Studies in Medical Sciences
Year:2003 | Volume:14 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Background & Aim: Addiction is one of the critical interactions in the world. In the past two decades because of significant growth of the population in one hand, and the social crises due to numerous tensions in the other hand, the number of addicts were increased and the age of onset and quality of crimes arising from addiction has shown.Materials & Methods: The survey was carried out in 1997, all cases were 200 prisoners and all were interviewed directly, 200prisoners as control group were selected randomly out of the prison. Results: Results showed that 61.5% of 200 addict prisoners were less than years old and 12% were less than 18 years old, compared with 80% more than 40 year old before 1970.Another striking finding was that before 1970, 80% of addicts were dependent on opium and heroin has been abused only by 20% of the addicts.Our study showed that 60% of the whole sample addicted to heroin and 33% on opium.82% of 200 addict prisoner claimed that the main motivation to abuse substance was their curiosity: psychological problem, life events; employment were the other reasons leading to substance abuse.Discussion: The result of this article indicated that the main causes of social aberration such as addiction and... are family and friend relationship, deprivation and lack of social solvents.

Background & Aim: Some parasitic disease has occuired in transplanted and hemodialysis patients frequently. Cryptosporidium is one of the parasites which cause self-limited diarrhea and enteritis in healthy persons. However, this parasite can cause life threatening disease such as severe gasteroenteritis in an immunocompromised person.Materials & Methods: In this investigation, cryptosporium infection was evaluated in three groups. The first group consists of 87 kidney transplanted patients, the second group consists of 103 hemodialysis patients and from the third group 60 healthy person were choosen as a control group. From all cases two stool specimen were obtained and they were concentrated by applying formalin – ether method. From each concentrated specimen two smears were prepared and stained by using modified acid-fast method and examind by under light microscope.Results: Cryptosporidium was positive in a 10 (11.5%) kidney transplanted cases, 4 (3.88%) hemodialysis patients and nopositive result was obtained at the control group.Discussion: The results were indicated there was significant difference between transplanted and control group (p. value = 0.02). However, no significant difference was observed between hemodialysis and control group (p.value = 0.2). In the comparision of the results among three groups, it was revealed the cryptosporidium infection is much higher than the hemodialysis patients. The kidney transplant patient was much more susceptible to cryptosporidium infection than other studied groups. This is due to using immune suppressive drugs in this kind of patients.

Background & Aim: Vimentin in sertoli cells is a main component of cytoskeleton. Evaluation of quality and its distribution in infertile men can detect their maturation and normal function for spermatogenesis. So in this paper we study vimentin in sertoli cells in patients with non – obstructive azoospermia by immunohistochemical methods. Methods & materials: 10 biopsies of testis tissue from patients with non - obstructive azoospermia referred to Royan insitute as patients group and 5 biopsies from patients with prostatic cancer as control group were used. After tissue proccessing for immunohistochemical, the vimentin intermediate filaments in sertili cells were examined.Results: Sertoli-cells reaction to antivimentin in patients group was more intensive than control group and their local location were in base of the cell in subnuclear region.Discussion: Results showed that type of vimentin filaments distribution were different in compared with normal that confirmed an abnormal immature sertoli cell that explain spermatogenesis disorderinpatients with non- obstructive azoospermia.

Background & Aim: Proper presentation of primary health cares have considerable role in the promotion of rural's communities health. The main objective of this research is the assessment of rurals people satisfaction from the primary health cares and study of different factors. Materials& Methods: The method of study in this research is a descriptive cross - sectional.Population study include all women and men more than 15years old who are using health services from the health houses. The sampling method is multistage- cluster with using statistical formula, with respect to 95% confidence level, the number 800 people (men and women) were selected by random. Data were gathered by a questionnaire which its validity and reliability were determined Data also were classified and analyzed by a computer spss package, and Chi - Square test was used for the relationship among variables. Results: Finding showed that 67.3% of population were women and 32.8% men. There were significant differences, among education, occupation, sex and satisfaction of rural's population. (p<0.0001). Moreover, significant difference was observed between satisfaction and rurals health house (centre and sub – centre p<0.0001). Pearson's analyse also showed that, there was significant difference between satisfaction and number of children, (P<0.0001). Finding revealed that, the majority of rurals populotion were satisfied from health houses services. (25.4% high, 59.4% Medium, 15.3% low).Discussion: Results indicated that the majority of population study were satisfied from the health and treating services, and this is pattern effectiveness of health houses in rural areas. Due to different factors from the aspects of giving services are effective on the satisfaction of rural's population, therefore it is necessary that, to the role of these factors in modifying performance of programes should be attended.

Background & Aim: Treatment of tuberculosis is a main problem and occurensess of AIDS aggrevated it, correct usage of anti-tuberculosis drugs can decrease the recurrence of disease. Materials & Methods: A prospective study was done based or a designed forms about the patients of tuberculosis for 3years. They were cured by anti-tuberculosis drugs.Results: We review 192 patients with diagnosis of Tuberculosis, which 101 patients had extrapulmonary T.B. and 91 with plmonary T.B. In the later 57 patients were smear positive for B.K. All patients of tuberculosis were directly observed Observers of the patients were sons 33.5% husband and wife 36.0%, brother 7%, mother 6%, Sister 3%, father 2.5% and other family and friends were 12.5%. Rate of cure for smear-positive Tuberculosis were 93% and faiture 3%, relapse 3.5% and compare with control group R.R=3.9 for relapse and R.R=0.65 for failure in therapy. P<0.05 were for relapse and failure in therapy of Tuberculosis.Discussion: Treatment of disease with supervising of a member of family or friends who the patinets trust to them. Cause a main decrase in relaps and failure of treatment of illness.

