JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:37(1)|Papers Count:18

The Mahan Translation is among the scores of old translation of the Holy Quran which has remained unknown up to the present time. The only copy of this translation is kept at the museum of shah Nematollah Vali Shrine in the city of Mahan, Under each Quranic word a persian equivalent is provided and as compared with the ancient scripts and phonetical, grammatical and lexical characteristics, this translation seems to belong to the fifth or sixth [Hegira] century. Due to the importance such translations possess in terms of the old persian words, the present article explores about sixty words, and by citing the Quranic equivalents and evidence or evidences from the text of the book and also evidences from the old works and manuscripts, the unique characteristic of this work, Le, its scarce and old words are revealed.

The Germany Literature is embellished with the works which belong to different eras. The Romantic era, inter alia, has this speciality that its intellectuals, literary men and artists have focused their attention not to the real issues, but to the ultimate infinite of the universe, because, the origin and foundation of the issues is the ultimate infinite which is manifested in the form of beautiful ideals in the nature. According to the ramantic insight, the artists observe the manifestation of ideals in the scene of the nature through their feelings and reflect them in their works. However, the subject of their concern is so great that no artist can totally observe it and display it in his/her work. Moreover, the ultimate infinite of the universe may not in nature be confined within a work of art. Therefore, the literary works remain as an unfinished pieces. This article is a brief explanation of the insight and works of the intellectuals, literary men and artists of the romantic era.

This article surveys Romantic mode and intellect in England of early nineteenth century. Among the most obvious general features of English Romantic poetry are persistent reference to nature and natural objects, intimate self-revelation of the poet, and direct expression of strong, personal emotion. wordsworths formula that "poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" boldly sums up one general presupposition that influenced poets and critics throughout the period. The essential meaning of the Romantic emphasis on feeling is not cultivation of one quality or power at the expense of others but the pursuit of an ideal of unity or completeness of being. Most Romantics poets believed in the reality of a supersensuous realm of being. The intuition of this, in the poetry of Blake for example, could be expressed only by suggestion; and thus suggestive uses of language often appear in poems or pas ages that, for readers of the period, belonged to the widely recognized category of the "sublime." "Imagination", a keyword of Romanticism, denoted a working of the mind that is total, synthetic, immediate, and dynamic. However, the term could also designate a power able to commune with transcendent reality; there by immediately endowing the thing perceived with passion and with symbolic meamng.

The romantic school seems to be more extensiveand more complicatedthan other literary schools, and enjoys a special importance. The characteristics of this school are based on two major principles of freedom of art and manifestation of modern feelings. However, romanticism is not restricted to serenading and expression of personal feelings and description of nature, rather it spills over to other disciplines such as politics, religion and literary critique, and its manifestation also remains even in different literary movements of the twentieth century.

Many of the baroque characteristics are manifested in the contemporary novel, particularly in the novel of second half of the twentieth century. In view of this aesthetics of the neo-baroque, is it possible to name baroque as a special school of the late sixteen and early seventeen centuries in France, or should it be considered asa literary inclination which had been current over the various eras in literature, with its presence being more remarkable in the twcntieth century?

In this paper, the main thesis is that there is a relationship between the semantic structure of the predicate in the main clause and the syntacic structre in the complement clause. In Persian, the syntactic difference between subjective and declarative sentences as complements is related to the differnces which exist between the predicate in the main clause and the predicate in the subordinate clause.

The relation between language and reality has been addressed by philosophers for a long time, and they further attempted to describe how the language system expressed the issues of the external world or external realities by adopting the logical supra language. On the other hand, psychologists were engaged in studying the relation between language and knowledge acquisition from surrounding realities. In other words, studying the role of language in contextual processing and learning, particularly by children has been the task of the psychologists. The common point between most philosophers and psychologists was that the afore-mentioned approaches assumed language to be separated from reality and knowledge, i.e., they took the knowledge of realities as a totally separate category from the nature of language, and considered language as a tool for the expression of realities, whereas the modern approach of the linguists towards this issue is completely different. These linguists believe that the system of knowledge and perception of human is not separated form the language struc1ure, in a sense, language is not neutral in expressing the realities and knowledge of the surrounding, but it influences the construction of the realities, therefore, language does not reflect directly on the external world, rather it narrates the human contexts of and interaction with the world. The present article tries to study and analyze the evolution of linguistic views on the role of language in the presentation of the realities.

This paper presents a method for literature critics known as semiotics. First we introduce the difference between semantics and semiotics and then we present the smallest narrative elements. In the same direction we define the basic and useful narrative programs. Then in a general point of view we present the narrative canonic schema.

