RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE
Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:12|Papers Count:13

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between Organizational Commitment and Job Involvement among the male sport teachers of the school sat seven educational districts in Mashhad. This research was performed as a descriptive- correlative survey, as well as field work. The Statistical population of the research was 182 people from male sport teachers of Mashhad sampled randomly and through cluster sampling method. In order to gather data, three questionnaires were used: Personal information, Organizational Commitment and Job Involvement. For analyzing the data, descriptive statistics (Mean, Standard Deviation...) and inferential statistics (ANOVA Correlation Coefficient, Turkey's test, and Post Hoc for evaluating the differences in means) were applied. The results indicated that the rate of the organizational commitment among sport teachers equals to M=49.26 & SD= 7.75, suggesting that the level of organizational commitment is at the medium and high levels. The job involvement of the sport teachers are also equal to M=44.75 & SD=6.91, showing that the job involvements at a medium level among the subjects. For comparing the mean of organizational commitment in which the variance analysis method (ANOVA) was used, differences between the organizational commitment in the districts with the correlation coefficient of P=0.035 was significant; and through the Turkey's test it was determined that the educational districts of three and seven, had a higher organizational commitment than one and four.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of sport in university students leisure time and to compare the leisure activities of female and male students. To achieve this purpose 400 students were selected by stratified random sampling. The researcher made questionnaire was used to gather data. The data was analyzed through the descriptive (Rxy,`X, SD) and inferential (Chi-Square & Mann-Whitney U) statical methods. The Findings indicated that the average of students daily leisure time was 4 hours. In term of time spent, T.V. watching, listening to music, being with friends, nonacademic studies, exercise and working with computers were the most important leisure activities respectively. But, using computer, exercising and listening to music were ranked first to third, among all the leisure interests. In the other hand, among leisure activates, exercise was the second for boys and ninth for girls in rank. The study also indicated that, 26.2 % of girls and 11.5% of boys do not exercise at all. The most popular sports for boys were Football, Swimming, Body-Building, Mountaineering, Jogging, and volleyball. For girls, Swimming, Jogging, Horse Riding, Volleyball, Mountaineering, and Running were the most important interests respectively. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the ways female and male students spend their leisure time in activities such as: visiting relatives, the arts, exercise, religious activities, watching video, and listening to the music (P < 0.05). Finally, this data suggested that sedentary lifestyle has allocated a major share of students leisure time. It is also necessary to mention that, deference's between social, cultural, and physical environments have caused differences between female and male student's leisure activities.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the cross-transfer effects of unilateral strength training on neuromuscular adaptation of forearm flexors. Twenty four healthy males (age: 20.63±1.81 years. height: 173.88±4.05cm. weight: 72.04±7.64 kg) without the history of injuries on elbow and shoulder joints and muscles were elected, and assigned to a control (CTL; n= 12) and training (TRN: n= 12) groups. The TRN group performed strength training on non-dominant elbow flexors 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Integrated electromyography (IEMG) data from agonist (biceps brachi) and antagonist (triceps brachi) muscles, arm circumference and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of elbow flexors of both dominant (DOM) and non-dominant (NONDOM) arms were measured in pre-test and post-test.The result indicated a significant increase (p£50.05) in biceps brachi muscle IEMG, elbow flexor MVC and a significant decrease in antagonist (triceps brachi) muscle IEMG over 10 weeks in both the trained and untrained limbs for the TRN group, but no significant change in these factors in either limbs of the CTL group. Also the results indicate significant increase (P£50.05) in NONDOM arm circumference for the TRN group, but no significant change in DOM limb for the TRNor CTL group. It can be concluded that unilateral strength training increases isometric strength of elbow flexors and improves neural adaptations not only in the trained limb but also in cotralateral untrained limb. The contra lateral strength gains do not result from changes in muscle morphology. Consequently the mechanism underlying cross education of muscular strength may be explained by central neural factors during training.

