gracilaria corticata at a density of 400 g without shrimp (T5) were compared. Based on the results, the survival rate, the specific growth rate(SGR) and the final weight of L. vannamei (95. 33± 3. 05, 12. 26± 0. 02 and 543. 7± 47. 88) in treatment T4 were significantly higher than the treatments T1 and T2 (p<0. 05). The maximum SGR of G. corticata (2. 37± 0. 88) and the highest percentage of weight gain (WG) (103. 5 ± 5. 02%) was observed in treatment T2. The minimun SGR (0. 23± 0. 10) and the minimum WG (7. 08± 3. 15%) was observed in treatment T5. This research clearly showed that culturing of red algae G. corticata in the nursery tanks of L. vannamei post larvae could lead to increase the growth parameters and survival rate of post larvae and the increasing in these parameters were significantly related to the density of algae in tanks.

The present study was conducted to evaluate sauce production of frozen Macrobrachium nipponense from Anzali wetland and determined its quality and shelf life during storage period at 4oC. The treatments included sorbitol, cooked rice and sucralose. The other components were same. Shrimp processed by pure salt was as control. Peroxide (meq/kgoil), TBRS (mg/kg), TVB-N (mg/100g) and pH were in rice: 0. 85-1. 65, 0. 14-0. 99, 23. 54-68. 87 and 6. 01-6. 99, sorbitol: 0. 93– 1. 94, 0. 36-1. 52, 26. 34-64. 12 and 6. 05-6. 97, sucralose: 0. 72-1. 45, 0. 10– 0. 95, 12. 50-64. 82 and 5. 31-6. 50 and control treatments: 1. 13-2. 95, 0. 72-1. 84, 23. 64-73. 16 and 5. 35-7. 35. The bacterial counts of the treatments were acceptable. In rice treatment, taste (4. 37) and overall acceptance (4. 25) showed a significant increase compared to other treatments (p<0. 05). Protein and salt absorption showed differences between experimental and control treatments (p<0. 05). Sorbitol treatment had the highest moisture (12. 24%). Sauce production was highest in rice (380 ml) and lowest in sorbitol (220 ml) treatments. Rice, sorbitol, sucralose and control treatments had high quality for five, five, six and four months. Given the results, cooked rice is suggesting for shrimp sauce production.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of water-soluble polysaccharides extract of algae Ulva rigida (WPU) on the activity of digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Three replicate groups of shrimp (1. 0± 0. 1g) were fed by four diets containing included, 0 or control, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 g/kg of WPU for 60 days. The results of this study showed that WPU was effective on the activity of digestive enzymes of L. vannamei. The best the activity of digestive enzymes were observed in shrimp that fed with 1. 5 g/kg of WPU diet. Regarding biochemical parameters, the diets supplemented with three levels of WPU reduced glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartat aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in experimental shrimps. Also, protein and globulin levels of shrimp receiving WPU at 1. 0 and 1. 5 level were significantly higher than those fed control treatment. In conclusion, the incorporation of water-soluble polysaccharides from green algae U. rigidaat 1. 5 g/kg doses improves function of digestive enzymes, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms and nonspecific immunity in shrimp L. vannamei.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature, pH, salt, Citrus aurantium eseential oil and modified atmosphere packaging (50% carbon dioxide, 45% nitrogen and 5% oxygen) on control of Salmonella typhimurium was carried out in 1996-97. In this research, pH was adjusted at 5. 5, 6 and 7. 5, temperature at 4, 25 and 37º C, salt at three levels 0, 1. 5 and 3 %, and citrus essential oil at 0, 0. 025 and 0. 05%. S. typhimurium growth was increased in fish burger at pH 5. 5, 6 and 7. 5 at 4, 25 and 37° C, during 12 days of storage. Bacterial growth was increased at pH 7. 5 with 1. 5% and 3% salt and 0. 025% and 0. 05% citrus essential oil at 4, 25 and 37° C, respectively, on days 6, 8, 10 and 12. Growth was also observed at pH 6 with 1. 5% salt and 0. 025% citrus essential oil on days 8, 10 and 12 at 25 and 37° C. At 4° C at pH 5. 5 with 1. 5% salt and citrus oil 0. 05%, pH 5. 5 and 6 with 3% salt and citrus oil 0. 05%, pH 5. 5 with salt 3% and 0. 025% citrus essential oil were not observed of growth of bacterial on the 8th, 10th and 12th days. Citrus essential oil at 0. 05% level at 4° C, 3% salt and pH 5. 5 had the ability to control Salmonella typhimurium growth in fish burger.

