Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Year:2018 | Volume:17 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:12

Background and Objectives: Reducing salt intake is one of the strategies for preventing and controlling noncomunicable diseases. Bread is one of the important sources of salt, and reducing its salt content can play a major role in reducing salt intake in the community. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of reducing the consumption of salt and substituting it with potassium chloride on the sensory and chemical characteristics of Barbari bread.Materials and Methods: The present research is a laboratory study in which 7 types of Barbari bread including 6 experimental treatments (3 samples with different concentrations of salt and 3 samples with different concentrations of mix of sodium chloride and potassium chloride) and one control (containing 1% sodium chloride) prepared for chemical (ash, sodium, potassium, sodium to potassium ratio, and salt) and sensory (shape, upper and under surface, color, texture, chewingability, aroma and odor, taste, and quality number) tests.Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post hoc test.Results: Reducing the amount of salt (NaCl or NaCl: KCl) reduced the ash, sodium, salt, and Na/K ratio.According to the sensory characteristics assessment, the treatments had no significant difference with the control bread with regard to form, characteristics of upper and under surface, color (except 0.25% NaCl), texture, chewingability, aroma and odor and taste (except the without salt treatment), and the quality number of the bread (p>0.05).Conclusions: Reducing the amount of Barbari salt to about half of the present value is possible, in order to produce breads with less salt content, in terms of sensory and chemical evaluation of the produced breads and there is no problem with the mentioned tests in the production of low-salt Barbari bread, as well as the replacement of its salt with potassium chloride.

Background and Objectives: Occupational conditions are known as one of the most important factors underlying musculoskeletal disorders. Nowadays the most common musculoskeletal disorders are spinal deformity and spinal column pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the musculoskeletal condition and its relationship with years of service and level of physical and mental health in Islamic Republic of Iran Navy (NEDAJA) submarine crews.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study conducted in 2016, 300 NEDAJA submarine crews of Bandar Abbas were selected as subjects. Physical and mental health levels were evaluated using the SF-36 questionnaire and then the postural anomalies were evaluated using flexible ruler, goniometer, scoliometer, and inclinometer.Finally, the research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (Number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation).Results: The results showed there was a significant relationship between the years of service and kyphosis and forward head angles of NEDAJA submarine crews (p=0.042, r=0.374 and p=0.033, r=0.390, respectively) while this relationship was not statistically significant between the years of service and other musculoskeletal conditions (p>0.05). The results also showed there was not statistically significant relationship between musculoskeletal condition and the level of physical and mental health of NEDAJA submarine crews (p>0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of this study it seems that the occupational conditions and working environment in submarines can be effective in postural deformities. These findings showed there is a need to pay more attention to the health status of submarine crews especially in the field of training and corrective exercises.

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of flexible flat foot in children was reported between 20 -78% in previous studies. Flat foot can result into mechanical deviations in lower limb alignment during walking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects of medical insole on loading rate, impulse, and free moment in children with flat foot during walking.Material and Methods: The present study was a clinical trial done in Sport Biomechanics Laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Hamadan in 2016. Fifteen children with flat foot (Navicular drop greater than 10 mm) from Hamadan schools participated in this study. The kinetic and kinematic data were recorded by the force plate and motion analysis system, respectively. Paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis.Results: Using medical insole, the mediolateral ground reaction force component increased by 12.6% during push-off phase (p=0.015). In the medical insole condition, the time to reach the peak of vertical ground reaction force component during mid-stance increased by 5.9% (p=0.044). In the medical insole condition, the time to reach the peak of mediolateral ground reaction force component during heel-contact and push-off increased by 10.1% (p<0.001) and 3.4% (p=0.029), respectively. Also, during medical insole condition, the amplitude of anterior-posterior impulse increased by 10.6% (p=0.045).Conclusion: The used medical insole in this study can possibly have positive effects on the amplitudes of ground reaction forces. However, this medical insole did not have any significant effect on the vertical loading rate and free moment values.

Background and Objectives: High-risk behaviors endanger the health and well-being of individuals. Therefore, it is important to recognize the factors that affect it. So the aim of this study was to investigate the role of moral and social intelligence components in high-risk behaviors of students.Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive. The population consisted of all male and female students studying at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in the 2016-2017 academic year that according to Krejcie and Morgan’s table, 383 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. For data collection Lennick and Kiel’s students’ moral intelligence questionnaire, Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS), and the youth high-risk behaviors scale were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis (stepwise).Results: Correlation coefficients showed that except the sympathetic component with alcohol consumption and the components of truth and forgiveness with the tendency to high-risk sexual behaviors that were not meaningful, there were significant negative relationships between the other components of moral intelligence and the components of high-risk behaviors (p<0.01). Also, except the relationships between the processing of social information and social skills with tendency to high-risk sexual behaviors and the relationship between social awareness with tendency to violence and smoking that were not meaningful, there were significant negative relationships between the other components of social intelligence and the components of high-risk behaviors (p<0.01). Also, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that the components of moral intelligence and social intelligence could significantly predict all components of high-risk behaviors.Conclusion: Moral intelligence and social intelligence play an important role in reducing the incidence of high-risk behaviors in students. Therefore, in the educational programs for the prevention and reduction of high-risk behaviors among students, moral intelligence and social intelligence require more attention.

