COUNSELING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Year:2017 | Volume:16 | Issue:61 |Papers Count:11

Purpose: Society and the institution of the family in Iran have been changed dramatically in recent decades. At first these changes are due to various aspects of different component, and recently it has been the most important component of communication technology. Knowing the causes of these changes in the family structure guides us to a more dynamic community and family. This study examines the factors affecting family orientation towards and changes caused by the virtual media. Methods: In this study, the qualitative approach and method of grounded theory were used for the understanding and interpretation of the causes that affect the use of social media. Sample population for this study were selected in accordance with the study objectives, and included people who were over 30 years old, from whom 28 people were interviewed. Semi-structured deep interviewing was used until data saturation was reached. Research questions centered on the changes in family structure due to social media, open and axial coding were used. Results: According to research findings, major categories were: Scientific and recreational infrastructure, personal factors, government and the media, modernity and cultural factors, social factors of modernity, family factors, the essentials of modern life, and factors of modern communication. Additionally, core categories include factors of modernity. Conclusions: According to research findings, it can be concluded that changes in family structure are the result of inter-structural factors such as modern communication factors, personal factors, and factors of modern family. Secondly, external family structure such as scientific infrastructure and entertainment, government and the media, cultural factors in modernity, social factors of modernity, and the essentials of modern life.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of life skills training on reduction of depression, anxiety and stress among university students. Methods: The study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest, control group and follow up. Thirty female students from all faculties of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili were selected for whom Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS, 1995) was administered as pre and post-test. The sample group members were randomly assigned in equal numbers to two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group received 8 two-hour sessions of social skills training. At the conclusion of the training series, and after the three-month follow-up, DASS was administered again. Results: Analysis of covariance showed significant differences in pretest, posttest, and follow up scores of depressing, anxiety, and stress subscales between experimental and control groups, so that experimental group had significant reduction in aforementioned components (p<0. 01). Conclusions: Based on the findings, it appears that life skills training is capable of reducing depression, anxiety, and stress among female university students. Clinical applications, limitations, and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Purpose: The aim of this research was to study employees boundaryless career attitudes. Methods: Qualitative research methodology and grounded theory principles were used for this research. Fifteen employees were selected by purposeful sampling using a survery. Selection criteria for distinguishing between boundaryless and traditional employees were based on participants’ scores on the Boundaryless Career Attitudes Scale. Boundaryless career attitudes scale and deep surveys were used for gathering data. Data were analyzed using grounded theory and in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Results: The results showed that boundaryless career attitudes have 8 central categories and 28 sub-categories. These categories consist of authority, mind fluid, value stability, changeable, happiness, affectivity, performance dynamism, and activity preference. Conclusions: Boundaryless career attitudes were investigated in three component: reasons, strategy and preference results. For more accurate understanding of this concept, it is necessary to investigate the reasons, strategies, and consequences of boundaryless career group in conjunction of one another.

Purpose: The aim of this research was to investigate the purpose of marriage among satisfied and dissatisfied married individuals. Methods: Qualitative-phenomenological methodology was used for this purpose. Research population were all clients who attended the counselling center organized by the department of education in city of Ahvaz, Iran. Participants was married for a minimum of 3 years, had at least one child, and resided in Ahvaz. Using the purposeful sampling, researcher chose 24 persons with and without marital problems from clients who attended counseling center and had received scored below 30 and higher than 70 on the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Inventory. For data collection, deep interviews were used. Results: Analyzing interviews yielded the following 3 main themes: The purpose of marriage related to God (religious aspect), the purpose of marriage related to the self, and the purpose of marriage related to others. Subthemes includes calmness, mental safety, pleasure, emotional support, self-realization, growth, commitment to ethics and aims, unification to make a common meaning for life, supporting and caring in interpersonal relationships and responsibilities, God’ s satisfaction, commitment to religious orders, and reward in the here-after. Conclusions: The results showed that the similarity in purpose of marriage in both groups of satisfied and dissatisfied individuals, was primarily in purpose of marriage, with the main differences seen in area of ethical commitment in the dissatisfied group, and emotional support for the satisfied group.