This research was conducted in autumn and winter 2016 in Shahid Motahary Coldwater Fishes Genetic and Breeding Research Center. In this study, comparison of Perfish solution efficiency with malachite green and formalin on fungal contamination control of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs in incubation stage was done. For this porpuse the California incubators (20 × 35 × 30 cm) with depth of 20 cm, the height of water on the egg, 10 cm and water flow rate 4 to 6 liters per minute were used. Then the number of 700 fertilized eggs transported to each incubator tray. In this study, 9 treatments (perfish 15, 37, 75, 150, 300 ppm; malachite 2ppm; formalin 1000ppm; positive control and negative control) were tested with 3 replications. The highest Percentage of Eyed eggs in treatment of green malachite, formalin and perfish 75 ppm were observed respectively with 69. 38± 1. 94, 64. 99± 8. 05 and 63. 76± 4. 72. The highest of hatching rate were observed in treatment of perfish 75 ppm (95. 8± . 6). Treatments of formalin and perfish 15 were showed the lowest (3. 33± 1. 15) and highest (5. 33± 2. 08) of larva deformity respectively, without the Significant difference among the experimental treatments. Finally the results showed that the best and more effective dose of Perfish was 75ppm in 30 min. furthermore with involving all aspects Perfish solution is a suitable new compound for the prevention of fungal contamination during the incubation period of Rainbow trout eyed eggs.

Use of planktonic diets especially zooplankton are important in first larval feeding period in fishes. One of the methods for evaluation of larval feeding performance is measuring ingestion rate. In this study, three different live foods, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, Artemia franciscana nauplii, and combination (1: 1 in number) of C. quadrangula and nauplii A. franciscana in light and dark conditions were offered to Flower fish larvae viz 20 (6 mg dry weight) and 40 days (d) (18 mg dry weight) after haching at different prey densities of 2, 5 and 10 ind. /ml. Results showed that 20-d larvae of Flower consumed C. quadrangula at a rate of 11. 68– 43. 82 ind. /h, A. franciscana nauplii at 36. 72– 200 ind. /h, and mixture of C. quadrangula and A. franciscana nauplii at 18– 57 ind. /h. Results showed that ingestion C. quadrangula at density of 2, 5 and 10 in. /ml for 20-days larvae were 37. 05, 11. 68 and 16. 13 at light, respectively, and 83. 82, 18. 73 and 22. 26 prey/h/larvae at dark; while for 40-days larvae were 17. 92, 60. 76 and 23. 62 at light, respectively, and 29. 79, 58. 35 and 37. 23 prey/h/larvae at dark. Correspondingly, ingestion of A. franciscana for 20-d larvae were 139. 2, 158. 13 and 200 at light, and 36. 72, 53. 7 and 192. 81 prey/h/larvae at dark, these amounts for 40-d larvae were 143. 3, 183. 57 and 180. 84 at light, and 112. 15, 181. 25 and 205. 29 prey/h/larvae at dark. The ingestion rate increased with increasing age larvae and increasing prey density. The weight specific ingestion (WSI) of C. quadrangula, A. franciscana and its combination ranged 2. 5-5. 4, 0. 54-2. 23 and 0. 87-2. 12 % weight/h for 20-d larvae and 1. 37-5. 27, 0. 34-0. 88 and 0. 70-1. 85% weight/h for 40-d larvae. The WSI decreased with increasing age larvae. The electivity indices (E) indicating lower tendency towards nauplii of A. franciscana consumption. Based on feeding behaviour, Flower fish larvae could be cultured with two live prey, but suitable feeding performance obtained with nauplii of A. franciscana.