Background and Objectives: Type 1 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a disease associated with metabolism. The most common form of type 1 diabetes is its autoimmune type. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a member of the serine protease inhibitors family and its role is to protect tissue degradation by protease. Hence, its defect or deficiency significantly increases the risk of various diseases. This study aimed to compare the activity of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein in patients with type 1 diabetes with healthy individuals.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study carried out on 42 patients with type 1 diabetes between the ages of 18-28 years old who referred to the Diabetes Clinic in the city of Rafsanjan in 2015. Healthy people were chosen among native male and female students aged from 18 to 28 years of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences who were matched for age and sex with the patients. AAT activity by trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC) was studied. For statistical analysis the chi-square test, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.Results: The amount of TIC in the patients with type 1 diabetes was 2.35 ±0.40 (mmol/min/ml) which was significantly lower than the amount in the healthy individuals that was 3.36 ±0.36 (mmol/min/ml) (Pvalue< 0.001).Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that AAT activity in the patients with type 1 diabetes was lower than the healthy individuals. Therefore, it can be stated that AAT can be introduced as a potential target for treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological autoimmune disease that usually starts in the late third and early forth decades of life. Demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and, subsequently, loss of nerve cells is the known disease pathogenesis. The disease is controlled by a class of medicines which are mainly immunomodulators. Fingolimod (FIN) is the first approved oral medication for controlling relapsingremitting type of MS. It is chemically modified form of a fungus metabolite with long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Its mechanism of action is through functional antagonism of sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors which leads to lymphocyte entrapment in lymphoid tissues and reduction of their circulating number in the CNS. FIN efficacy comparing with placebo and first line therapies for MS (e.g. Interferon) has been proved through several clinical trials. Common side effects of FIN are usually mild and are well tolerated.FIN can pass through placenta and has been assigned to pregnancy category C according to the observed effects in animal studies. Since the drug molecule is secreted into milk, lactation during consumption is not recommended. Considering oral administration and mild side effects of FIN, it can be useful in management of MS. However, due to the incidence of some rare but serious adverse effects such as systemic viral infections, macular edema, and cardiovascular complications, physicians should investigate patient’s clinical status and underlying comorbidities carefully.

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the presence of pathogens in the urinary tract.Escherichia coliand Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most common bacteria responsible for UTI. Due to the variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, treatment of these infections has been difficult, therefore, selection of appropriate antibiotic has an effective role in controlling and improving the infection. The present study aimed to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns inEscherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from outpatients with UTI referred to Amiralmomenin Ali hospital in Gerash city.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on urine specimens of 1300 outpatients referred to Amiralmomenin Ali hospital in Grash, during a six-month period from April to September 2017.Strains were identified using biochemical tests and differential cultivation environments. The antibiotic resistance pattern of strains was investigated by Kirby-Bauer method. Chi-square test was used for data analysis.Results: Among 1300 urine samples, 247 samples (19%) were positive for bacterial growth.148 urine samples (11.3%) were positive forEscherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, among them 108 Escherichia coli strains (72.97%) and 40Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (27.03%) were isolated. The most and the least antibiotic resistance inEscherichia coli was to Nalidixic Acid (59.3%) and Nitrofurantoin (22.2%), respectively. For Klebsiella pneumoniaestrains, the most and the least antibiotic resistance was observed to Nitrofurantoin (67.5%) and Ciprofloxacin (25%), respectively.Conclusion: The UTI caused by Escherichia coli is more common in comparison with Klebsiella pneumoniae.For the initial treatment of urinary tract infections, the use of Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin, and Cotrimoxazole antibiotics is recommended.

Background and Objectives: Tetanus is a lethal disease caused by Gram-positive Clostridium tetani bacteria toxin. The annual incidence of this disease in the world is one million people per year [1]. Typical symptoms include trismus, risus sardonicus, and opisthotonos. The main cause of death in the primary phase is laryngeal muscle spasm and in the late phase is dysrhythmia [1].Case Report: An 88-year-old man referred to the emergency department with the chief complaint of dysarthria, neck pain, and limitation of opening the mouth. Considering the history of wound, no previous tetanus vaccination, clinical signs and symptoms, and the results of the studies, the tetanus disease was established for the patient. After taking the tetabulin and tetanus vaccine for the patient and administering metronidazole, the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The patient was under supportive care for 13 days in the ICU, and eventually died of septic shock and multiple organ failure.Discussion: Tetanus is a rare dangerous disease, that after implementation of the vaccination program for children and pregnant women, adult tetanus incidence has dramatically reduced in the country. Unfortunately, when clinical manifestation precipitates, even in the case of medical interventions, 13.2% of cases lead to death [6]. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education has drafted a comprehensive national immunization program, including immunization of tetanus from the early years of sixty decade and impart it to universities to run in hospitals, clinics, and health centers [7]. Despite the dramatic decrease in adult tetanus and the elimination of neonatal tetanus, a number of adult's tetanus, including the current case in this article, are still recorded annually.Conclusion: Tetanus is a rare but serious disease. Comprehensive prevention programs in the country have led to reduction of tetanus incidence in the country. To control and eradicate this disease, it is necessary to identify the gaps in Tetanus Prevention Programs and consider the necessary measures to correct them.