Purpose: The main goal of this study is to study the most important factors influencing divorce, using meta-analysis of divorce-related research conducted in Iran. Rate of divorce in recent years have been on rise, and disintegration of families have put heavy burdens on the society. Many random studies have studied this phenomenon. This text, alongside other research attempts to collect and offer a meta-analysis of research that look into factors affecting divorce. Method: The method for this research is of quantitative, meta-analysis type. Registered data in the recent decade as thesis and scientific articles were selected. In total, 70 articles and 38 thesis, only 14 articles were deemed as appropriate to be entered into study. Results: The results of this research indicate that social and cultural factors, as opposed to economic and political factors are of utmost importance when it comes to influencing divorce. Among the social factors related to divorce, couples weakness in level of social relationships (0. 40), and social participation variable (0. 40) played the most role in the instability of marital life. Conclusions: The transition to modernity has brought several disorders. Women and men often have demands of their own, which are in contrast to family’ s traditional culture, so it raises tension between family members. Therefore, it is not baseless to claim that a review in beliefs and on construction of optimal social environment from birth to childhood and into adolescence can lead to a decrease in divorce and to strengthening families.

Purpose: The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of child-centered play therapy based on Axline approach on levels of hopelessness and loneliness in children with hearing impairment. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The population of this research were primary-level female students with hearing impairments, during the 1394-95 academic year in city of Mashhad, Iran. Thirty students were selected through available sampling and were placed into the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) group by random assignment. The experimental group received 8 sessions of child-centered play therapy with based on Axline training approach. For data collection, Kazdin hopelessness scale (1983) and Asher solitude scale (1984) were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, using ANCOVA. Results: The results showed significant decrease in the mean scores of hopelessness and loneliness in the experimental group (P< 0. 05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that child-centered play therapy is an effective intervention method in lowering hopelessness and loneliness in children with hearing impairment.

Purpose: This research aims to investigate and compare the factors affecting the successful and unsuccessful entry into adolescent stage of family life cycle. Methods: This is a qualitative study and the data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. The population consists of all the parents with successful and unsuccessful adolescents in city of Tehran, and the sample consisted of 10 parents having successful adolescents and 12 parents having unsuccessful adolescents. Data were collected through purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results: The findings showed that protective factors which lead adolescents to successful or unsuccessful transition include the following: family domain, parental domain, and social domain. The protective factors in parental domain have basic differences. They were different in family communication styles, family management styles, family structure, and economic status of the family. Findings related to the parental domain showed that parental attitudes toward education, parental attitudes toward success, parental behavior toward social success, and vulnerability in parenting were different in parents with successful and unsuccessful adolescents. Additionally, protective factors in social domain were different between the two groups. The results showed that successful parents were different in social relationship management and adolescent behavior toward social success with unsuccessful parents. Conclusions: In sum, results showed that social environment, educating parents and their adolescents, as well as strengthening protective resources in the family are all effective.

Purpose: the objective of present study was to examine the causal relationship between attachment styles with marital commitment with the mediating role of self-differentiation and feelings of guilt in married female students in city of Ahvaz. Methods: Total number of participants in this study included 211 married female students in city of Ahvaz, which were selected using available purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study were Behavioral Style Questionnaire (BSQ), Marital Commitment Questionnaire (MCQ), Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI), and Conscious Emotions Inventory. Evaluation of the proposed model was carries out using path analysis methodology. In order to test indirect relationships, boot-strap method was used. Results: The results showed that from among 16 direct paths, four paths of secure attachment style with self-differentiation (p ≤ 0. 115), insecure attachment style with feelings of guilt (p ≤ 0. 328), Feelings of guilt with moral commitment (p ≤ 0. 430), and self-differentiation with structural commitment (p ≤ 0. 588) were not shown to be significant. Also, the results showed that all the indirect effects of copying styles (secure and insecure) and marital commitment with mediation of self-differentiation and feelings of guilt were significant (p ≤ 0. 001). On the other hand, indirect effects of secure attachment style and moral commitment with mediation of guilty feeling (p ≤ 0. 215) and indirect effects of secure (p ≤ 0. 112) and insecure (p ≤ 0. 224) attachment with structural commitment with mediation of self-differentiation were significant. Conclusions: It can be concluded that attachment style influences marital commitment through influencing self-differentiation and feeling of guilt.