In the present study, the effects of feeding with different sources of zinc supplements including mineral, nanoparticulate, and organic forms on the enzymatic and ionic changes of seminal plasma in rainbow trout broodstocks were investigated. A total of 108 broodstock males with mean weight of 2138± 93. 45 g were fed during 16 weeks in four treatments with adding 40 mg. kg-1 of 1. Mineral zinc supplement, 2. Zinc nanoparticles supplement, 3. Organic zinc supplement, 4. Broodstocks fed with control diet with no adding of zinc supplement. According to the findings related to the effect of different rations on seminal plasma enzymes, the lowest levels of ALT, AST, LDH and SOD enzymes were recorded in fish fed with mineral zinc supplement. These values were significantly different compared to the control with the highest levels (p˂ 0. 05). There was no significant difference in ALP value between different treatments (p>0. 05). Catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme values were not significantly different between treatments (p>0. 05). Regarding the effect of different zinc supplements on inorganic compounds of seminal plasma, it was observed that the phosphor ion was not affected by these supplements (p>0. 05) but a comparison between magnesium and calcium mean values (2. 63± 0. 37 mg/dl and 7. 23± 0. 15 mg/dl, respectively) in different treatments indicated a significant increase of these ion values in fish fed with mineral zinc supplement compared to the control (p˂ 0. 05). In conclusion, regarding the decreasing effect of mineral zinc on the transaminases values and its increasing effect on the inorganic compounds values of magnesium and calcium in seminal plasma, this essential micronutrient could be considered and further investigated as an appropriate dietary supplement for improving the sperm quality of rainbow trout male broodstock.

In this study, relationship between summer dynamics of chlorophyll a, nutrient, temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton diversity and density are investigated in Gomishan wetland. Based on results, 5 branches of phytoplankton (13 genus and 15 species) has identified in summer. Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta have the most phytoplankton diversity and Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta have the most cell density. At 4, 5 and 6 stations under the influence of agricultural drainage, urban and industrial wastewaters, the blooming of Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta has occurred. The eutrophic level obtained eutrophic (mild) and hypereutrophic at these stations. Pearson correlation result shows that log Chla is significant with salinity at the level of p <0. 05 and is significant with water temperature and orthophosphate at the level of p <0. 01. According to the results, limited exchange of the Caspian Sea water has an effective role on environmental stress of the area that includes increased nutrient concentrations, temperature, salinity, concentration and density of the algal harmful species. To preventing harmful algal blooms, wastewater treatment from the primary pollution sources and using of aerobic stabilization ponds in the presence of resistant microalgae including chlorella, chlamydomonas and chroococcus is suggested.

In this study burrowing behavior of Ocypode rotundata investigated on southwest beaches of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran, from February 2015 to January 2016. 9 shapes were recognized which included: single tube burrows, J-shaped, y-shaped with a short branch, yshaped, spiral burrow, complex burrows, anchor-shaped, J-shaped with two branches, yshaped with two branches. According to results, single tube burrows, J-shaped, y-shaped and spiral burrow observed in all of seasons whilst, complex burrows observed just during spring to summer. Distribution of burrows occurred in foreshore and backshore studied zone. With crossing of foreshore to backshore, diameter, length and depth of burrows increased while, abundance of burrows showed reduction in number. On the other hand, results showed that male crabs would like to dig J-shaped, spiral and complex burrows. Conversely, built yshaped burrows in female crabs were more than male crabs. However, crabs of both sexes were found in single tube burrow with similar proportion in the present study.