Background & Aim: Calcium channel blockers are widely used in transplantation. Their immunosuppressive activity is well known and has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Diltiazem as a calcium channel blocker is used in treatment protocol therapy along with immunosuppressive agent including cyclosporine (CsA) and corticosteroids in transplant patients for reducing toxicity of CsA by lowering dosage and keeping appropriate serum level of cyclosporine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diltiazem on modulation of cyclosporine doses in transplant patients.Materials and Methods: Twenty three stable kidney transplant recipients were studied in kidney transplant section of Imam Teaching Hospital, Urmia, Iran. Thirteen patient (age range 15-55) used triple therapy including Cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone along with diltiazem and ten patients (age range 18-60) used only triple therapy as a control group. 243 cyclosporine measurements during the timetable of 0, 10, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 days after transplantation under standard condition were analyzed by radioimmunoassay technique (RIA). In this study, in addition to comparing blood levels of cyclosporine, GFR (nephrotoxicity evaluation) and liver function enzymes (ALP, SGOT, SGPT) were evaluated.Results: It was shown that the serum level of cyclosporine in patients who recieved diltiazem was significantly higher than those without having diltiazem in their treatment protocols (p<0.05). The administered doses of cyclosporine were reduced to 25% with using diltiazem which was at least equal to about 638 US dollars saving for each patient every year. In patients under triple therapy along with diltiazem, GFR (as an index of nephrotoxicity) was significantly difference from control group (p<0.05) and there was no difference between two groups in liver function tests (p>0.05). Discussion: It was speculated that clinical use of diltiazem could be useful on kidney transplantation. The main findings of this research was reducing cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, increasing blood level of CsA, and as a result reducing administered dose of cyclosporine in kidney transplant recipients.

Background & Aim: Mortality rate of clinical rabies is almost fatal, but by using of antirabies vaccine is preventable in those who have been exposed to infected animals. Due to high number of human bites, preparation of immunoglobulin and human diploid cell rabies vaccine for preventing of rabies is very costly. (West Azerbaijan province is an agriculture- animal husbandary region and animal bites is one of the most important problems in that).Methods & Materials: In this retrospective study we studied the incidence of human exposure in the province. It was a retrospective and descriptive study that reviewed the records of animal bites.Results: In west Azerbaijan province with 2633509 population, 3864 animal bites were occurred (146/100000 population per year). This rate was higher than the animal bites incidence in compared with the rest of country. (111 case /100000 population per year). 63.6% of cases were male and the most common age group were between 10 - 19 years (35%). The most cases were biten in the second month of spring. (22.4%) and the least of them occurred in the second month of autumn. (4.8%). Miandoab city with 225844 population had 720 cases. (318 case/100000 population per year) that was the highest incidence in the other provinces and the country. Discussion: High incidence of animal bites in Miandoab city compared with other provinces and country needs more investigation.

Background & Aim: Traditionally, left sided colon obstruction is managed by a multistaged defunctioning colostomy and resection. This paper presents a series of patients managed by primary anastomosis and complications of single stage operation evaluated.Materials and Methods: 35patient with left colon obstructive disease were selected and one stage primary left colon anastomosis done and complications evaluated. All of them were 40 years old and more.Results: There was 20% wound infection, 17.1% renal failure 5.7% post operative death, 5.7% anastomtic leakage, 2.8% GI fistula, 2.8% Abdominal abscess, post operative ileus (14.3%) generalized peritonitis (2.8%).Mean age of patients was 64 and mean hospital stay was 9 days. Obstruction of left colon was due to cancer, sigmoid volvulus, fecal impaction and inflammatory disease. Discussion: Regarding to results of this study, left colon primary anastomosis can performed safely in selected patients with acute obstruction of left colon.

Background & Aim: The studies have indicated that brain death is one of the most important factors of death in accidents. Person loses the brain stem and crust in brain dead and it should be as a virtually dead In our country more than 15000 brains dead occurs in eachyear. About 10% of them are in donor groups. The number of transplants is low compared to those in Europe and the United States. Materials & Methods: This research has been carried out by a cross-sectional method (in 2000). This study was conducted to determine the attitude towards organ transplantation in brain dead among people 20 to 60years old in Tehran. In this study a self-made questionnaire and multistage sampling methods, has collected the required data. This study was performed on 730 totally (384 women and 346 men). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program and using Chi square, and T tests.Results: The results of this study showed that about 64% of the population accepted that a brain stem dead person should be considered virtually dead About 93% of those who accepted that a brain stem dead person is virtually dead were agreed with organ transplantation. About 88% of those who agreed with organ transplantation were satisfied with the sign of donor card The reasons of satisfied people were the human aspect and heavenly remuneration.Conclusions: According to the results of the research and also experience of other countries, it is necessary training the people for increasing their information on brain death and having a positive attitude toward organ transplants. Meanwhile, it suggests collecting some rules according to Islamic religious law on brain dead and organ transplants.

Introduction: True hermaphroditism is the rarest variant of intersexual disorders which is charachterized by presence of both ovary and testis in a patient. Mostly, the patient has male appearance. The most common form of Karyotype is 46xx and the most common form of gonads is ovotestis.There are no distinctive laboratory features that can distinguish it from other intersexual disorders, thus the definite diagnosis is made by the histologic findings.Material & Methods: In this case report we represent a 22 years, 46xy, seemingly female patient without secondary sex characterities and with primary amenorrhea and ovotestis.Conclusion: The female appearance and 46xy karyotype of this patient are uncommon forms that are seen in true hermaphroditism but ovotestis which is seen in this patient is the most common form of gonds in this group of intersexual disorders.