Although the Persian speaking poets and authors of the ancient times were a war of the changes in the characteristics of the literary works, specially of the characteristics of those of transitional periods, they did not have a true realization of the literary styles and stylistics. The biographies of the poets, too, included no theories on the subject. In the past one or two centuries as the western world has cast a new looking on the literary theories, stylistics, like literary criticism, has greatly developed under the int1uence of linguistics, psychology, sociology,etc. But in Iran the development of stylistics from Malek ol-shoara-ye Bahar onward has been slow. As classifying the poetical and prose styles is a fundamental subject sketched in the theoretical domain of this knowledge, after surveying the persian stylistics, specially the attempts made to classify the literary works and periods, the writer of this paper proposes and outlines map(a mapping) for classifying the persian poetical and prose styles.

From the beginning of the genesis of Sufism, the circle of role of life was in the form of aged. Aged who is the best guid and leader wayfarer toward the truth, have an eminent place among the mystics. So that some of them giving him more periority than the prophet Mohammad, because they believe the aged is award of internal secrets but the prophet has got inspiration science. Aged is a person who lives among and with people but has characteristics that distinguish him from the other and according to the Sofia. he is an angel who appears under the coverage of human being. Wayfarer must pass every step of rule of life under the supervision of aged, and have no objection over his action and behaviour. There are different issues regarding the number of aged in each period of times. Each of aged is famous because of having genorisity, and it is extraordinary issue that only can be performed by the wayfarer and elders. such as reviving the dead, walking on the water, talking with dead, subduing wild animal and so as.

Baba Taher (died around 410 Hegira) is one of the mystical poets of the fifth [Hegiral century who was born in Hamedan, but there is little information available on his life. Our discussion here is about the reserach conducted by the orientalists and foreign researchers who somehow talked about the works of Baba Taher, translated his couplets, and explored his personality, lifestyle, thoughts and works, thus throwing light on the dark aspects of his Hfe and surrounding. Here we take for granted the works of the Iranian researchers, which are a lengthy and valuable category in their place, and address the result of the research conducted by the orientalists and foreign researchers.

The story of Darab, the son of Bahman, has been narrated in various books such as TarikhCh Tabari, Mojmal-at-Tavarikh Val-Qasas, Shah-Nameh, etc. in some of these books, this story was retold in its entirety and in some others there were mentions of some parts of this story. The Darab-Nameh which was written by Tarsoosi in the 6th century gives a detailed narration. Actually a large part of the book is devoted to the story of Darab. Another book which completely narrates the story is Ferdowsis Shah-Nameh. The story of Darab given in the historical part of Shah-Nameh enjoys more usage of figurative language than that of Tarsoosis Darab- Nameh. The present work attempts to give a summary of the two stories; it also demonstrates their similiarities and differences.

Language is a tool for social communication which is manifested in two forms: script and speech. These two are exposed to many changes as a result of various factors and influences. The languages also cause decay and erosion, and sometimes mutual blooming in the process of influencing each other, such as the historical link between the Persian and Arabic Languages, which mutually flourished both languages. Notwithstanding this, in most research and studies, more emphasis and exaggeration has been placed on the influence of Arabic on Persian, and the present article explores the actual scope of this influence.

The present article studies and investigates the issue of attribution of wine to the Magi which is known in the Persian literature as "Magian Wine" reasoning that based on the existing historical documents, the Magian religious leaders never encouraged tippling and their religious books did not propagate it. But this has been a habit among the Iranians themselves since the old time, and whereas the Iranians followed the Zoroastrian Religion, the Muslims sought the reason of tippling in their religious beliefs and attributed this behavior to the Magian religion.

The verh "budan/" is very productive in today"s modern Persian, having a diverse behavior, semantically, morphologically and syntactically. Morphologically speaking, the verb inflects two ways. It either appears as "/hast-am/, /hast-i/, /hast-0/, /hast-im/, /hast-id/, and /hast-and/"or as"/ -(?)am/, /-(,?)i/ , /-(?)(a)st-0/, / -(?)im/, /-(?)id/, and /-(?)and/". The first set comprising the root "hast-" plus the suffixes (I-am/, /-i/, /-ast-o/,/-im/, /-id/, and /-and/) can occur in the sentance treely, so it is referred to as the "free" forms. The second set, referred to as "bound" forms, lacks the root "hast-", and acts as bound morphemes. The verb "budanf is a polysemic onc, too, which functions both as a main verb and as an auxiliary. As a main verb "/budan/" can either be a copula, having no independent meaning, or as a content verb, synonymous to "to exist". As an auxiliary, the verb "/budan/" is added to the past participle of the main verbs, to make the Persian present perfect. "/budan/" as a content verb and as a copula differ syntactically in that the former (meaning "to exist "), as an intransitive verb requiring only the nominative noun phrase, is monovalent, while the latter, which links at least the two arguments of subject and complement, is bivalent. "jbudrenj" as a content verb has always got the phonetic manifestation of the "free" forms. As a linking verb, all paradigms, except the third person singular, may appear in both "free" and the "bound" forms. The third person singular, however, appears as the "bound" form "/-(?)(a)st/". if it directly occurs after the "complement". other wise it appears as "/hrest/". As an auxiliary, the verb always appears in "bound" forms.