The main part of those objectives followed by "Education" can be flourished through participation of students in the sport. Physical Educations one of the original branches of education; playsan important role in physical and psychological growth of students. That is why Physical Educationist considered as a main syllabus in many countries, and its relative curriculum is successively the subject of revision and improvement. Several different approaches and patterns have been designed for Physical Education while various theories are progressed and developed.The strategic approach for profiling curriculum is one, which many Physical Education curriculum tends toward it. So the efforts are handled to design Physical Education curriculum in the framework of strategic planning, while has been achieved through studies on theories and document derived from sample of other countries.In this approach paying attention to mission governing principles on curriculum are highly marked. The elements of curriculum model are designed on the core basis of student-oriented as well as their interests, needs and desires.In order to validate the proposed model, the views of experts in P.E as well as curriculum designers have been considered and have admitted the main percentage of sampling subject of this model.

The purpose of this study was to examine the causes of accession in sport crises and the ways for their elimination and prevention in software, hardware, live ware and mass media arenas, according to the viewpoints correspondents. 400 spectators and 770 sportsmen out of 2512, 70 coaches out of 222, 132 referees out of 150, and 217 sport correspondents out of 500, were selected as samples. The questionnaires were prepared in two dimensions, in which the right hand column was devoted to crising-creating factors and the left hand column pointed the strategies to be carried out in preventing crises.A descriptive approach was taken in this study, using descriptive statistical techniques, including. One way variance analizes (ANOVA) and Shceffe tests for evaluating the hypothesis. The findings of the study show that there are significant differences between the testees’ views on crisis-creating factors and preventive strategies in the areas of hardware, software, livewire and mass media. The discrepancies in testees' views on different subjects lead us to make priorities for crisis-creating factors and preventive strategies based on the responses of the subjects. According to the findings: the software (management) system, comprises the first priority. The second priority was the hardware and livewire, equally. And the mass media enjoy the third priority. In preventive strategies the software, hardware, livewire and mass media have the first to fourth priorities respectively. A strategic pattern of crisis management was planned based on the results of this study.

The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Kyphosis and depression and anxiety in athlete and non athlete male students in selected universities of Tehran. 190 athlete and non-athlete students of universities in Tehran participated at this study. Subjects were randomly selected from three universities (Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaee, and Faculty of Physical Education in Azad University). Then, degree of Kyphosis of subjects was determined by Spinal Mouse system. A questionnaire was distributed among subjects. Followed by the analyzed data, 106 students were selected as Kyphotic Patients. For determining the relationship between the degree of Kyphosis among athletes and non-athletes, Pearson Coefficient Correlation was used the researchers also used Fischer Test, for comparison of two groups.Results showed no significant relationship between evidence of Kyphosis, depression and anxiety in athlete and non-athlete subjects, but a significant relationship was observed between Kyphosis and depression among athlete and non-athlete students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of selected physical training program on the quality of life among non-athlete menopaused women.For this purpose, 60 menopaused women from 6th area of Tehran city (mean-52) were selected randomly. Subjects were categorized into two equal groups, control and training and 3 sessions per week. MENQOL questionnaires were completed twice (before and after) by both groups. The questionnaire measured menopaused women’s of life in four domains, including physical, psychosocial, vasomotor and sexual. The result of T-test showed that there are significant effects on physical and psychosocial domains, but these differences were not significant in vasomotor and sexual domains. Eventually the subjects' quality of life became better significantly.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of various practice arrangements on learning and transfer of generalized motor program and parameter in pursuit tasks. In this study two single experiments were used and the researcher had selected 120 subjects (5 groups of 12 subjects for experiment). Subjects were asked to perform the first experiment with the aim of light pursuiting on monitor screen with stable motor program and variable parameter. The second experiment was similar to the first one, but light pursuiting with stable parameter and variable motor program have been used. Subjects performed the pursuiting of light in 20 seconds and time on-target (TOT) was recorded by computer as the performance score. Subjects participated in the pretest, should practice 9 sessions in acquisition phase and at the end they should participate in retention and transfer experiment. Data has been analyzed by statistical methods including ANOVA, co-variance, repeated measure and Duncan test. The results showed that practice arrangement of various methods in acquisition and transfer of parameter has significant differences. There were no significant differences in retention phase. Also differences between practice arrangement of various methods in acquisition, retention and transfer of generalized motor program were significant. The researchers found out that the various practice arrangement in stages of acquisition, retention (learning) and transfer of generalized motor program and parameter lead to contextual interference effect.