Woman in Development and Politics
Year:2007 | Volume:4 | Issue:4 (16)|Papers Count:7

Eve the Adam's wife is the first woman that is mentioned in myths and narratives. The verses of the Quran do not explain quality of Eve's creation.Mean while some of traditions exist in early Hadith sources that consider Eve or generally women as being created from man or from certain limb (rib) of him. In this article, these Hadith sources having been classified and quoted, are studied and analyzed. And then after comparing with Quran and other criteria and criticism of narrator, it is proved that these traditions seem to be weak.

This article considers literature with all its literary obligations as a narration of language and analyzes two generations of authors while focusing on the gender variable. In this research two pairs of literary texts within the period of forty years are analyzed using discourse analysis and speech from formalist school of literature, in order to extract the literary and gender features. The article deals with the question of what are the characteristics of the writings of men and women in fields such as degree of movement in literary text criteria, departure from terms outside standard language including usage of archaic terms, indigenous terms, creation of new terms or proximity to central trends of language and culture such as usage of expressions and idioms in two generations of authors.This study reveals that in analyzed texts, men have not been more successful or closer to the creation literary term but they have done it in a more different style than women, Men have turned to laborious writing compared to women, whereas the women's writings are more versatile and fluent while maintaining literary criteria. It is also worth mentioning that the movement of the two generations of authors in the course of time has been to assimilate and approximate to each other. In other words male authors have departed from rules of laborious writing more than male authors of previous generation and female authors have departed from versatile writing more than female authors of previous generation.Regarding terms and expressions women have been loyal to regional and indigenous language while men have been loyal to standard language. With respect to creation of new terms no difference was seen between two genders. Considering usage of laborious terms, the second generation has used less as compared with the previous generation, although the subject of these laborious terms is different. On the whole we can conclude that male and female authors have departed from extremist features of their previous generation and are moving towards a common aim although their starting point are different.

This article deals with the social and family values in one of the most famous simulation games (The Sims) in the recent years. It is tried to answer some questions, whether, The Sims is a representative of social values of American society, and in particular, of the American Family. What is the cement of the American society from the game point of view? What does the Sims family suggest as a means for establishing American society and family in particular? Finally, is there a gap between this view and the American dream of success?

The aim of this article is to study how women read, decode and interpret soap operas. The theoretical paradigm of this study is based on cultural studies.  In other words, the theoretical frame work is a constellation of the theory of hegemony (in Gramsci and Hall) and the theory of articulation (in Gramsci, Hall, Althusser, Laclau and Mouffe). Regarding methodology, qualitative method, such as focused interview is applied. This research shows that women often negotiate with the dominant reading or dominant discourse of soap operas, and decode the preferred ideas and meanings of the text in another, even opposite, way.

This research was administered with the aim of comparing men and women's attitude toward the fairness of the world for male and female. To meet this aim, 1176 persons from various regions in Isfahan city were randomly selected using a multi-stage sampling method. The questionnaires used in this research were prepared for the first time. The value of Choronbach's alfa for the fairness of the world for women and men questionnaires was 0.798 and 0.811 respectively, The test-retest reliability for the research instruments was 0.82 and 0.85 respectively. The results showed that, women have negative attitude towards issues such as the world treats women fairly, women get what they deserve, women treat each other fairly in life, women earn the rewards and punishments they get, women get what they are entitled to have, women's efforts are noticed and rewarded, and deserving the misfortunes they encounter and have bring upon themselves. However regarding the fact that women treat each other with the respect they truly deserve, the respondents showed positive attitude. Men in above domains have average attitude particularly towards issues such as women earn the rewards and punishments they get, women get what they are entitled to have, women treat each other with the respect they deserve, and women deserve the misfortunes they face. With regards to the "fair world" for men, women have negative attitude towards, the world treats men fairly, men get what they deserve, and men treat each other fairly in life. But have average attitude towards, men get what they are entitled to have, and have positive attitude toward, men earn the rewards and punishments they .get, men treat each other with the respect they deserve, men's efforts are notched and rewarded and toward, men deserve the misfortunes they encounter in life. Men in this area (about the fairness for men) have positive attitude particularly toward, men get what they deserve. Finally results of independent sample t-test showed that, there is significance difference between men and women in the (notion of) "fairness world" for women (P< 0.01).

In most of the literature, the presence of women in universities is associated with the issue of occupation. In clarifying and explaining this issue the theories of economists on human resources are, often, used. However this article focuses on other aspects of this phenomenon, and evaluates the social and cultural motives of girl's entrance into universities. The main questions are that based on what factors could we explain the increasing entrance of women into universities considering the widespread unemployment condition of the educated women and what is the impact of the social demands against the economic demands in attracting women to universities. Does this social demand means withdrawing from the private field (family) and entering into public field. Or do women, in their conception, link these two categories together? This article with references to some conceptual frameworks and empirical researches provides hypotheses for testing in another systematic research. On these conceptions, girl's inclination for continuing with education in higher education, further to personal expectations, has social implications as well.And it is influenced by their sense of belonging to previous family and their inclination to wards symbolic participation in making a future family.